BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wound dressings are the primary barrier between the wound surface and the outer environment. Here we report the fabrication of cellulose acetate (CA)-Manuka honey (MH) composite nanofibrous mats as a biocompatible and antimicrobial wound dressing. CA mats with different quantities of MH were developed by electrospinning. The ATR-FTIR spectra confirm the inclusion of MH in the composite CA-MH nanofibrous mats. The fibers were continuous and bead-free with acceptable mechanical properties. The fiber diameter increased with an increase in MH content. Inclusion of MH in the electrospun composite CA-MH nanofibrous mats shows high efficacy to prevent bacterial growth on the wound surface. The MH loaded CA nanofiber mats showed good antioxidant abilities, while the ability to free radicalize the DPPH was dependent upon the factors of MH content in the fiber and the time of immersion in the DPPH solution. Besides, the nanofibrous mat's high porosity (85-90%) and WVTR values of 2600 to 1950 g/m2/day, suitable for wound breathability and the mats show high cytocompatibility to NIH 3T3 cell line in in vitro testing, proving to be effective for promoting wound healing.

背景与目标： ：伤口敷料是伤口表面与外部环境之间的主要屏障。在这里，我们报告制造醋酸纤维素（CA）-Manuka蜂蜜（MH）复合纳米纤维垫作为生物相容性和抗菌伤口敷料。通过静电纺丝开发了具有不同MH量的CA毡。 ATR-FTIR光谱确认了复合CA-MH纳米纤维毡中包含MH。纤维是连续的且无珠子，具有可接受的机械性能。纤维直径随着MH含量的增加而增加。在电纺复合CA-MH纳米纤维垫中包含MH可以有效防止伤口表面细菌生长。 MH负载的CA纳米纤维垫具有良好的抗氧化能力，而使DPPH自由基化的能力取决于纤维中MH含量的因素以及在DPPH溶液中浸泡的时间。此外，该纳米纤维垫的高孔隙率（85-90％）和WVTR值为2600至1950 g / m2 /天，适合伤口透气性，并且在体外测试中该垫对NIH 3T3细胞系显示出高度的细胞相容性，证明是有效的促进伤口愈合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chemoresistance and development of relapses are ascribable to a rare cell population of tumour mass: cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CSCs could increase patients' survival rate and it is important to identify molecules that can act on the main pathways of these cells. Natural bioactive compounds, of which Manuka honey (MH) is rich, could be a good opportunity to target them. This work aims to evaluate the effect of MH on CSCs-like from human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116 cell line) enriched through the in vitro sphere-forming assay. The results showed that MH reduced the volume of the entire culture of spheroids, affecting also their morphological parameters and induced apoptosis and ROS intracellular accumulation in CSCs-like. In addition, MH decreased the mRNA expression of one of ABC transporters (ABCG2) and affected self-renewal ability through the downregulation of the mRNA expression of one of the receptor membranes of Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Frizzled 7).

背景与目标： ：化学抵抗力和复发的发展归因于罕见的肿瘤块细胞群：癌症干细胞（CSCs）。靶向CSCs可以提高患者的存活率，因此重要的是确定可以作用于这些细胞主要途径的分子。富含麦卢卡蜂蜜（MH）的天然生物活性化合物可能是针对它们的好机会。这项工作旨在评估MH对通过体外球体形成实验富集的人大肠癌（HCT-116细胞系）的CSC样的影响。结果表明，MH减少了整个球体的体积，影响了它们的形态学参数，并诱导了CSCs样细胞的凋亡和ROS的细胞内积累。此外，MH通过下调Wnt /β-catenin途径之一受体膜的mRNA表达而降低了ABC转运蛋白之一（ABCG2）的mRNA表达，并影响了自我更新能力（Frizzled 7）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey is known, since antiquity, as an effective wound dressing. Emergence of resistant strains and the financial burden of modern dressings, have revived honey as cost-effective dressing particularly in developing countries. Its suitability for all stages of wound healing suggests its clinical effectiveness in diabetic foot wound infections. Thirty infected diabetic foot wounds were randomly selected from patients presenting to Surgery Department, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. Honey dressing was applied to wounds for 3 months till healing, grafting or failure of treatment. Changes in grade and stage of wounds, using University of Texas Diabetic Wound Classification, as well as surface area were recorded weekly. Bacterial load was determined before and after honey dressing. Complete healing was significantly achieved in 43.3% of ulcers. Decrease in size and healthy granulation was significantly observed in another 43.3% of patients. Bacterial load of all ulcers was significantly reduced after the first week of honey dressing. Failure of treatment was observed in 6.7% of ulcers. This study proves that commercial clover honey is a clinical and cost-effective dressing for diabetic wound in developing countries. It is omnipresence and concordance with cultural beliefs makes it a typical environmentally based method for treating these conditions.

