BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Merotelic kinetochore orientation is a kinetochore-microtubule mis-attachment in which a single kinetochore binds microtubules to both spindle poles, rather than just one. Merotelic attachments occur frequently in early mitosis and can induce anaphase lagging chromosomes and aneuploidy if not corrected before anaphase onset. Merotelic kinetochore orientation does not interfere with chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and does not activate the mitotic spindle checkpoint. However, a correction mechanism for merotelic attachment reduces the number of merotelic kinetochores entering anaphase, thus preventing chromosome mis-segregation. Results from many different studies support the idea that Aurora B kinase plays a critical role in this merotelic correction mechanism by phosphorylating key substrates at the kinetochore and promoting turnover of kinetochore microtubules. In addition, recent studies are starting to identify the possible 'sensors' of the system that would be able to detect the mis-attachment and communicate this to Aurora B. Here, I review these studies and discuss a model for how merotelic kinetochore orientation could be detected and corrected before anaphase onset.

背景与目标： : Merotelic动粒定向是一种动粒-微管错误附着，其中单个动粒将微管结合到两个纺锤体极上，而不仅仅是一个。Merotelic附件在早期有丝分裂中经常发生，如果在后期发作之前未纠正，则可以诱导后期染色体滞后和非整倍体。Merotelic动粒方向不会干扰中期板处的染色体排列，也不会激活有丝分裂纺锤体检查点。但是，针对染色体附着的校正机制减少了进入后期的染色体动粒的数量，从而防止了染色体的错误分离。许多不同研究的结果都支持这样的观点，即Aurora B激酶通过磷酸化动粒中的关键底物并促进动粒微管的周转而在这种merotelic校正机制中起关键作用。此外，最近的研究开始确定系统的可能的 “传感器”，将能够检测到错误的附着并将其传达给Aurora B。在这里，我回顾了这些研究并讨论了如何在后期开始之前检测和纠正merotelic动粒方向的模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined whether constructs outlined in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002), namely, autonomy-supportive and controlling motivational climates and autonomous and controlled motivation, were related to attitudes toward performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport and drug-taking susceptibility. We also investigated moral disengagement as a potential mediator. We surveyed a sample of 224 competitive athletes (59% female; M age = 20.3 years; M = 10.2 years of experience participating in their sport), including 81 elite athletes. Using structural equation modeling analyses, our hypothesis proposing positive relationships with controlling climates, controlled motivation, and PEDs attitudes and susceptibility was largely supported, whereas our hypothesis proposing negative relationships among autonomous climate, autonomous motivation, and PEDs attitudes and susceptibility was not supported. Moral disengagement was a strong predictor of positive attitudes toward PEDs, which, in turn, was a strong predictor of PEDs susceptibility. These findings are discussed from both motivational and moral disengagement viewpoints.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了自我决定理论 (Deci & Ryan，2002) 中概述的结构，即自主支持和控制动机气候以及自主和控制动机，是否与运动和药物对提高表现药物 (ped) 的态度有关吸毒易感性。我们还调查了道德脱离作为潜在调解人的情况。我们调查了224名竞技运动员 (59% 名女性; M年龄 = 20.3岁; M = 10.2年参加运动的经验) 的样本，其中包括81名精英运动员。使用结构方程模型分析，我们的假设提出了与控制气候，受控动机以及PEDs态度和敏感性之间的正相关关系，而我们的假设提出了自主气候，自主动机以及PEDs态度和敏感性之间的负相关关系，则没有得到支持。道德脱离是对ped积极态度的有力预测因素，而这反过来又是ped易感性的有力预测因素。从动机和道德脱离的角度讨论了这些发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: RATIONALE:Sarcomere length (SL) is a key indicator of cardiac mechanical function, but current imaging technologies are limited in their ability to unambiguously measure and characterize SL at the cell level in intact, living tissue. OBJECTIVE:We developed a method for measuring SL and regional cell orientation using remote focusing microscopy, an emerging imaging modality that can capture light from arbitrary oblique planes within a sample. METHODS AND RESULTS:We present a protocol that unambiguously and quickly determines cell orientation from user-selected areas in a field of view by imaging 2 oblique planes that share a common major axis with the cell. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique in establishing single-cell SL in Langendorff-perfused hearts loaded with the membrane dye di-4-ANEPPS. CONCLUSIONS:Remote focusing microscopy can measure cell orientation in complex 2-photon data sets without capturing full z stacks. The technique allows rapid assessment of SL in healthy and diseased heart experimental preparations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Object recognition relies on a series of transformations among which only the first cortical stage is relatively well understood. Already at the second stage, the visual area V2, the complexity of the transformation precludes a clear understanding of what specifically this area computes. Previous work has found multiple types of V2 neurons, with neurons of each type selective for multi-edge features. Here we analyse responses of V2 neurons to natural stimuli and find three organizing principles. First, the relevant edges for V2 neurons can be grouped into quadrature pairs, indicating invariance to local translation. Second, the excitatory edges have nearby suppressive edges with orthogonal orientations. Third, the resulting multi-edge patterns are repeated in space to form textures or texture boundaries. The cross-orientation suppression increases the sparseness of responses to natural images based on these complex forms of feature selectivity while allowing for multiple scales of position invariance.

