BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the last decades, a series of compounds, including quinones and polyphenols, has been described as having anti-fibrillogenic action on α-synuclein (α-syn) whose aggregation is associated to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Most of these molecules act as promiscuous anti-amyloidogenic agents, interacting with the diverse amyloidogenic proteins (mostly unfolded) through non-specific hydrophobic interactions. Herein we investigated the effect of the vitamins K (phylloquinone, menaquinone and menadione), which are 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) derivatives, on α-syn aggregation, comparing them with other anti-fibrillogenic molecules such as quinones, polyphenols and lipophilic vitamins. Vitamins K delayed α-syn fibrillization in substoichiometric concentrations, leading to the formation of short, sheared fibrils and amorphous aggregates, which are less prone to produce leakage of synthetic vesicles. In seeding conditions, menadione and 1,4-NQ significantly inhibited fibrils elongation, which could be explained by their ability to destabilize preformed fibrils of α-syn. Bidimensional NMR experiments indicate that a specific site at the N-terminal α-syn (Gly31/Lys32) is involved in the interaction with vitamins K, which is corroborated by previous studies suggesting that Lys is a key residue in the interaction with quinones. Together, our data suggest that 1,4-NQ, recently showed up by our group as a potential scaffold for designing new monoamine oxidase inhibitors, is also capable to modulate α-syn fibrillization in vitro.

背景与目标： : 在过去的几十年中，一系列化合物 (包括醌和多酚) 被描述为对 α-突触核蛋白 (α-syn) 具有抗原纤维生成作用，其聚集与帕金森氏病 (PD) 的发病机理有关。这些分子中的大多数充当混杂的抗淀粉样蛋白生成剂，通过非特异性疏水相互作用与多种淀粉样蛋白 (大部分未折叠) 相互作用。在本文中，我们研究了1,4-萘醌 (1,4-nq) 衍生物的维生素k (叶绿醌，甲萘醌和甲萘醌) 对 α-syn聚集的影响，并将其与其他抗原纤维生成分子进行了比较例如醌，多酚和亲脂性维生素。维生素k在亚化学计量的浓度下延迟了 α-syn的结晶化，导致形成短的剪切原纤维和无定形聚集体，不易产生合成囊泡的泄漏。在播种条件下，甲萘醌和1,4-nq显着抑制原纤维的伸长，这可以用它们破坏 α-syn的预制原纤维的能力来解释。二维NMR实验表明，N末端 α-syn (Gly31/Lys32) 的特定位点参与了与维生素k的相互作用，这已被先前的研究证实，表明Lys是与醌相互作用的关键残基。总之，我们的数据表明，我们小组最近发现的1,4-nq是设计新的单胺氧化酶抑制剂的潜在支架，它也能够在体外调节 α-合成纤维化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ABBREVIATIONS:25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMD = bone mineral density; CV = cardiovascular; GI = gastrointestinal; IOM = Institute of Medicine; PTH = parathyroid hormone; RCT = randomized controlled trial; αTF = α-tocopherol; ucOC = undercarboxylated osteocalcin; VKA = vitamin K antagonist; WHI = Women's Health Initiative.

背景与目标： 缩写: 25(OH)D = 25-羟基维生素d; BMD = 骨密度; CV = 心血管; GI = 胃肠道; IOM = 医学研究所; PTH = 甲状旁腺激素; RCT = 随机对照试验; Α tf = α-生育酚; ucOC = 低羧化骨钙素; VKA = 维生素k拮抗剂; WHI = 妇女健康倡议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The ability of certain foods to impair or augment the absorption of various vitamins and minerals has been recognized for many years. However, the contribution of botanical dietary supplements (BDSs) to altered micronutrient disposition has received little attention. Almost half of the US population uses some type of dietary supplement on a regular basis, with vitamin and mineral supplements constituting the majority of these products. BDS usage has also risen considerably over the last 2 decades, and a number of clinically relevant herb-drug interactions have been identified during this time. BDSs are formulated as concentrated plant extracts containing a plethora of unique phytochemicals not commonly found in the normal diet. Many of these uncommon phytochemicals can modulate various xenobiotic enzymes and transporters present in both the intestine and liver. Therefore, it is likely that the mechanisms underlying many herb-drug interactions can also affect micronutrient absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. To date, very few prospective studies have attempted to characterize the prevalence and clinical relevance of herb-micronutrient interactions. Current research indicates that certain BDSs can reduce iron, folate, and ascorbate absorption, and others contribute to heavy metal intoxication. Researchers in the field of nutrition may not appreciate many of the idiosyncrasies of BDSs regarding product quality and dosage form performance. Failure to account for these eccentricities can adversely affect the outcome and interpretation of any prospective herb-micronutrient interaction study. This review highlights several clinically relevant herb-micronutrient interactions and describes several common pitfalls that often beset clinical research with BDSs.