背景与目标： ：Honey自古以来就是一种有效的伤口敷料。抗药性菌株的出现和现代敷料的经济负担，使蜂蜜成为具有成本效益的敷料，尤其是在发展中国家。其在伤口愈合的所有阶段的适用性表明其在糖尿病足伤口感染中的临床有效性。从埃及伊斯梅利亚苏伊士运河大学医院手术科就诊的患者中随机选择30例受感染的糖尿病足伤口。将蜂蜜敷料用于伤口3个月，直至愈合，嫁接或治疗失败。每周记录使用德克萨斯大学糖尿病伤口分类的伤口等级和阶段的变化以及表面积。在蜂蜜敷料之前和之后确定细菌负荷。 43.3％的溃疡可实现完全治愈。在另外43.3％的患者中，观察到大小减小和健康的肉芽减少。蜂蜜敷料的第一周后，所有溃疡的细菌负荷均显着降低。在6.7％的溃疡中观察到治疗失败。这项研究证明，商用三叶草蜂蜜是发展中国家糖尿病伤口的一种临床且经济高效的敷料。它无所不在且与文化信仰保持一致，使其成为治疗这些疾病的典型的基于环境的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We aimed to examine mechanistically the observed foraging differences across two honey bee, Apis mellifera, subspecies using the proboscis extension response assay. Specifically, we compared differences in appetitive reversal learning ability between honey bee subspecies: Apis mellifera caucasica (Pollman), and Apis mellifera syriaca (Skorikov) in a "common garden" apiary. It was hypothesized that specific learning differences could explain previously observed foraging behavior differences of these subspecies: A.m. caucasica switches between different flower color morphs in response to reward variability, and A.m. syriaca does not switch. We suggest that flower constancy allows reduced exposure by minimizing search and handling time, whereas plasticity is important when maximizing harvest in preparation for long winter is at a premium. In the initial or Acquisition phase of the test we examined specifically discrimination learning, where bees were trained to respond to a paired conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and not to respond to a second conditioned stimulus that is not followed by an unconditioned stimulus. We found no significant differences among the subspecies in the Acquisition phase in appetitive learning. During the second, Reversal phase of the experiment, where flexibility in association was tested, the paired and unpaired conditioned stimuli were reversed. During the Reversal phase A.m. syriaca showed a reduced ability to learn the reverse association in the appetitive learning task. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that A.m. syriaca foragers cannot change the foraging choice because of lack of flexibility in appetitive associations under changing contingencies. Interestingly, both subspecies continued responding to the previously rewarded conditioned stimulus in the reversal phase. We discuss potential ecological correlates and molecular underpinnings of these differences in learning across the two subspecies. In addition, in a supplemental experiment we demonstrated that these differences in appetitive reversal learning do not occur in other learning contexts.