背景与目标： : 对象识别依赖于一系列转换，其中只有第一个皮质阶段被相对很好地理解。在第二阶段，即视觉区域V2，转换的复杂性使人们无法清楚地了解该区域具体计算的内容。以前的工作已经发现了多种类型的V2神经元，每种类型的神经元都具有选择性的多边缘特征。在这里，我们分析V2神经元对自然刺激的反应，并找到三个组织原理。首先，V2神经元的相关边可以分为正交对，表明局部平移的不变性。其次，兴奋边缘具有正交取向的附近抑制边缘。第三，在空间中重复生成的多边缘图案以形成纹理或纹理边界。基于这些复杂形式的特征选择性，交叉取向抑制增加了对自然图像的响应的稀疏性，同时允许多个尺度的位置不变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Outrage factors are perceived characteristics of risk that provoke emotional responses and influence risk perception by individuals. We investigated outrage factors that are associated with risk perception regarding fine dust. A nationwide online survey (N = 1,000) measured the magnitude of 14 perceived outrage factors and media use in a South Korean population. As a result, the hypothetical three outrage factors of personal stake, dread, and moral nature were found to be influential. The risk perception increased when people perceived that the environmental hazard has personal implications or is associated with fearful images and irresponsible government/corporate actions. The risk perception was also heightened when fine dust was thought to cause large-scale damage to many people simultaneously. Those using news media frequently showed higher risk perception than those using it less frequently. However, heavy media users were affected to a lesser degree by the outrage effects voluntariness and effects on children. The implications of the direct and indirect outrage effect are discussed in light of risk perception studies.

背景与目标： : 愤怒因素是引起个人情绪反应并影响风险感知的风险感知特征。我们调查了与细尘的风险感知相关的愤怒因素。一项全国性的在线调查 (N = 1,000) 测量了韩国人口中14种感知到的愤怒因素和媒体使用的程度。结果，假设的个人利益，恐惧和道德本质这三个愤怒因素被发现具有影响力。当人们意识到环境危害具有个人影响或与可怕的图像和不负责任的政府/公司行为有关时，风险意识会增加。当细尘被认为会同时对许多人造成大规模损害时，风险意识也得到了提高。与使用新闻媒体的人相比，使用新闻媒体的人经常表现出更高的风险感知。但是，大量媒体用户受到的愤怒影响较小，对自愿性和对儿童的影响较小。根据风险感知研究讨论了直接和间接愤怒效应的含义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although object orientation in the human brain has been discussed extensively in the literature, the nature of the underlying cognitive representation(s) remains uncertain. We investigated orientation perception in BC, a patient with bilateral occipital and parietal damage from a herpes encephalitis infection. Our results show that in addition to general inaccuracy in discriminating and reproducing line orientations, her errors take the form of left-right mirror reflections across a vertical coordinate axis. We propose that in BC, the cognitive impairment is in failing to represent the direction of tilt for line orientations. Our results suggest that there exists a level of representation in the human brain at which line orientations are represented compositionally, such that the direction of a line orientation's tilt from a vertical mental reference meridian is coded independently of the magnitude of its angular displacement. Reflection errors across a vertical axis were observed both in visual and tactile line orientation tasks, demonstrating that these errors arise at a supra-modal level of representation not restricted to vision, or, alternatively, that visual-like representations are being constructed from the tactile input.