背景与目标： : 某些食物损害或增加各种维生素和矿物质吸收的能力已经被认为是很多年了。然而，植物性膳食补充剂 (BDSs) 对改变微量营养素分布的贡献很少受到关注。几乎一半的美国人口定期使用某种类型的膳食补充剂，其中维生素和矿物质补充剂构成了这些产品的大部分。在过去的20年中，BDS的使用量也大大增加，在此期间已经发现了许多临床相关的草药-药物相互作用。BDSs被配制为浓缩植物提取物，其中含有大量在正常饮食中不常见的独特植物化学物质。这些不常见的植物化学物质中的许多可以调节肠道和肝脏中存在的各种异种生物酶和转运蛋白。因此，许多草药-药物相互作用的潜在机制也可能影响微量营养素的吸收，分布，代谢和排泄。迄今为止，很少有前瞻性研究试图表征草药与微量营养素相互作用的患病率和临床相关性。目前的研究表明，某些bds可以减少铁，叶酸和抗坏血酸盐的吸收，而其他bds则有助于重金属中毒。营养领域的研究人员可能不了解BDSs在产品质量和剂型性能方面的许多特质。未能解释这些怪癖会对任何前瞻性草药-微量营养素相互作用研究的结果和解释产生不利影响。这篇综述重点介绍了几种临床相关的草药与微量营养素的相互作用，并描述了经常困扰BDSs临床研究的几种常见陷阱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied antimutagenic effects of vitamins A and C (in recommended daily doses for 30 days) and their effects on the kinetics of human buccal epitheliocytes. Buccal swab specimens were collected in 29 students before and after vitamin course. The cytogenetic parameters (cells with micronuclei and protrusions) and parameters of proliferation (binuclear cells and cells with double nuclei) and nucleus destruction (karyopyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, etc.) were analyzed. The levels of cells with micronuclei and total level of cytogenetic disorders decreased by 38% after vitamin course, which confirmed their antimutagenic effect. A slight increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells seemed to reflect more active process of elimination of genetically damaged cells.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了维生素a和C (推荐的每日剂量为30天) 的抗诱变作用及其对人颊上皮细胞动力学的影响。在维生素课程前后，在29名学生中收集了颊拭子标本。分析了细胞遗传学参数 (具有微核和突起的细胞) 和增殖参数 (双核细胞和具有双核的细胞) 和核破坏 (核分裂，核分裂，核分裂等)。维生素疗程后，具有微核的细胞水平和总细胞遗传学疾病水平降低了38%，这证实了它们的抗诱变作用。凋亡细胞百分比的轻微增加似乎反映了消除遗传损伤细胞的更积极的过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:In the SU.VI.MAX study, antioxidant supplementation for 7.5 years was found to increase skin cancer risk in women but not in men. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the potential residual or delayed effect of antioxidant supplementation on skin cancer incidence after a 5-year post-intervention follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Assessment of skin cancer including melanoma and non-melanoma during the post-intervention follow-up (September 2002-August 2007). The SU.VI.MAX study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, in which 12,741 French adults (7713 women aged 35-60 years and 5028 men aged 45-60 years) received daily a placebo or a combination of ascorbic acid (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), β-carotene (6 mg), selenium (100 μg) and zinc (20mg), from inclusion in 1994 to September 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Total skin cancer incidence, including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. RESULTS:During the post-intervention period, 10 melanomas appeared in women and 9 in men (26 and 18, respectively, for the total period of supplementation+post-supplementation). Six squamous cell carcinomas were found in women and 15 in men (10 and 25, respectively, for the total period). Finally, 40 basal cell carcinomas appeared in women and 36 in men (98 and 94, respectively, for the total period). Regarding potential residual or delayed effects of supplementation in women, no increased risk of melanoma was observed during the post-intervention follow-up period. No delayed effects, either on melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancers, were observed for either gender. CONCLUSIONS:The risk of skin cancers associated with antioxidant intake declines following interruption of supplementation. This supports a causative role for antioxidants in the evolution of skin cancers.