背景与目标： ：我们的目标是使用象鼻延伸反应测定法，以机械方式检查观察到的两个蜜蜂亚种蜜蜂亚种间的觅食差异。具体而言，我们比较了“常见花园”养蜂场中的蜜蜂亚种：蜜蜂蜜蜂（Pollman）和蜜蜂蜜蜂（Skorikov）之间的反向食用学习能力的差异。假设特定的学习差异可以解释以前观察到的这些亚种的觅食行为差异：高加索（Caucasica）在不同的花朵颜色形态之间切换，以响应奖励变异性和上午叙利亚不切换。我们建议花的恒定性可以通过最大程度地减少搜索和处理时间来减少暴露，而可塑性在最大化收获以准备长冬时非常重要。在测试的初始阶段或获取阶段，我们专门研究了歧视学习，训练蜜蜂对无条件刺激的配对条件刺激做出响应，而不对没有条件刺激的第二条件刺激做出响应。在习得阶段，我们没有发现亚种之间在食性学习方面有显着差异。在实验的第二个逆转阶段中，测试了关联的灵活性，将配对和未配对的条件刺激反转了。在冲销阶段叙利亚人在食欲性学习任务中学习反向联想的能力降低。该观察结果与A.m. syriaca觅食者无法更改觅食选择，因为在突发情况下，食欲性协会缺乏灵活性。有趣的是，两个亚种在逆转阶段继续响应先前获得的条件刺激。我们讨论了这两个亚种之间学习差异的潜在生态关联和分子基础。此外，在一项补充实验中，我们证明了在其他逆境学习中这些差异不会在其他学习环境中发生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent decades, we have realized that honey bee viruses are not, in fact, exclusive to honey bees. The potential impact of Apis-affiliated viruses on native pollinators is prompting concern. Our research addresses the issue of virus crossover between honey bees and native bees foraging in the same localities. We measured the presence of black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV) and sacbrood virus (SBV) in managed Apis mellifera (honey bees) and native Andrena spp. (subgenus Melandrena) bee populations in five commercial orchards. We identified viral presence across sites and bees and related these data to measures of bee community diversity. All viruses were found in both managed and native bees, and BQCV was the most common virus in each. To establish evidence for viral crossover between taxa, we undertook an additional examination of BQCV where 74 samples were sequenced and placed in a global phylogenic framework of hundreds of BQCV strains. We demonstrate pathogen sharing across managed honey bees and distantly related wild bees. This phylogenetic analysis contributes to growing evidence for host switching and places local incidence patterns in a worldwide context, revealing multispecies viral transmission.

背景与目标： ：近几十年来，我们意识到蜜蜂病毒实际上并不是蜜蜂专有的。 Apis附属病毒对本地授粉媒介的潜在影响正引起人们的关注。我们的研究解决了蜜蜂和本地蜜蜂在同一地方觅食之间的病毒交叉问题。我们测量了托管的蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）（蜜蜂）和天然Andrena spp中黑皇后细胞病毒（BQCV），变形翼病毒（DWV）和虫病毒（SBV）的存在。 （Melandrena属）五个商业果园中的蜜蜂种群。我们确定了跨站点和蜜蜂的病毒存在，并将这些数据与蜜蜂群落多样性的度量相关联。所有病毒都在托管蜜蜂和本地蜜蜂中发现，而BQCV是每种蜜蜂中最常见的病毒。为了建立分类群之间病毒交叉的证据，我们对BQCV进行了另一项检查，其中对74个样品进行了测序，并将其放置在数百个BQCV菌株的全球系统发育框架中。我们证明了在管理的蜜蜂和远距离相关的野生蜜蜂之间存在病原体共享。这种系统发育分析为宿主转移提供了越来越多的证据，并将局部发病模式置于全球范围内，揭示了多种病毒的传播。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:DNA methylation of active genes, also known as gene body methylation, is found in many animal and plant genomes. Despite this, the transcriptional and developmental role of such methylation remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the dynamic range of DNA methylation in honey bee, a model organism for gene body methylation. RESULTS:Our data show that CG methylation in gene bodies globally fluctuates during honey bee development. However, these changes cause no gene expression alterations. Intriguingly, despite the global alterations, tissue-specific CG methylation patterns of complete genes or exons are rare, implying robust maintenance of genic methylation during development. Additionally, we show that CG methylation maintenance fluctuates in somatic cells, while reaching maximum fidelity in sperm cells. Finally, unlike universally present CG methylation, we discovered non-CG methylation specifically in bee heads that resembles such methylation in mammalian brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS:Based on these results, we propose that gene body CG methylation can oscillate during development if it is kept to a level adequate to preserve function. Additionally, our data suggest that heightened non-CG methylation is a conserved regulator of animal nervous systems.