背景与目标： : 尽管文献中已经广泛讨论了人脑中的对象取向，但潜在的认知表示的性质仍然不确定。我们调查了卑诗省 (一名因疱疹性脑炎感染而双侧枕骨和顶叶损害的患者) 的定向知觉。我们的结果表明，除了在区分和再现线方向方面普遍不准确之外，她的误差还采取了横跨垂直坐标轴的左右反射镜反射的形式。我们建议在BC中，认知障碍无法代表线方向的倾斜方向。我们的结果表明，人脑中存在一种表示水平，在该水平上，线方向被组合表示，因此线方向从垂直心理参考子午线倾斜的方向被编码，而与角位移的大小无关。在视觉和触觉线定向任务中均观察到垂直轴上的反射误差，这表明这些误差是在不局限于视觉的超模态表示水平上出现的，或者，从触觉输入。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Controlled laboratory study. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of conscious correction of scapular orientation on the activation of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle during shoulder exercises in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. BACKGROUND:Previous research has led to the recommendation of 4 exercises for training of the trapezius muscle: prone extension, sidelying external rotation, sidelying forward flexion, and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. However, the extent to which conscious correction of scapular orientation impacts trapezius muscle activation levels during these exercises is unknown. METHODS:Absolute (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT]) and relative (UT/MT and UT/LT) muscle activation levels were determined with surface electromyography in 30 asymptomatic overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis, during 4 selected exercises performed with and without conscious correction of scapular orientation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine if a voluntary scapular orientation correction strategy influenced the activation levels of the different sections of the trapezius during each exercise. RESULTS:With conscious correction of scapular orientation, activation levels of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle significantly increased during prone extension (mean ± SD difference: UT, 5.9% ± 8.6% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; MT, 13.8% ± 11.0% MVIC; LT, 9.8% ± 10.8% MVIC; P<.05) and sidelying external rotation (UT, 2.2% ± 4.4% MVIC; MT, 6.7% ± 10.6% MVIC; LT, 13.3% ± 24.4% MVIC; P<.05). There was no difference between conditions for sidelying forward flexion and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. The UT/MT and UT/LT ratios were similar between conditions for all 4 exercises. CONCLUSION:Conscious correction of scapular orientation during the prone extension and sidelying external rotation exercises can be used to increase the activation level in the 3 sections of the trapezius in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Although lack of kinematic data limits the interpretation of the results, this study suggests that conscious correction of scapular orientation can be performed without altering the favorable UT/MT and UT/LT ratios that have been previously reported for these exercises.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influences of different action-outcome scenarios on children's evaluative judgments and inferences of outcome intentionality were assessed. One hundred forty-five kindergartners, 2nd graders, and 4th graders heard 4 stories about child actors who engaged in 1 action or 3 equifinal actions and caused a positive or negative outcome. The stories made no mention of the actors' anticipated outcome so that we could assess the children's inferences of whether the actors wanted and had tried to cause the outcome. Children also rated their liking for the actors and the actors' morality. Children's moral and liking judgments were not significantly differentiated by action condition. However, actors who caused positive outcomes received favorable liking and moral judgments, and actors who caused negative outcomes received neutral liking and moral judgments. Children's intentionality inferences varied by the actors' actions and were moderated by outcome valence. The authors discuss children's apparent use of the valence rule when inferring intentionality and their reluctance to judge harshly actors who cause negative outcomes when not privy to the actors' intentions.