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effects of vitamins C and E on the delayed-rectifier potassium current (IK(DR)), which is important in repolarizing the membrane potential, and on the transient A-type potassium current (IK(A)), which regulates neuronal firing frequency. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to measure the currents from cultured Drosophila neurons derived from embryonic neuroblasts. The membrane potential was stepped to different voltages between -40 and +60 mV from a holding potential of -80 mV. IK(DR) and IK(A) measured in the vitamin C-containing solution (IK(DR) 305 +/- 16 pA, IK(A) 11 +/- 2 pA) were smaller than those measured in the control solution (488 +/- 21 pA, IK(A )28 +/- 3 pA). By contrast, IK(DR) and IK(A) measured in the vitamin E-containing solution (IK(DR) 561 +/- 21 pA, IK(A )31 +/- 3 pA) were greater than those measured in the control solution (422 +/- 15 pA, 17 +/- 2 pA). These results indicate that vitamins C and E can modulate potassium current amplitudes and possibly lead to altered neuronal excitability.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了维生素c和E对延迟整流钾电流 (IK(DR)) 的影响，该电流对复极化膜电位很重要，并且对瞬时a型钾电流 (IK(A)) 的影响，调节神经元的放电频率。全细胞膜片钳技术用于测量来自胚胎成神经细胞的培养果蝇神经元的电流。将膜电位从-80 mV的保持电位步进到-40和 + 60 mV之间的不同电压。在含维生素c溶液 (IK(DR) 305 +/- 16 pA，IK(A) 11 +/- 2 pA) 中测得的IK(DR) 和IK(A) 小于在对照溶液中测得的IK (488 +/- 21 pA，IK(A )28 +/- 3 pA)。相比之下，在含维生素e溶液 (IK(DR) 561 +/- 21 pA，IK(A )31 +/- 3 pA) 中测得的IK(DR) 和IK(A) 大于在对照溶液中测得的IK (422 +/- 15 pA，17 +/- 2 pA)。这些结果表明，维生素c和E可以调节钾电流幅度，并可能导致神经元兴奋性改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The demand for animal protein for human consumption has been risen exponentially. Modern animal production practices are associated with the regular use of antibiotics, potentially increasing the emerging multi-resistant bacteria, which may have a negative impact on public health. In poultry production, substances capable of maximizing the animals' performance and displaying an antimicrobial activity against pathogens are very well desirable features. Probiotic can be an efficient solution for such a task. In the present work, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from chicken cecum and screened for their antagonistic effect towards many pathogens. Their capacity of producing the B-complex vitamins folate and riboflavin were also evaluated. From 314 isolates, three (C43, C175 and C195) produced Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances (BLIS) against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zones of 18.9, 21.5, 19.5 mm, respectively) and also inhibited the growth of Salmonella Heidelberg. The isolate C43 was identified as Enterococcus faecium, while C173 and C195 were both identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Moreover, the isolates L. lactis subsp. lactis strains C173 and C195 demonstrated high potential to be used as probiotic in poultry feed, in addition to their advantage of producing folate (58.0 and 595.5 ng/mL, respectively) and riboflavin (223.3 and 175.0 ng/mL, respectively).

