Honey bees (Apis mellifera) can be infected by many viruses, some of which pose a major threat to their health and well-being. A critical step in the dynamics of a viral infection is its mode of transmission. Here, we compared for the first time the effect of mode of horizontal transmission of Black queen cell virus (BQCV), a ubiquitous and highly prevalent virus of A. mellifera, on viral virulence in individual adult honey bees. Hosts were exposed to BQCV either by feeding (representing direct transmission) or by injection into hemolymph (analogous to indirect or vector-mediated transmission) through a controlled laboratory experimental design. Mortality, viral titer and expression of three key innate immune-related genes were then quantified. Injecting BQCV directly into hemolymph in the hemocoel resulted in far higher mortality as well as increased viral titer and significant change in the expression of key components of the RNAi pathway compared to feeding honey bees BQCV. Our results support the hypothesis that mode of horizontal transmission determines BQCV virulence in honey bees. BQCV is currently considered a benign viral pathogen of adult honey bees, possibly because its mode of horizontal transmission is primarily direct, per os. We anticipate adverse health effects on honey bees if BQCV transmission becomes vector-mediated.

译文

:蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)可以被许多病毒感染,其中一些病毒对其健康和福祉构成重大威胁。病毒感染动力学的关键步骤是其传播方式。在这里,我们第一次比较了黑皇后细胞病毒(BQCV)(一种普遍存在且高度流行的拟南芥病毒)的水平传播方式对成年蜜蜂病毒毒力的影响。通过控制实验室实验设计,通过饲喂(代表直接传播)或通过注入淋巴(类似于间接传播或载体介导的传播)向宿主暴露BQCV。然后对死亡率,病毒滴度和三个关键的先天免疫相关基因的表达进行了定量。与饲喂蜜蜂BQCV相比,将BQCV直接注射到血细胞的血淋巴中可导致更高的死亡率以及更高的病毒滴度和RNAi途径关键成分表达的显着变化。我们的结果支持以下假设:水平传播模式决定了蜜蜂的BQCV毒力。目前,BQCV被认为是成年蜜蜂的良性病毒病原体,可能是因为BOS的水平传播方式主要是直接传播。如果BQCV传播成为媒介介导的话,我们预计会对蜜蜂产生不利的健康影响。

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