背景与目标： : 评估了不同行动结果情景对儿童评价判断和结果意图推断的影响。一百四十五名幼儿园，二年级学生和四年级学生听到了4个关于儿童演员的故事，这些儿童演员参与了1个动作或3个等值动作，并产生了积极或消极的结果。这些故事没有提及演员的预期结果，因此我们可以评估孩子们对演员是否想要并试图导致结果的推断。孩子们还对演员和演员的道德水平进行了评价。儿童的道德和喜好判断在行动条件下没有显着区别。但是，造成积极结果的演员获得了有利的喜好和道德判断，造成消极结果的演员获得了中立的喜好和道德判断。儿童的故意推断因演员的行为而异，并受结果价的调节。作者讨论了儿童在推断故意性时明显使用价规则的情况，以及他们不愿评判严厉的演员，这些演员在不考虑演员的意图时会导致负面结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colipase is a key element in lipase-catalyzed dietary lipids hydrolysis. Although devoid of enzymatic activity, colipase promotes pancreatic lipase activity in the physiological intestinal conditions by anchoring the enzyme on the surface of lipid droplets. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy combined with Brewster angle microscopy studies was performed on colipase alone and in various lipid environments to obtain a global view of both conformation and orientation and to assess lipid perturbations. We clearly show that colipase fully inserts into a dilaurin monolayer and promotes the formation of lipid/protein domains, whereas in a phospholipid environment its insertion is only partial, limited to the polar head group. In a mixed 70% phosphatidylcholine/30% dilaurin environment, colipase adsorbs to but does not penetrate deeply into the film. It triggers the formation of diglyceride domains under which it would form a rather uniform layer. We also clearly demonstrate that colipase adopts a preferred orientation when dilaurin is present at the interface. In contrast, at a neutral phospholipid interface, the infrared spectra suggest an isotropic orientation of colipase which could explain its incapacity to reverse the inhibitory effects of these lipids on the lipase activity.

背景与目标： : 大肠菌酶是脂肪酶催化的膳食脂质水解的关键元素。尽管缺乏酶的活性，但colipase通过将酶锚定在脂质滴表面来促进生理肠道条件下的胰脂肪酶活性。偏振调制红外反射吸收光谱结合布鲁斯特角显微镜研究单独对大脂酶和在各种脂质环境中进行，以获得构象和方向的全局视图，并评估脂质扰动。我们清楚地表明，大肠菌酶完全插入到dilaurin单层中并促进脂质/蛋白质结构域的形成，而在磷脂环境中，其插入仅部分，仅限于极性头基团。在混合的70% 磷脂酰胆碱/30% dilaurin环境中，colip酶吸附到膜中，但不深入渗透到膜中。它触发二甘油酯结构域的形成，在该结构域下它将形成相当均匀的层。我们还清楚地证明，当dilaurin存在于界面处时，colipase采用首选的方向。相反，在中性磷脂界面处，红外光谱表明colipase的各向同性取向，这可以解释其无法逆转这些脂质对脂肪酶活性的抑制作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We introduce two propositions for understanding top-down effects on perception. First, perception is not a unitary construct but is composed of multiple components. Second, behavior is multiply determined by cognitive processes. We call for a process-oriented research approach to perception and use our own research on moral perception as a "case study of case studies" to examine these issues.

