BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To describe a course designed to help medical undergraduates develop the necessary competencies to recognise and manage acutely ill patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Primary description by the authors of the content, development and implementation of a course designed to teach competencies recommended by the Acute Care Undergraduate Teaching (ACUTE) project of the Resuscitation Council (UK) and Intercollegiate Board of Training in Intensive Care Medicine. The course format was designed to balance best teaching methods within the context of limited available teaching time and resources. Various components of the course were rated by 155 final year medical students who attended the course. RESULTS:A one and a half day integrated acute care course based on self-learning (course manual, CD-ROM, web material), lectures, interactive tutorials, skill stations and formative and summative assessment is described. The course addresses 55/71 (77%) of competencies considered important by the ACUTE project. It was well accepted by medical students and on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) median student ratings of various components of the course ranged from 4-5. CONCLUSION:The course offers a method of teaching acute care for medical undergraduates in an educationally sound, resource-efficient manner.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The current state of physician leadership education consists mainly of executive degree programs designed for midcareer physicians. In 2004, the authors proposed that, by educating medical students in physician leadership and integrating this with a business management or public health degree program, graduates, health care organizations, and communities would benefit sooner. Given the lack of program models to guide program integration and development, the authors began a one-year inquiry to build a model leadership curriculum and integrate leadership education across degree programs. The qualitative inquiry resulted in several linked tasks. First, the authors identified a feasible method for concurrently delivering all three program components (MD degree, Leadership Curriculum, and MBA or MPH degree) during a five-year plan. Second, the authors chose a competency-based educational framework for leadership and then identified, adapted, and validated existing leadership competencies to their context. Third, the authors performed an extensive program alignment to identify existing overlaps and opportunities for integration within and across program components. Fourth, the authors performed a needs analysis to identify educational gaps, subsequently leading to redesigning two courses and to designing three new courses. A description of the Leadership Curriculum is also provided. This inquiry has led to the development of the Boonshoft Physician Leadership Development Program, which provides physician leadership education integrated with medical education and education in business management or public heath. Future program initiatives include developing leadership student assessment tools and testing the link between program activities and short- and long-term outcome measures of program success.

背景与目标： : 医师领导力教育的现状主要包括为职业中期医师设计的高管学位课程。2004年，作者提出，通过对医学生进行医师领导教育并将其与企业管理或公共卫生学位课程相结合，毕业生，医疗保健组织和社区将更快受益。鉴于缺乏指导计划整合和发展的计划模型，作者开始了为期一年的调查，以建立模型领导力课程并将领导力教育整合到学位课程中。定性调查导致了几个相关的任务。首先，作者确定了一种可行的方法，可以在五年计划期间同时交付所有三个计划组成部分 (MD学位，领导力课程和MBA或MPH学位)。其次，作者选择了基于能力的领导力教育框架，然后根据其背景确定，调整和验证了现有的领导力能力。第三，作者进行了广泛的程序调整，以确定程序组件内部和跨程序组件集成的现有重叠和机会。第四，作者进行了需求分析，以找出教育差距，随后重新设计了两门课程并设计了三门新课程。还提供了领导力课程的说明。这项调查导致了Boonshoft医师领导力发展计划的发展，该计划提供医师领导力教育与医学教育以及企业管理或公共卫生教育相结合。未来的计划计划包括开发领导力学生评估工具，并测试计划活动与计划成功的短期和长期结果指标之间的联系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over half of the undergraduate students entering physiology hold a misconception concerning how breathing pattern changes when minute ventilation increases. Repair of this misconception was used as a measure to compare the impact of three student laboratory protocols on learning by 696 undergraduate students at 5 institutions. Students were tested for the presence of the misconception before and after performing a laboratory activity in which they measured the effect of exercise on tidal volume and breathing frequency. The first protocol followed a traditional written "observe and record" ("cookbook") format. In the second treatment group, a written protocol asked students to complete a prediction table before running the experiment ("predictor" protocol). Students in the third treatment group were given the written "predictor" protocol but were also required to verbalize their predictions before running the experiment ("instructor intervention" protocol). In each of the three groups, the number of students whose performance improved on the posttest was greater than the number of students who performed less well on the posttest (P < 0.001). Thus the laboratory protocols helped students correct the misconception. However, the remediation rate for students in the "instructor intervention" group was more than twice that observed for the other treatment groups (P < 0.001). The results indicate that laboratory instruction is more effective when students verbalize predictions from their mental models than when they only "discover" the outcome of the experiment.