背景与目标： : 人类消费对动物蛋白的需求呈指数级增长。现代动物生产实践与经常使用抗生素有关，有可能增加新兴的多重耐药细菌，这可能对公共健康产生负面影响。在家禽生产中，能够使动物的性能最大化并对病原体表现出抗菌活性的物质是非常理想的特征。益生菌可以是完成此类任务的有效解决方案。在目前的工作中，从鸡盲肠中分离出乳酸菌 (LAB)，并筛选了它们对许多病原体的拮抗作用。还评估了它们生产B复合维生素叶酸和核黄素的能力。从314分离株中，三种 (C43，C175和C195) 产生了对金黄色葡萄球菌 (抑制区分别为18.9，21.5，19.5  mm) 的细菌素样抑制物质 (bis)，并抑制了海德堡沙门氏菌的生长。分离株C43被鉴定为屎肠球菌，而C173和C195均被鉴定为乳酸乳球菌亚种。此外，分离株乳酸杆菌亚种。乳酸杆菌菌株C173和C195除了具有生产叶酸 (分别为58.0和595.5  ng/mL) 和核黄素 (分别为223.3和175.0  ng/mL) 的优势外，还具有用作家禽饲料中的益生菌的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A quantitative t.l.c. densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 is proposed. The four vitamins are determined on one and the same plate by direct densitometry of the t.l.c. spots. A preliminary separation of the vitamins one from another, as well as a preliminary separation from other pharmaceuticals is not necessary. The determination is performed quickly and easily. The relative standard deviations of a single determination are the followingfor thiamine 6,6%, for riboflavin 5,5%, for pyridoxine 6,4%, and for cyanocobalamin 5,8%.

The proposed method is applied to the determination of B-vitamins in three pharmaceutical preparationsampoules B12 with B1, ampoules B-complex, and antisclerol dragee. The presence of other pharmaceuticals (vitamins C and PP, urethane, aminophenazone, phytin, rutin, theobromine, etc.) does not interfere with the determination.

背景与目标： 定量t.l.c.提出了同时测定水溶性维生素B1，B2，B6和B12的光密度法。通过t.l.c.斑点的直接密度测定法在同一平板上确定四种维生素。没有必要将维生素与其他药物进行初步分离，也没有必要与其他药物进行初步分离。该测定是快速而容易地进行的。硫胺素6,6%，核黄素5,5%，吡哆醇6,4% 和氰钴胺5,8% 的单次测定的相对标准偏差如下。
所提出的方法用于测定三种药物制备样品B12中的b族维生素，和反硬化剂糖衣。其他药物 (维生素c和PP，氨基甲酸酯，氨基苯甲酮，植素，芦丁，可可碱等) 的存在不会干扰测定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have examined the prevalence of the C677T and A1298C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in healthy Tamilians and in patients with acute myocardial infarction and related this polymorphism to plasma homocysteine concentrations, serum folate, serum cobalamin and riboflavin status. The SNPs in the MTHFR gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Plasma homocysteine, serum folate and serum cobalamin concentrations were analyzed using an automated chemiluminescence method and riboflavin status was assessed by measuring the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity using spectrophotometric method. Out of the 200 young and middle-aged (<48 years) individuals included in the study, 100 were acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and 100 were healthy individuals with no documented history of heart diseases. There was a significant increase in homocysteine levels among the AMI patients as compared to the healthy controls (p<0.001). The results of this study indicate that hyperhomocystinemia is more prevalent in Tamilian AMI patients and that the MTHFR C677T and A1298C SNPs are not associated with hyperhomocystinemia. Folate status was found to be within normal range in all the study subjects. There was no correlation between homocysteine and different biochemical variables including cobalamin, folate and riboflavin. However, serum cobalamin was found to be significantly decreased in AMI patients when compared to controls (p<0.001). The simultaneous presence of decreased serum cobalamin status, hyperhomocystinemia and mutant genotype for both the SNPs might lead to an increased risk for the occurrence of AMI. Further intervention trials including the supplementation of cobalamin may prove whether homocysteine level decrease in response to the supplementation of cobalamin in individuals with hyperhomocystinemia and mutant genotype for both the above mentioned SNPs.