背景与目标： : 我们引入两个命题来理解自上而下对感知的影响。首先，感知不是一个单一的结构，而是由多个组成部分组成。其次，行为是由认知过程决定的。我们呼吁以过程为导向的感知研究方法，并将自己对道德感知的研究作为 “案例研究的案例研究” 来研究这些问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Biological materials have a complex, hierarchical structure, with vital structural features present at all size scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A method that can connect information at multiple length scales has great potential to reveal novel information. This article presents one such method with an application to the bamboo culm wall. Moso (Phyllostachys edulis) bamboo is a commercially important bamboo species. At the cellular level, bamboo culm wall consists of vascular bundles embedded in a parenchyma cell tissue matrix. The microfibril angle (MFA) in the bamboo cell wall is related to its macroscopic longitudinal stiffness and strength and can be determined at the nanoscale with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Combining WAXS with X-ray microtomography (XMT) allows tissue-specific study of the bamboo culm without invasive chemical treatment. RESULTS:The scattering contribution of the fiber and parenchyma cells were separated with spatially-localized WAXS. The fiber component was dominated by a high degree of orientation corresponding to small MFAs (mean MFA 11°). The parenchyma component showed significantly lower degree of orientation with a maximum at larger angles (mean MFA 65°). The fiber ratio, the volume of cell wall in the fibers relative to the overall volume of cell wall, was determined by fitting the scattering intensities with these two components. The fiber ratio was also determined from the XMT data and similar fiber ratios were obtained from the two methods, one connected to the cellular level and one to the nanoscale. X-ray diffraction tomography was also done to study the differences in microfibril orientation between fibers and the parenchyma and further connect the microscale to the nanoscale. CONCLUSIONS:The spatially-localized WAXS yields biologically relevant, tissue-specific information. With the custom-made bench-top set-up presented, diffraction contrast information can be obtained from plant tissue (1) from regions-of-interest, (2) as a function of distance (line scan), or (3) with two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomography. This nanoscale information is connected to the cellular level features.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The orientation effect of galactose ligand on hepatocyte attachment was investigated. Poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-o-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide )(PVLA), a beta-galactose-carrying styrene homopolymer, was used as a model ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes. PVLA was transferred onto the poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) or PBLG/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films as the monolayer level. The dichroic fluorescence values of the confocal microscope indicated that the PVLA transferred onto the LB films was located with a preferential orientation of its molecular axes with regard to the direction of the alpha-helix of polypeptide. Hepatocyte recognized well-oriented galactose moieties of the surface of PVLA through asialoglycoprotein receptors.

背景与目标： 研究了半乳糖配体对肝细胞附着的定向作用。聚 (N-对-乙烯基苄基-o-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖酰胺)(PVLA)，一种携带 β-半乳糖的苯乙烯均聚物，被用作肝细胞去唾液酸糖蛋白受体的模型配体。将PVLA作为单层水平转移到聚 (γ-苄基L-谷氨酸) (PBLG) 或PBLG/聚 (乙二醇) (PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) 膜上。共聚焦显微镜的二向色荧光值表明，转移到LB膜上的PVLA被定位相对于多肽的 α-螺旋方向，其分子轴具有优先取向。肝细胞通过去唾液酸糖蛋白受体识别出PVLA表面良好取向的半乳糖部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A method has been developed for determining the UV and erythemal exposures to the entire body. The difference between the ambient erythemal exposure and that to the body compared to the ambient exposure may be as high as 76%. The height, orientation, and overall height had a minimal effect on the exposure to the body with size, time of day and time of year having a significant effect. The diffuse component of UV to a side of the body ranged from 20% to 41% between different times of the year with different levels of cloud cover. The ratio of the body to the ambient erythemal exposures varied from 0.24 to 0.61, with the time of day and time of year with the smaller value for periods of high solar altitude.