背景与目标： : 超过一半的进入生理学的本科生对每分钟通气量增加时呼吸方式如何变化持误解。修复这种误解被用作比较三种学生实验室协议对5所机构的696名本科生学习的影响的一种措施。在进行实验室活动之前和之后，对学生进行了误解的测试，以测量运动对潮气量和呼吸频率的影响。第一个协议遵循传统的书面 “观察和记录” (“食谱”) 格式。在第二个治疗组中，书面协议要求学生在运行实验之前完成预测表 (“predictor” 协议)。第三治疗组的学生获得了书面的 “预测器” 协议，但在进行实验之前，还需要对他们的预测进行表达 (“讲师干预” 协议)。在三组中的每一组中，在后测试中表现改善的学生人数均大于在后测试中表现不佳的学生人数 (P <0.001)。因此，实验室规程帮助学生纠正了误解。但是，“讲师干预” 组学生的修复率是其他治疗组的两倍以上 (P <0.001)。结果表明，当学生从心理模型中表达预测时，实验室教学比仅 “发现” 实验结果时更有效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevalence of overweight-obesity has increased sharply among undergraduates worldwide. In 2016, approximately 52% of adults were overweight-obese. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of overweight-obesity and explore in depth the connection between eating habits and overweight-obesity among Chinese undergraduates.The study population included 536 undergraduates recruited in Shijiazhuang, China, in 2017. They were administered questionnaires for assessing demographic and daily lifestyle characteristics, including sex, region, eating speed, number of meals per day, and sweetmeat habit. Anthropometric status was assessed by calculating the body mass index (BMI). The determinants of overweight-obesity were investigated by the Pearson χ test, Spearman rho test, multivariable linear regression, univariate/multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.The prevalence of undergraduate overweight-obesity was 13.6%. Sex [male vs female, odds ratio (OR): 1.903; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.147-3.156], region (urban vs rural, OR: 1.953; 95% CI: 1.178-3.240), number of meals per day (3 vs 2, OR: 0.290; 95% CI: 0.137-0.612), and sweetmeat habit (every day vs never, OR: 4.167; 95% CI: 1.090-15.933) were significantly associated with overweight-obesity. Eating very fast was positively associated with overweight-obesity and showed the highest OR (vs very slow/slow, OR: 5.486; 95% CI: 1.622-18.553). However, the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that only higher eating speed is a significant independent risk factor for overweight/obesity (OR: 17.392; 95% CI, 1.614-187.363; P = .019).Scoremeng = 1.402 × scoresex + 1.269 × scoreregion + 19.004 × scoreeatin speed + 2.546 × scorenumber of meals per day + 1.626 × scoresweetmeat habit and BMI = 0.253 × Scoremeng + 18.592. These 2 formulas can help estimate the weight status of undergraduates and predict whether they will be overweight or obese.

背景与目标： : 全球大学生超重肥胖的患病率急剧上升。2016年，大约52% 的成年人超重肥胖。这项横断面研究旨在调查中国大学生超重肥胖的患病率，并深入探讨饮食习惯与超重肥胖之间的联系。研究人群包括2017年在中国石家庄招募的536名大学生。他们接受了问卷调查，以评估人口和日常生活方式的特征，包括性别，地区，饮食速度，每天进餐次数和甜食习惯。通过计算体重指数 (BMI) 来评估人体测量状态。采用Pearson χ 检验、Spearman rho检验、多变量线性回归、单变量/多变量logistic回归和受试者工作特征曲线分析对超重肥胖的影响因素进行调查，得出大学生超重肥胖的患病率为13.6%。性别 [男性与女性，优势比 (OR): 1.903; 95% 置信区间 (95% CI): 1.147-3.156]，地区 (城市与农村，OR: 1.953; 95% CI: 1.178-3.240)，每天用餐次数 (3 vs 2，OR: 0.290; 95% CI: 0.137-0.612) 和甜食习惯 (每天vs从不，OR: 4.167; 95% CI: 1.090-15.933) 与超重肥胖显着相关。进食非常快与超重肥胖呈正相关，并且显示出最高的OR (vs非常慢/慢，OR: 5.486; 95% CI: 1.622-18.553)。然而，多因素logistic回归分析结果表明，只有较高的进食速度是超重/肥胖的显著独立危险因素 (OR: 17.392; 95% CI，1.614-187.363; P   =  .019).Scoremeng   =   1.402  ×  scoresex + 1.269  ×  scorereeregion + 19.004  ×  scoreeatin speed + 2.546  ×  scoreng每天进餐次数 + 1.626 ×× scorscoresweetmeat习惯和bmi   =   0.253 ×× scorscoremeng + 18.592。这2个公式可以帮助估计大学生的体重状况，并预测他们是否会超重或肥胖。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) of hemoglobin (Hb) has been widely studied and mathematically described for nearly a century. Numerous mathematical models have been designed to predict with ever-increasing accuracy the behavior of oxygen transport by Hb in differing conditions of pH, carbon dioxide, temperature, Hb levels, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations that enable their applications in various clinical situations. The modeling techniques employed in many existing models are notably borrowed from advanced and highly sophisticated mathematics that are likely to surpass the comprehensibility of many medical and bioscience students due to the high level of "mathematical maturity" required. It is, however, a worthy teaching point in physiology lectures to illustrate in simple mathematics the fundamental reason for the crucial sigmoidal configuration of the ODC such that the medical and bioscience undergraduates can readily appreciate it, which is the objective of this basic dissertation.