背景与目标： : 我们已经检查了健康的泰米尔人和急性心肌梗死患者中亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 (MTHFR) 基因中C677T和A1298C单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 的患病率，并将这种多态性与血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度，血清叶酸有关，血清钴胺素和核黄素状态。通过聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析确定MTHFR基因中的snp。使用自动化学发光方法分析血浆同型半胱氨酸，血清叶酸和血清钴胺素浓度，并通过分光光度法测量红细胞谷胱甘肽还原酶活性来评估核黄素状态。在纳入研究的200名中青年 (<48岁) 个体中，100名是急性心肌梗死 (AMI) 患者，100名是没有心脏病史的健康个体。与健康对照组相比，AMI患者的同型半胱氨酸水平显着增加 (p<0.001)。这项研究的结果表明，高同型半胱氨酸血症在Tamilian AMI患者中更为普遍，并且MTHFR C677T和A1298C snp与高同型半胱氨酸血症无关。在所有研究对象中，叶酸状态均在正常范围内。同型半胱氨酸与不同的生化变量 (包括钴胺素，叶酸和核黄素) 之间没有相关性。然而，与对照组相比，发现AMI患者的血清钴胺素显着降低 (p<0.001)。同时存在两个snp的血清钴胺素状态降低，高同型半胱氨酸血症和突变基因型可能导致AMI发生的风险增加。包括补充钴胺素在内的进一步干预试验可能证明，对于上述两个snp，高同型半胱氨酸血症和突变基因型的个体，高同型半胱氨酸水平是否会因补充钴胺素而降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated whether a formulation containing vitamins and minerals (vit&min) could improve the worsening of mood changes occurring after delivery ("a.d."). The study was performed in 552 healthy non-anaemic puerperal women ("p.w") without risk factors for puerperal depression ("p.d"). They were at their first full-term pregnancy, and spontaneously delivered healthy newborns. The Edinburgh Depression Postnatal scale (EPDS) evaluates the psychological status of "p.w". EPDS was administered the 3rd (visit 1), 15th (visit 2) and 30th (visit 3) day "a.d.". An EPDS >12 indicates a major susceptibility to "p.d". At the same time intervals, haemoglobin, iron and ferritin (haematological parameters) levels were evaluated. After visit 1, the subjects were randomized to vit&min treatment (group A; N.274) or to calcium/vitamin D3 treatment (group B; N.278). In both groups haematological parameters significantly increased without differences between the groups. EPDS score improved in both groups, but in the group A, the EPDS decrease was significantly larger (p < 0.05) in comparison to the group B. This effect is mainly evident in subjects with a basal EPDS ≥ 12. An early examination of psychological condition could select "p.w." with a high susceptibility to neuronal changes occurring postpartum. Vit&min favourably modulates brain functions antagonizing the evolution to "p.d".

背景与目标： : 我们调查了含有维生素和矿物质 (vit & min) 的制剂是否可以改善分娩后情绪变化的恶化 (“a.d.”)。该研究是在552名健康的非贫血产褥期妇女 (“p.w”) 中进行的，没有产褥期抑郁症 (“p.d”) 的危险因素。他们在第一次足月怀孕时，自发分娩了健康的新生儿。爱丁堡抑郁产后量表 (EPDS) 评估 “p.w” 的心理状况。EPDS在 “a.d.” 的第3天 (访视1)，第15天 (访视2) 和第30天 (访视3) 进行了治疗。EPDS >12表示对 “p.d” 的主要易感性。在同一时间间隔，评估血红蛋白，铁和铁蛋白 (血液学参数) 水平。访视1后，受试者被随机分配接受vit & min治疗 (A组; N.274) 或钙/维生素D3治疗 (B组; N.278)。在两组中，血液学参数均显着增加，两组之间没有差异。两组的EPDS评分均有所改善，但与B组相比，A组的EPDS下降幅度明显更大 (p <0.05)。这种作用主要在基础EPDS ≥ 12的受试者中很明显。对心理状况的早期检查可以选择 “p.w.”。对产后发生的神经元变化高度敏感。Vit & min有利地调节大脑功能，拮抗进化为 “p.d”。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elevated plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations have been suggested as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies indicate a linkage between hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress and ADMA metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that combined supplementation of B vitamins and antioxidants reduces ADMA concentrations in subjects with at least two CVD risk factors. A total of 123 men and women (58+/-8.1 years) were randomly assigned to take either a preparation including B vitamins and antioxidants (verum) or placebo for 6 months in a double-blind design. Blood concentrations of ADMA, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), L-arginine, B vitamins, total homocysteine (tHcy), alpha-tocopherol, antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and oxLDL were measured pre- and post-intervention. Treatment with verum significantly decreased tHcy (-2.14 micromol/L; P<0.001) and significantly increased TEAC values (+39.3 microM; P<0.022), but no effect on ADMA was observed. OxLDL was significantly reduced in verum (-7.3 U/L; P=0.001) and placebo (-9.2U/L; P<0.001). At baseline, significant correlations were found only between ADMA and SDMA (r=0.281; P=0.002), L-arginine/ADMA and SDMA (r=-0.294; P<0.001), L-arginine/ADMA and oxLDL (r=-0.281; P=0.016), and L-arginine/ADMA and age (r=-0.231; P=0.010). Our results indicate that combined supplementation of B vitamins and antioxidants is not an adequate strategy to reduce ADMA plasma levels in subjects with elevated CVD risk.