背景与目标： 背景：活跃基因的DNA甲基化，也称为基因体甲基化，存在于许多动植物基因组中。尽管如此，这种甲基化的转录和发育作用仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们探索了蜜蜂的DNA甲基化的动态范围，蜜蜂是一种基因体甲基化的模型生物。
结果：我们的数据表明，在蜜蜂发育过程中，基因体中的CG甲基化在全球范围内波动。但是，这些变化不会引起基因表达改变。有趣的是，尽管发生了全局性改变，但完整基因或外显子的组织特异性CG甲基化模式却很少，这意味着在发育过程中基因甲基化的强劲维持。此外，我们表明，CG甲基化维持在体细胞中波动，而在精子细胞中达到最大保真度。最后，与普遍存在的CG甲基化不同，我们发现非CG甲基化特别是在蜜蜂头中，类似于哺乳动物脑组织中的这种甲基化。
结论：基于这些结果，我们建议如果将基因体CG甲基化水平保持在足以保留其功能的水平，则其可以在发育过程中振荡。此外，我们的数据表明，非CG甲基化水平升高是动物神经系统的保守调节剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study determined the antiaging effect of stingless bee honey on the expression of extracellular matrix genes. MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) assay was performed for determination of optimum concentration and incubation time of stingless bee honey. Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and collagen type Ⅰ (COL1A1) were analyzed using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. Incubation with stingless bee honey at concentration of 0.02% for 72 hr showed significant increase in the viability of human fibroblast cells. Stingless bee honey significantly downregulates metalloproteinase-1 gene expression in both pre-senescence and senescence fibroblast cells and upregulates collagen type Ⅰ gene expression in senescence fibroblast cells. In conclusion, stingless bee honey potentially delayed skin aging through modulation of extracellular matrix genes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Changes of the extracellular matrix regulation promote skin aging. Stingless bee honey is a good source of natural antioxidant which potentially delays skin aging. This study demonstrated that stingless bee honey beneficially increases collagen type Ⅰ expression and decreases MMP-1 expression during cellular aging of human dermal fibroblast cells.

背景与目标： ：这项研究确定了无刺蜂蜂蜜对细胞外基质基因表达的抗衰老作用。进行MTS（3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-5-（3-羧基甲氧基苯基）-2-（4-磺基苯基）-2H-四唑鎓，内盐）分析以确定最佳浓度和孵育时间无刺蜂蜂蜜。利用实时逆转录酶聚合酶链反应技术分析基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白（COL1A1）的基因表达。与浓度为0.02％的无刺蜂蜂蜜一起孵育72小时显示出人类成纤维细胞活力的显着提高。无刺蜂蜂蜜显着下调衰老前和衰老的成纤维细胞中的metalloproteinase-1基因表达，并上调衰老的成纤维细胞中的Ⅰ型胶原基因表达。总之，无刺蜂蜂蜜可能通过调节细胞外基质基因而延迟皮肤衰老。实际应用：细胞外基质调节的改变促进皮肤衰老。无刺蜂蜂蜜是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源，可能会延缓皮肤衰老。这项研究表明，无刺蜂蜂蜜在人皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞衰老过程中有利地增加了Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达，并降低了MMP-1的表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey bees (Apis mellifera) can be infected by many viruses, some of which pose a major threat to their health and well-being. A critical step in the dynamics of a viral infection is its mode of transmission. Here, we compared for the first time the effect of mode of horizontal transmission of Black queen cell virus (BQCV), a ubiquitous and highly prevalent virus of A. mellifera, on viral virulence in individual adult honey bees. Hosts were exposed to BQCV either by feeding (representing direct transmission) or by injection into hemolymph (analogous to indirect or vector-mediated transmission) through a controlled laboratory experimental design. Mortality, viral titer and expression of three key innate immune-related genes were then quantified. Injecting BQCV directly into hemolymph in the hemocoel resulted in far higher mortality as well as increased viral titer and significant change in the expression of key components of the RNAi pathway compared to feeding honey bees BQCV. Our results support the hypothesis that mode of horizontal transmission determines BQCV virulence in honey bees. BQCV is currently considered a benign viral pathogen of adult honey bees, possibly because its mode of horizontal transmission is primarily direct, per os. We anticipate adverse health effects on honey bees if BQCV transmission becomes vector-mediated.