背景与目标： : 血红蛋白 (Hb) 的氧解离曲线 (ODC) 已被广泛研究和数学描述了近一个世纪。已设计了许多数学模型，以越来越高的准确性预测Hb在pH，二氧化碳，温度，Hb水平和2,3-二磷酸甘油酸浓度的不同条件下的氧气运输行为，从而使其在各种临床情况下的应用。许多现有模型中采用的建模技术显然是从高级和高度复杂的数学中借来的，由于需要高水平的 “数学成熟度”，这些数学可能会超过许多医学和生物科学学生的可理解性。然而，在生理学讲座中，用简单的数学来说明ODC的关键s形构型的根本原因是一个值得的教学点，这样医学和生物科学的本科生就可以很容易地理解它，这是本基础论文的目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and emotion regulation difficulties have each demonstrated significant individual associations with problematic alcohol use and negative reinforcement motives for alcohol use among college students. However, extant research has yet to examine these three factors simultaneously with regard to the possibility of differential associations with alcohol consumption, alcohol-related problems and coping and conformity motives for alcohol use. As such, the present study sought to examine whether such differential associations exist within a sample of undergraduates reporting past year alcohol use. Methods: Participants were 379 undergraduate students reporting alcohol use in the past year who completed self-report measures for course credit. Results: After controlling for the effects of sex, lifetime marijuana use status, and negative affectivity, greater anxiety sensitivity social concerns and difficulties with emotional awareness were associated with more alcohol-related problems. Greater anxiety sensitivity social concerns and impulse control difficulties were associated with greater conformity alcohol use motives, and greater impulse control and emotional clarity difficulties were associated with greater coping motives. Conclusions: These findings suggest that greater fears of anxiety symptoms because of their potential negative social consequences and certain emotion regulation difficulties (i.e., impulse control, emotional clarity, emotional awareness) may be particularly problematic because they are associated with alcohol-related problems and negative reinforcement motives for use among undergraduates.

背景与目标： 目标: 焦虑敏感性，痛苦耐受性和情绪调节困难均与大学生饮酒问题和饮酒的负面强化动机有显着的个体关联。然而，现有的研究尚未同时研究这三个因素，涉及与饮酒，酒精相关问题以及应对和饮酒动机之间存在差异关联的可能性。因此，本研究试图检查在报告过去一年饮酒的大学生样本中是否存在这种差异关联。方法: 参与者是379名在过去一年中报告饮酒的本科生，他们完成了课程学分的自我报告措施。结果: 在控制了性别，终生大麻使用状况和负面情感的影响之后，更大的焦虑敏感性社会关注和情绪意识方面的困难与更多的酒精相关问题有关。更大的焦虑敏感性社会关注和冲动控制困难与更大的饮酒动机有关，而更大的冲动控制和情绪清晰困难与更大的应对动机有关。结论: 这些发现表明，由于其潜在的负面社会后果和某些情绪调节困难 (即冲动控制，情绪清晰，情绪意识)，对焦虑症状的更大恐惧可能特别成问题，因为它们与酒精相关的问题和大学生使用的负面强化动机有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the research was to compare the effects of two different techniques of the cooperative learning approach, namely Team-Game Tournament and Jigsaw, on undergraduates' conceptual understanding in a Hormone Biochemistry course. Undergraduates were randomly assigned to Group 1 (N = 23) and Group 2 (N = 29). Instructions were accomplished using Team-Game Tournament in Group 1 and Jigsaw in Group 2. Before the instructions, all groups were informed about cooperative learning and techniques, their responsibilities in the learning process and accessing of resources. Instructions were conducted under the guidance of the researcher for nine weeks and the Hormone Concept Test developed by the researcher was used before and after the instructions for data collection. According to the results, while both techniques improved students' understanding, Jigsaw was more effective than Team-Game Tournament. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):114-120, 2018.