背景与目标： : 血浆不对称二甲基精氨酸 (ADMA) 浓度升高已被认为是心血管疾病 (CVD) 的潜在危险因素。研究表明高同型半胱氨酸血症，氧化应激和ADMA代谢之间存在联系。我们检验了以下假设: 在至少有两种CVD危险因素的受试者中，复合补充b族维生素和抗氧化剂可降低ADMA浓度。在双盲设计中，总共123名男性和女性 (58 +/-8.1岁) 被随机分配服用包括b族维生素和抗氧化剂 (verum) 或安慰剂的制剂，为期6个月。在干预前后测量了ADMA，对称二甲基精氨酸 (SDMA)，L-精氨酸，b族维生素，总同型半胱氨酸 (tHcy)，α-生育酚，抗氧化能力 (TEAC) 和oxLDL的血液浓度。用verum处理显着降低tHcy (-2.14 micromol/L; P<0.001) 和显着增加TEAC值 (39.3 microM; P<0.022)，但未观察到对ADMA的影响。在verum (-7.3 U/L; P = 0.001) 和安慰剂 (-9.2U/L; P<0.001) 中OxLDL显著降低。在基线时，仅发现ADMA和SDMA (r = 0.281; P = 0.002)，L-精氨酸/ADMA和SDMA (r =-0.294; P<0.001)，L-精氨酸/ADMA和oxLDL (r =-0.281; P = 0.016) 之间存在显着相关性，L-精氨酸/ADMA和年龄 (r =-0.231; P = 0.010)。我们的结果表明，在CVD风险升高的受试者中，联合补充b族维生素和抗氧化剂并不是降低ADMA血浆水平的适当策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vitamins and minerals are essential to humans as they play essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions. In particular, their involvement in energy-yielding metabolism, DNA synthesis, oxygen transport, and neuronal functions makes them critical for brain and muscular function. These, in turn, translate into effects on cognitive and psychological processes, including mental and physical fatigue. This review is focused on B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9 and B12), vitamin C, iron, magnesium and zinc, which have recognized roles in these outcomes. It summarizes the biochemical bases and actions of these micronutrients at both the molecular and cellular levels and connects them with cognitive and psychological symptoms, as well as manifestations of fatigue that may occur when status or supplies of these micronutrients are not adequate.

背景与目标： : 维生素和矿物质对人类至关重要，因为它们在支持基本细胞功能的各种基本代谢途径中起着至关重要的作用。特别是，它们参与能量产生代谢，DNA合成，氧气运输和神经元功能，使它们对大脑和肌肉功能至关重要。这些反过来又转化为对认知和心理过程的影响，包括心理和身体疲劳。这篇综述的重点是b族维生素 (B1，B2，B3，B5，B6，B8，B9和B12)，维生素c，铁，镁和锌，它们在这些结果中具有公认的作用。它总结了这些微量营养素在分子和细胞水平上的生化基础和作用，并将它们与认知和心理症状以及当这些微量营养素的状态或供应不足时可能发生的疲劳表现联系起来。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The management of antioxidant micronutrient status in patients with chronic diseases may be an important step in controlling disease progression and preventing deterioration in patient quality of life. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant micronutrient status and lipid profiles of cerebrovascular disease (CbVD) patients and to compare this information with an evaluation of normal healthy subjects. A total of 57 male subjects (26 patients with CbVD and 31 healthy subjects) and 65 female subjects (32 patients with CbVD and 33 healthy subjects) were included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), fasting plasma concentration of antioxidant vitamins (A, C, E) and trace minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se) were measured. Compared to healthy subjects, male but not female CbVD patients showed a lower energy intake (p < 0.01) which was largely due to a lower intake of dietary carbohydrate. They also consumed a diet containing a higher level of vitamins A and C. Plasma vitamin C (p < 0.01, in women) and vitamin E (p < 0.05, both in men and women) concentrations were prominently lower in the patients compared to healthy subjects. Plasma levels of the two antioxidant minerals Zn and Se were found to be markedly lower in the patients with CbVD, both in men and women (p < 0.05). Despite consuming less energy and food with a higher vitamin A and C level than healthy subjects, antioxidant micronutrient status, lipid peroxidation levels and the atherogenic index of male CbVD patients suggested that their antioxidant micronutrient intake was in some respects nutritionally inadequate. A similar conclusion could be made regarding the nutritional inadequacy of female CbVD patient diets. Expert dietary advice and intervention should be given to CbVD patients in order to optimize micronutrient intake and status.