背景与目标： ：蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）可以被许多病毒感染，其中一些病毒对其健康和福祉构成重大威胁。病毒感染动力学的关键步骤是其传播方式。在这里，我们第一次比较了黑皇后细胞病毒（BQCV）（一种普遍存在且高度流行的拟南芥病毒）的水平传播方式对成年蜜蜂病毒毒力的影响。通过控制实验室实验设计，通过饲喂（代表直接传播）或通过注入淋巴（类似于间接传播或载体介导的传播）向宿主暴露BQCV。然后对死亡率，病毒滴度和三个关键的先天免疫相关基因的表达进行了定量。与饲喂蜜蜂BQCV相比，将BQCV直接注射到血细胞的血淋巴中可导致更高的死亡率以及更高的病毒滴度和RNAi途径关键成分表达的显着变化。我们的结果支持以下假设：水平传播模式决定了蜜蜂的BQCV毒力。目前，BQCV被认为是成年蜜蜂的良性病毒病原体，可能是因为BOS的水平传播方式主要是直接传播。如果BQCV传播成为媒介介导的话，我们预计会对蜜蜂产生不利的健康影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Each year, millions of kilograms of insecticides are applied to crops in the US. While insecticide use supports food, fuel, and fiber production, it can also threaten non-target organisms, a concern underscored by mounting evidence of widespread decline of pollinator populations. Here, we integrate several public datasets to generate county-level annual estimates of total 'bee toxic load' (honey bee lethal doses) for insecticides applied in the US between 1997-2012, calculated separately for oral and contact toxicity. To explore the underlying components of the observed changes, we divide bee toxic load into extent (area treated) and intensity (application rate x potency). We show that while contact-based bee toxic load remained relatively steady, oral-based bee toxic load increased roughly 9-fold, with reductions in application rate outweighed by disproportionate increases in potency (toxicity/kg) and extent. This pattern varied markedly by region, with the greatest increase seen in Heartland (121-fold increase), likely driven by use of neonicotinoid seed treatments in corn and soybean. In this "potency paradox", farmland in the central US has become more hazardous to bees despite lower volumes of insecticides applied, raising concerns about insect conservation and highlighting the importance of integrative approaches to pesticide use monitoring.

背景与目标： ：在美国，每年有数百万公斤的杀虫剂用于农作物。尽管杀虫剂的使用可以支持食品，燃料和纤维的生产，但它也可能威胁非目标生物，而传粉媒介种群大量减少的证据则进一步突出了这一担忧。在这里，我们整合了几个公共数据集，以生成县级每年在1997年至2012年间在美国使用的杀虫剂的总“蜜蜂毒性负荷”（蜂蜜蜂致死剂量）的年度估计值，分别针对口服和接触毒性进行计算。为了探索观察到的变化的潜在组成部分，我们将蜜蜂的毒性负荷划分为程度（处理区域）和强度（施用率x效力）。我们显示，虽然基于接触的蜜蜂的毒性负荷保持相对稳定，但基于口服的蜜蜂的毒性负荷却增加了约9倍，而施用量的减少被效力（毒性/千克）和程度的不成比例的增加所抵消。这种模式因地区而异，在心脏地带增幅最大（增幅为121倍），这可能是由于在玉米和大豆中使用了新烟碱种子处理所致。在这种“有力的悖论”中，尽管施用的杀虫剂数量减少，美国中部的农田对蜜蜂的危害更大，引起了人们对昆虫保护的担忧，并突出了采用综合方法监测农药使用的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to carry out a survey of the flora with potential for beekeeping in the counties of Ubiratã and Nova Aurora-PR through the collection of plants and pollen analyses in honey samples collected monthly. 208 species of plants were recorded, distributed in 66 families. The families that showed the major richness of pollen types were: Asteraceae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae. Approximately 80 pollen types were found in honey samples, most of them were characterized as heterofloral. Cultivated plants, such as Glycine max (soybean) and Eucalyptus spp., were representative in some months of the year. Exotic species, such as Ricinus communis and Melia azedarach, were also frequent. However, over than 50% of the pollen types belong to native species of the region, such as Schinus terebinthifolius, Baccharis spp. Alchornea triplinervia, Parapiptadenia rigida, Hexaclamys edulis, Zanthoxylum sp. and Serjania spp., indicating the importance of the native vegetation for the survival of the colonies.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是通过收集植物和每月收集的蜂蜜样品中的花粉分析，对Ubiratã和Nova Aurora-PR县有养蜂潜力的植物区系进行调查。记录了208种植物，分布在66个科中。花粉类型最丰富的科是：菊科，桃金娘科和茄科。在蜂蜜样品中发现了大约80种花粉类型，其中大多数特征为杂花。在一年中的某些月份中，代表性的是种植植物，例如最大大豆（Glycine max）（大豆）和桉树（Eucalyptus spp。）。外来物种，例如Ricinus communis和Melia azedarach，也很常见。但是，超过50％的花粉类型属于该地区的天然物种，例如特异的Schinus terebinthifolius，Baccharis spp。 Alchornea triplinervia，拟南芥，可乐六味子，花椒属。