背景与目标： : 研究的目的是比较合作学习方法的两种不同技术，即团队游戏锦标赛和拼图，对大学生在激素生物化学课程中的概念理解的影响。大学生被随机分配到第1组 (n   =   23) 和第2组 (n   =   29)。使用第1组的团队游戏锦标赛和第2组的拼图来完成说明。在指示之前，所有小组都被告知合作学习和技术，他们在学习过程中的责任以及资源获取。在研究人员的指导下进行了9周的说明，并在数据收集说明之前和之后使用了研究人员开发的激素概念测试。根据结果，尽管两种技术都能提高学生的理解能力，但拼图比团队比赛更有效。©国际生物化学与分子生物学联合会2017，46(2):114-120，2018.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :All 750 undergraduate students of the Medical College, Patiala, during the academic year 1976--1977 were covered in this survey. Seven out of ten students were found to have used some drug in the past. The lifetime prevalence being 82.4% among boys and 29.6% among girls. A majority of the students (78.6%) were poly-drug users, the commonest drugs used being alcohol (58%), tranquillizers (47%), and tobacco (36%). However, the prevalence of daily use was low, it being highest for cigarette smoking, by 9.4% of students, while less than 2% reported daily use of alcohol. The only other drugs used on a daily basis were stimulants (0.9%), tranquillizers (0.6%), and sedatives (0.3%). Of the opium users 81.8%, and over 60% of alcohol and tobacco users, had started taking these drugs during high school or the pre-medical year. On the other hand a majority of the students using tranquillizers (75%) and stimulants (66%) began using these drugs after entering the Medical College. The percentage of drug users increases by approximately 10% during each year of their medical studies.

背景与目标： : 本调查涵盖了1976-1977学年期间Patiala医学院的所有750名本科生。十分之七的学生被发现过去曾使用过某种药物。男孩的终生患病率82.4%，女孩的29.6%。大多数学生 (78.6%) 是多药使用者，最常用的药物是酒精 (58%)，镇静剂 (47%) 和烟草 (36%)。然而，9.4% 的学生每天使用的流行率很低，吸烟的流行率最高，而每天使用酒精的人数不到2%。每天使用的唯一其他药物是兴奋剂 (0.9%)，镇静剂 (0.6%) 和镇静剂 (0.3%)。81.8% 的鸦片使用者以及超过60% 的酒精和烟草使用者在高中或医学预科期间开始服用这些药物。另一方面，大多数使用镇静剂 (75%) 和兴奋剂 (66%) 的学生在进入医学院后开始使用这些药物。在医学研究中，吸毒者的百分比每年增加约10%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived stress (PS) in dental undergraduates. All dental undergraduates attending a UK dental school were invited to complete a questionnaire on age, gender, year of study, EI, and PS. Two hundred and thirteen students (48 percent male) participated, a response rate of 70 percent. The mean score for EI was 117.54 (S.D. 14.90) and PS was 17.73 (S.D. 6.49). Factor analysis confirmed four factors previously identified in the literature as comprising emotional intelligence: optimism/mood regulation, utilization of emotions, appraisal of emotions, and social skills. T-tests indicated that females had significantly higher EI scores than males. Mean PS scores were significantly higher for students aged over twenty-one years compared with those aged twenty-one years or less (p < 0.001), female compared to male students (p < 0.05), and those in higher years compared to those in lower years of study (p < 0.001). Correlational analysis showed an inverse relationship between EI and PS. Multiple regression analysis identified year of study, optimism/mood regulation, and gender as independent, significant predictors of PS. In conclusion, low EI scorers report more PS. Future research should investigate the relationships of EI and PS with impact on lifestyle behaviors, academic and clinical performance, and health outcomes.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了牙科大学生的情绪智力 (EI) 与感知压力 (PS) 之间的关系。邀请所有就读于英国牙科学校的牙科本科生填写有关年龄，性别，学习年份，EI和PS的问卷。参加了213名学生 (48% 名男性)，答复率为70%。EI的平均得分为117.54 (s.d.14.90) 和PS为17.73 (s.d.6.49)。因素分析证实了先前在文献中确定为包括情绪智力的四个因素: 乐观/情绪调节，情绪利用，情绪评估和社交技能。T检验表明，女性的EI得分明显高于男性。21岁以上的学生与21岁以下的学生相比，平均PS得分明显更高 (p <0.001)，女性与男学生相比 (p <0.05)，而高年级学生与低年级学生相比 (p <0.001)。相关分析显示EI和PS之间呈反比关系。多元回归分析确定了研究年份，乐观/情绪调节和性别是PS的独立重要预测因素。总之，低EI得分者报告更多的PS。未来的研究应调查EI和PS与生活方式行为，学术和临床表现以及健康结果的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Quality education in pharmacology requires the active participation of the student. This article by P.K. Rangachari describes a novel honours programme in biology and pharmacology at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. The pharmacology courses are taught in a problem-based, self-directed and small-group format where students are encouraged to be responsible for seeking and critically assessing knowledge, communicating it effectively and gauging their own progress. These skills are reinforced by placing students in work terms in industry, government and university laboratories. This new programme has received high ratings from students, Faculty and employers.