背景与目标： 已开发出一种用于确定整个身体的紫外线和红斑暴露的方法。与环境暴露相比，环境红斑暴露和对身体的暴露之间的差异可以高达76%。身高，方向和整体高度对身体的暴露影响最小，而大小，一天中的时间和一年中的时间则具有显着影响。紫外线到身体一侧的扩散成分在一年中的不同时间之间从20% 到41% 不等，云量不同。身体与周围红斑暴露量的比率从0.24到0.61不等，一天中的时间和一年中的时间对于太阳高海拔时期的值较小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous studies have shown that intuitive moral cognition occurs at an early stage. However, inconsistent findings indicate that moral information is recognized at a relatively late stage. This study uses the recognition potential (RP) as a neural index and simultaneously measures individuals' moral preferences using the Moral Foundation Questionnaire. We aim to investigate how individual differences in moral preferences modulate the processing of morality in the pre-semantic stage and provide some insights to explain the variation in rapid information processing linked to morality. The participants performed an implicit task in which recognizable words depicting geographical names or behaviors related to moral, disgusting or neutral content alternated with background stimuli at high rates of presentation. The results showed that the early recognition of moral information manifested in the RP depended on an individual's moral concerns. Participants with a higher level of endorsement of the harm/care foundation exhibited a greater net moral effect, namely, greater mean amplitudes of the moral-neutral RP difference waves. Meanwhile, only the group that was more sensitive to the harm/care foundation showed a distinctively larger RP for the moral words than for the neutral words. Overall, these findings suggest that the early processing of moral cognition may hinge on individual differences in moral concerns about other people's suffering.

背景与目标： : 以前的研究表明，直觉道德认知是在早期发生的。但是，不一致的发现表明道德信息在相对较晚的阶段得到了认可。本研究使用识别潜能 (RP) 作为神经指标，并同时使用道德基础问卷来衡量个人的道德偏好。我们旨在研究道德偏好的个体差异如何在语义前阶段调节道德的处理，并提供一些见解来解释与道德相关的快速信息处理的变化。参与者执行了一项隐含的任务，其中描述地名或与道德，令人作呕或中立内容相关的行为的可识别单词与背景刺激交替出现，呈现率高。结果表明，RP中体现的道德信息的早期识别取决于个人的道德关注。对伤害/护理基金会认可程度较高的参与者表现出更大的净道德效果，即道德中立的RP差异波的平均幅度更大。同时，只有对伤害/护理基金会更敏感的小组对道德词的RP比中性词的RP明显更大。总体而言，这些发现表明，道德认知的早期处理可能取决于对他人痛苦的道德关注的个体差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stem cell asymmetric division requires tight control of spindle orientation. To study this key process, we have recorded Drosophila larval neural stem cells (NBs) engineered to express fluorescent reporters for microtubules, pericentriolar material (PCM), and centrioles. We have found that early in the cell cycle, the two centrosomes become unequal: one organizes an aster that stays near the apical cortex for most of the cell cycle, while the other loses PCM and microtubule-organizing activity, and moves extensively throughout the cell until shortly before mitosis when, located near the basal cortex, it recruits PCM and organizes the second mitotic aster. Upon division, the apical centrosome remains in the stem cell, while the other goes into the differentiating daughter. Apical aster maintenance requires the function of Pins. These results reveal that spindle orientation in Drosophila larval NBs is determined very early in the cell cycle, and is mediated by asymmetric centrosome function.

背景与目标： : 干细胞不对称分裂需要严格控制纺锤体定向。为了研究这一关键过程，我们记录了果蝇幼虫神经干细胞 (NBs)，该细胞被设计为表达微管，三环细胞材料 (PCM) 和中心粒的荧光报告基因。我们发现，在细胞周期的早期，两个中心体变得不平等: 一个组织了一个在细胞周期的大部分时间都停留在顶端皮层附近的aster，而另一个则失去了PCM和微管组织活性，并在整个细胞中广泛移动直到有丝分裂之前不久，位于基底皮质附近，它招募PCM并组织第二个有丝分裂的aster。分裂后，顶端中心体保留在干细胞中，而另一个进入分化的女儿中。顶端的aster维护需要引脚的功能。这些结果表明，果蝇幼虫NBs中的纺锤体取向是在细胞周期的早期就确定的，并且是由不对称中心体功能介导的。