和塞尔维亚（Serjania spp。），说明本地植被对于殖民地生存的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent widespread honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony loss is attributed to a variety of stressors, including parasites, pathogens, pesticides and poor nutrition. In principle, we can reduce stress-induced declines in colony health by either removing the stressor or increasing the bees' tolerance to the stressor. This latter option requires a better understanding than we currently have of how honey bees respond to stress. Here, we investigated how octopamine, a stress-induced hormone that mediates invertebrate physiology and behavior, influences the health of young nurse-aged bees. Specifically, we asked whether octopamine induces abdominal lipid and hypopharyngeal gland (HG) degradation, two physiological traits of stressed nurse bees. Nurse-aged workers were treated topically with octopamine and their abdominal lipid content, HG size and HG autophagic gene expression were measured. Hemolymph lipid titer was measured to determine whether tissue degradation was associated with the release of nutrients from these tissues into the hemolymph. The HGs of octopamine-treated bees were smaller than control bees and had higher levels of HG autophagy gene expression. Octopamine-treated bees also had higher levels of hemolymph lipid compared with control bees. Abdominal lipids did not change in response to octopamine. Our findings support the hypothesis that the HGs are a rich source of stored energy that can be mobilized during periods of stress.

背景与目标： ：最近普遍出现的蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）菌落丧失是由于多种压力源造成的，包括寄生虫，病原体，农药和营养不良。原则上，我们可以通过消除应激源或提高蜜蜂对应激源的耐受性来减少应激引起的菌落健康状况的下降。与我们目前对蜜蜂如何应对压力的理解相比，后一种选择需要更好的理解。在这里，我们研究了章鱼胺（一种应激诱导的激素，介导无脊椎动物的生理和行为）如何影响年轻的哺乳期蜜蜂的健康。具体来说，我们询问章鱼胺是否诱发腹脂和下咽腺（HG）的降解，这是应激蜜蜂的两个生理特征。对护士年龄的工人进行了章鱼胺局部治疗，并测量了他们的腹部脂质含量，HG大小和HG自噬基因表达。测量血淋巴脂质滴度，以确定组织降解是否与营养从这些组织释放到血淋巴中有关。用章鱼胺处理的蜜蜂的HGs小于对照蜜蜂，并且具有较高水平的HG自噬基因表达。与对照蜜蜂相比，用章鱼胺处理的蜜蜂的血淋巴脂质水平更高。腹部脂质未响应章鱼胺而改变。我们的研究结果支持以下假设：HGs是一种丰富的储存能量来源，可以在压力时期被调动。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Mucositis is an inflammatory response of mucosal epithelial cells to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To assess the comparative efficacy of honey for patients with cancer undergoing chemo/radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis through a systematic review and network meta-analysis. METHODS:A network meta-analysis was used to identify evidence from relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications up to November 2017. The prespecified primary efficacy outcome was the treatment effect of moderate-severe oral mucositis with honey. We performed subgroup analyses and meta-regressions according to the age group, cancer type, mucositis cause, honey type, control arm and type of assessment scale. Moreover, secondary efficacy outcomes were treatment completed, onset time of mucositis, swallowing diary, fungal colonization, bacterial colonisation and analgesic use. And, we did standardize meta-analyses using the random-effects model, later completing the random-effects network meta-analyses by different treatment/control arms. RESULTS:A total of 17 RCTs were eligible (22 analyses), involving 1265 patients and 13 arms. Honey treatment arm significantly increased the therapeutic effect of chemo/radiotherapy-induced moderate-severe oral mucositis (0.25, 0.14-0.46); significant efficacy was observed in a large proportion of subgroups. The meta-regression may have identified the causes of heterogeneity as the honey type (P = 0.038). Therefore, we need to perform further comparisons of difference in honey types and controls by network meta-analysis, and the results from network meta-analysis revealed that pure natural honey was superior in therapeutic effect (0.05, 0.01-0.46). For secondary outcomes, significant effect was found in decreasing onset time of mucositis (0.41, 0.08-0.73), while no increase in adverse effects was observed. The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017070873). CONCLUSIONS:The adjuvant treatment honey is effective and safe for patients with cancer undergoing chemo/radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis, especially applied pure natural local honey can be invoked as a first-line adjuvant therapy agent.