背景与目标： : 慢性病患者抗氧化剂微量营养素状态的管理可能是控制疾病进展和防止患者生活质量恶化的重要一步。这项研究的目的是调查脑血管疾病 (CbVD) 患者的抗氧化剂微量营养素状态和脂质分布，并将此信息与正常健康受试者的评估进行比较。这项横断面研究共包括57名男性受试者 (26名CbVD患者和31名健康受试者) 和65名女性受试者 (32名CbVD患者和33名健康受试者)。测量了血浆脂质谱，硫代巴比妥酸反应性物质 (TBARS)，空腹血浆抗氧化剂维生素 (A，C，E) 和微量矿物质 (Cu，Zn，Mn，Fe和Se) 的浓度。与健康受试者相比，男性而不是女性CbVD患者表现出较低的能量摄入 (p <0.01)，这主要是由于饮食碳水化合物的摄入量较低。他们还食用了含有较高水平维生素a和C的饮食。与健康受试者相比，患者的血浆维生素c (p <0.01，女性) 和维生素e (p <0.05，男性和女性) 浓度明显较低。在男性和女性的CbVD患者中，发现两种抗氧化剂矿物质Zn和Se的血浆水平显着降低 (p <0.05)。尽管比健康受试者消耗更少的能量和维生素a和C水平更高的食物，但抗氧化剂微量营养素状态，脂质过氧化水平和男性CbVD患者的动脉粥样硬化指数表明，他们的抗氧化剂微量营养素摄入量在某些方面营养不足。关于女性CbVD患者饮食的营养不足，可以得出类似的结论。应向CbVD患者提供专家饮食建议和干预，以优化微量营养素的摄入量和状况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alcoholism plays a major role in the insufficient utilization or deficiency of the vitamin B-complex molecules, and the pathologies resulting therefrom. Thiamine, pyridoxamine, and folic acid, each contain primary amine functional groups, whereas nicotinamide and vitamin B12 contain amide groups, each of which are potential reactants with acetaldehyde (AcH), the primary intermediate in the metabolism of ethanol. In this current study, it is reported that prothrombin time (PT), which is prolonged in a fraction of the alcoholic population, can be modified (in the laboratory) when several B-complex vitamins and AcH are added successively to human plasma or are premixed prior to the addition to plasma. Particularly, thiamine, pyridoxamine, and folic acid, at 0.01 mol/l, when added successively with 44.7 mmol/l AcH to plasma, or when premixed prior to addition to plasma, produced a marked reduction in the anticoagulant effect of AcH. Nicotinamide had no effect on PT nor did mixtures with AcH effect PT. However, NAD, which contains a primary amine in its AMP moiety, reacted with AcH, lowering the latter's anticoagulant activity upon addition to plasma. Vitamin B12 did not affect PT. Interestingly, successive mixtures of vitamin B12 and AcH to plasma resulted in a small but statistically significant increase (P≤0.05) in the anticoagulant effect of AcH, whereas premixtures had no statistically significant effect (P>0.05). The decrease in anticoagulant activity of AcH in the presence of B-complex vitamins and NAD suggests that the primary amines in these molecules may form Schiff bases with AcH, thereby lowering both the free AcH concentration as well as the ability of the free vitamins/coenzymes to partake in essential physiological reactions.

背景与目标： : 酒精中毒在维生素b复合物分子的利用不足或缺乏以及由此引起的病理中起主要作用。硫胺素，吡哆胺和叶酸各自包含伯胺官能团，而烟酰胺和维生素B12包含酰胺基团，它们各自是乙醛 (AcH) 的潜在反应物，乙醛是乙醇代谢的主要中间体。在这项当前的研究中，据报道，当将几种B复合维生素和AcH相继添加到人血浆中或在添加到血浆之前进行预混时，可以 (在实验室中) 改变凝血酶原时间 (PT)，该时间在酒精人群的一小部分中延长。特别地，当0.01 mol/l的硫胺素、吡哆胺和叶酸与44.7 mmol/l的AcH连续添加到血浆中时，或者当在添加到血浆之前预混合时，AcH的抗凝血作用显著降低。烟酰胺对PT没有影响，与AcH效应PT的混合物也没有影响。然而，在其AMP部分中包含伯胺的NAD与AcH反应，在添加到血浆中后降低了AcH的抗凝血活性。维生素B12不影响PT。有趣的是，维生素B12和AcH与血浆的连续混合物导致AcH的抗凝作用小幅但统计学上显著的增加 (P ≤ 0.05)，而预混物没有统计学上显著的影响 (P>0.05)。在存在B复合维生素和NAD的情况下，AcH的抗凝血活性降低表明这些分子中的伯胺可能与AcH形成席夫碱，从而降低了游离AcH的浓度以及游离维生素的能力/辅酶参与基本的生理反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :1. Doxorubicin is an anti-cancer drug with well-described effects against a wide range of tumours. However, doxorubicin also exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether chronic supplementation of creatine or a mix of vitamins C and E could increase survival and improve plasma parameters 48 h after doxorubicin treatment. 2. Rats were divided into four groups: (i) saline (control); (ii) doxorubicin treated; (iii) a creatine (0.2 g/kg per day)-supplemented group; and (iv) a vitamin C (250 mg/kg per day) and E (400 IU/kg per day)-supplemented group. After 30 days supplementation of rats with either creatine or the vitamins, one dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered. 3. There was no difference in weight loss among the groups until the 3rd day after doxorubicin treatment, but the creatine- and vitamin-supplemented groups lived longer compared with the doxorubicin only treated group (6, 7 and 3 days, respectively). The doxorubicin-treated group lost 13.4% bodyweight over 3 days, whereas the creatine- and vitamin-supplemented groups lost approximately 35% 3 days after the administration of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT; P < 0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; P < 0.05), urea (P < 0.05) and creatinine (P < 0.05) compared with levels observed in the control group. Conversely, creatine supplementation promoted a partial return to control values for LDH (P < 0.05) and creatinine (P < 0.05), whereas the vitamin mix reversed the changes in ALT (P < 0.05), LDH (P < 0.05), urea (P < 0.05) and creatinine (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the two supplementation protocols decreased the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and that a protective effect was more noticeable in animals supplemented with the mixture of vitamins C and E.

背景与目标： : 1。阿霉素是一种抗癌药物，对多种肿瘤具有良好的作用。然而，阿霉素也表现出剂量依赖性的细胞毒性。本研究的目的是确定长期补充肌酸或维生素c和E的混合物是否可以增加多柔比星治疗后48小时的存活率并改善血浆参数。2.将大鼠分为四组 :( i) 生理盐水 (对照组); (ii) 阿霉素治疗; (iii) 补充肌酸 (每天0.2 g/kg) 的组; 和 (iv) 补充维生素c (每天250 mg/kg) 和E (每天400 IU/kg) 的组。在给大鼠补充肌酸或维生素30天后，给予一剂阿霉素 (15 mg/kg，ip)。3.直到阿霉素治疗后第3天，各组之间的体重减轻没有差异，但补充肌酸和维生素的组比仅阿霉素治疗组的寿命更长 (分别为6、7和3天)。阿霉素治疗组在3天内13.4% 体重下降，而肌酸和维生素补充组在给予阿霉素后3天内大约35% 体重下降。与对照组相比，阿霉素治疗导致丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT; P <0.05)，乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH; P <0.05)，尿素 (P < 0.05) 和肌酐 (P < 0.05) 升高。相反，补充肌酸促进了LDH (P < 0.05) 和肌酐 (P < 0.05) 的部分恢复，而维生素混合物逆转了ALT (P <0.05)，LDH (P <0.05)，尿素 (P < 0.05) 和肌酐 (P <0.05)。4.总之，本研究的结果表明，两种补充方案降低了阿霉素的细胞毒性作用，并且在补充了维生素c和E混合物的动物中，保护作用更为明显。