背景与目标： 背景：粘膜炎是粘膜上皮细胞对化学疗法和放射疗法的细胞毒性作用的炎性反应。通过系统评价和网络荟萃分析，评估蜂蜜对接受化学/放射疗法诱导的口腔粘膜炎的癌症患者的比较疗效。
方法：采用网络荟萃分析从相关随机对照试验（RCT）中鉴定证据。我们搜索了PubMed，Embase和Cochrane图书馆以查找截至2017年11月的出版物。预先确定的主要疗效结果是用蜂蜜治疗中度重度口腔粘膜炎的效果。我们根据年龄组，癌症类型，粘膜炎病因，蜂蜜类型，对照组和评估量表类型进行了亚组分析和荟萃回归。此外，次要疗效结果包括治疗完成，粘膜炎发作时间，吞咽日记，真菌定植，细菌定植和使用止痛药。并且，我们确实使用随机效应模型对荟萃分析进行了标准化，随后通过不同的治疗/对照组完成了随机效应网络的荟萃分析。
结果：总共有17项RCT（22项分析）符合条件，涉及1265例患者和13支手臂。蜂蜜治疗组显着提高了化学/放射治疗所致中度重度口腔粘膜炎的治疗效果（0.25、0.14-0.46）；在很大比例的亚组中观察到显着的疗效。元回归可能已将异质性的原因确定为蜂蜜类型（P = 0.038）。因此，我们需要通过网络荟萃分析进一步比较蜂蜜类型和对照的差异，网络荟萃分析的结果表明，纯天然蜂蜜的治疗效果更好（0.05、0.01-0.46）。对于次要结果，发现减少粘膜炎的发病时间有显着效果（0.41、0.08-0.73），而未观察到不良反应增加。该研究已在PROSPERO（CRD42017070873）中注册。
结论：辅助治疗蜂蜜对癌症患者是有效且安全的，这些患者正在接受化学/放射疗法诱发的口腔粘膜炎，尤其是应用纯天然局部蜂蜜可以作为一线辅助治疗剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mathematical theories of the population dynamics of sex-determining alleles in honey bees are developed. It is shown that in an infinitely large population the equilibrium frequency of a sex allele is 1/n, where n is the number of alleles in the population, and the asymptotic rate of approach to this equilibrium is 2/(3n) per generation. Formulae for the distribution of allele frequencies and the effective and actual numbers of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population are derived by taking into account the population size and mutation rate. It is shown that the allele frequencies in a finite population may deviate considerably from 1/n. Using these results, available data on the number of sex alleles in honey bee populations are discussed. It is also shown that the number of self-incompatibility alleles in plants can be studied in a much simpler way by the method used in this paper. A brief discussion about general overdominant selection is presented.

背景与目标： ：发展了蜜蜂性别决定等位基因种群动态的数学理论。结果表明，在无限大的种群中，性等位基因的平衡频率为1 / n，其中n是种群中等位基因的数目，并且达到该平衡的渐近速率为每代2 /（3n）。通过考虑种群数量和突变率，得出等位基因频率分布的公式以及可以在有限种群中维持的等位基因的有效和实际数目。结果表明，有限群体中的等位基因频率可能会大大偏离1 / n。使用这些结果，讨论了蜜蜂种群中性等位基因数量的可用数据。还表明，通过本文使用的方法，可以以更简单的方式研究植物中自交不亲和性等位基因的数量。简要讨论了一般的主导选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stressful conditions during development can have sub-lethal consequences on organisms aside from mortality. Using previously reported in-hive residues from commercial colonies, we examined how multi-pesticide exposure can influence honey bee (Apis mellifera) queen health. We reared queens in beeswax cups with or without a pesticide treatment within colonies exposed to treated or untreated pollen supplement. Following rearing, queens were open-mated and then placed into standard hive equipment in an "artificial swarm" to measure subsequent colony growth. Our treated wax had a pesticide Hazard Quotient comparable to the average in beeswax from commercial colonies, and it had no measurable effects on queen phenotype. Conversely, colonies exposed to pesticide-treated pollen had a reduced capacity for viable queen production, and among surviving queens from these colonies we observed lower sperm viability. We found no difference in queen mating number across treatments. Moreover, we measured lower brood viability in colonies later established by queens reared in treated-pollen colonies. Interestingly, royal jelly from colonies exposed to treated pollen contained negligible pesticide residues, suggesting the indirect social consequences of colony-level pesticide exposure on queen quality. These findings highlight how conditions during developmental can impact queens long into adulthood, and that colony-level pesticide exposure may do so indirectly.

背景与目标： ：发育过程中的紧张状况除了会导致死亡以外，还可能对生物造成亚致死性后果。使用先前报道的来自商业菌落的蜂巢中的残留物，我们研究了多种农药暴露如何影响蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）女王的健康。在暴露于经过处理或未经处理的花粉补充剂的菌落中，我们将蜂王杯饲养在蜂蜡杯中，不论是否经过农药处理。饲养后，将蚁后打开交配器，然后将其放置在“人工群”中的标准蜂巢设备中，以测量随后的菌落生长。我们处理过的蜡具有与商业菌落中蜂蜡平均水平相当的农药危害指数，并且对女王表型没有可测量的影响。相反，暴露于杀虫剂处理的花粉的菌落具有降低的存活皇后生产能力，在这些菌落中存活的皇后中，我们观察到精子存活力较低。我们发现不同治疗方法的女王交配数没有差异。此外，我们在后来由处理过的花粉菌落饲养的皇后区建立的菌落中，测得了较低的繁殖力。有趣的是，暴露于经过处理的花粉的菌落的蜂王浆中农药残留量微不足道，这表明菌落水平的农药暴露对女王质量的间接社会影响。这些发现突显了发育过程中的条件如何影响成年后的女王，而菌落水平的农药暴露可能会间接地影响女王。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, attempts have been made to determine the effects of honey on intestinal morphology, postoperative adhesions, and the healing of colonic anastomoses in the rats after colonic resection and anastomosis. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups each including 12 animals. Colonic resection and anastomosis were performed on all animals. Rats were fed with standard rat chow in group I, standard rat chow plus 10 g/kg/day honey in group II and artificial honey including the same caloric amount with honey in group III. Adhesion scores, bursting pressures and histopathological examinations were evaluated. Colonic bursting pressures of honey group were significantly better than control and artificial honey groups. Histological analysis of anastomotic site showed that submucosa and muscularis propria were nearly filled with granulation tissue and regular fibrin matrix in honey group. There was statistically significant difference between the adhesion scores of honey vs artificial honey and control groups. The scores of histological changes of ileum in honey group were significantly different from other groups. These results indicate a protective role of honey against intraabdominal adhesions and anastomotic dehiscence.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，已尝试确定蜂蜜对结肠切除和吻合后大鼠肠道形态，术后粘连以及结肠吻合口愈合的影响。将36只大鼠随机分为三组，每组包括12只动物。对所有动物进行结肠切除和吻合。在第I组中给大鼠饲喂标准大鼠食物，在第II组中给大鼠饲以标准大鼠食物，再加上10 g / kg /天的蜂蜜，而在第III组中饲喂热量相同的人造蜂蜜。评估粘连评分，破裂压力和组织病理学检查。蜂蜜组的结肠破裂压力明显优于对照组和人工蜂蜜组。吻合口部位的组织学分析表明，蜂蜜组粘膜下层和固有肌层几乎充满肉芽组织和规则的纤维蛋白基质。蜂蜜与人造蜂蜜和对照组之间的粘附力评分在统计学上有显着差异。蜂蜜组回肠的组织学改变得分与其他组明显不同。这些结果表明蜂蜜对腹腔内粘连和吻合口裂具有保护作用。