背景与目标： 药理学的素质教育需要学生的积极参与。本文由P.K. Rangachari描述了安大略省汉密尔顿麦克马斯特大学生物学和药理学的新颖荣誉计划。药理学课程以基于问题，自我指导和小组形式教授，鼓励学生负责寻求和批判性评估知识，有效地沟通知识并衡量自己的进步。通过将学生安排在工业，政府和大学实验室中进行工作，可以增强这些技能。这项新计划获得了学生，教师和雇主的高度评价。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Basic clinical skills teaching to medical undergraduates was a new departure for the hospice stimulated by the changing philosophies and organisation of students' training. This study was undertaken to assess the practicalities of the venture.

METHOD:Questionnaires were designed for each of the three major groups of people involved, namely the students, the patients, and the hospice nurses. Involved patients completed theirs after teaching sessions, while the students and nurses were given two different questionnaires each, one at the start and another at the end of the academic year.

RESULTS:All students completed both questionnaires. Overall they had acquired adequate skills to pass their end of year assessments and considered themselves more comfortable with difficult situations than may otherwise have been the case. The majority of patients had enjoyed the experience and found it personally educational and a change to hospice routines. The nurses' response rates were very poor, limiting any conclusions that could be drawn.

CONCLUSION:The venture was successful, stimulating, and practical for patients and students. Its impact on the nurses remains uncertain but, by their unusual lack of opinion expression, it can be inferred tentatively that this was minimal.

背景与目标： 目标 : 医学本科生的基本临床技能教学是临终关怀的新起点，这是由于不断变化的理念和学生培训的组织所激发的。进行这项研究是为了评估合资企业的实用性。
方法 : 针对涉及的三个主要人群 (即学生，患者和临终关怀护士) 设计了问卷。涉及的患者在教学后完成了他们的调查，而学生和护士分别获得了两份不同的问卷，一份在学年开始时，另一份在学年结束时。
结果 : 所有学生都完成了两份问卷。总体而言，他们已经获得了足够的技能来通过年终评估，并认为自己比其他情况更适应困难的情况。大多数患者都很喜欢这种体验，并发现它具有个人教育意义，并改变了临终关怀的常规。护士的反应率非常低，限制了可以得出的任何结论。
结论 : 该合资企业对患者和学生都是成功，刺激和实用的。它对护士的影响仍然不确定，但是由于他们异常缺乏意见表达，可以初步推断出这是最小的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rumination is considered a specific cognitive vulnerability factor that is thought to play a prominent role in the maintenance of depressive symptoms. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of two measures of rumination, the ruminative response scale (RRS) and the rumination on sadness scale (RSS) in undergraduates (N=331). A joint factor analysis yielded three factors, 'rumination on causes of sadness', 'symptom-based rumination', and 'rumination on sadness'. The internal consistency of the rumination factors was good and the test-retest stability over a 6-month period of time was moderate. Support was also found for the construct validity of the rumination factors. Finally, the 'rumination on the causes of sadness' factor was found to moderate the relation between depression measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. More specifically, baseline depression was a strong predictor of future depression but this was particularly true for high ruminating individuals. Implications of the results and directions for future research are provided.

背景与目标： : 反刍被认为是一种特定的认知脆弱性因素，被认为在维持抑郁症状中起着重要作用。本研究调查了大学生 (N = 331) 反刍反应量表 (RRS) 和悲伤反刍量表 (RSS) 两种反刍措施的心理测量特性。联合因素分析得出三个因素，即 “悲伤原因的沉思”，“基于症状的沉思” 和 “悲伤的沉思”。反刍因素的内部一致性良好，并且在6个月的时间内的重测稳定性中等。还发现了对反刍因素的结构有效性的支持。最后，发现 “悲伤原因的思考” 因素可以缓和基线和6个月随访时测得的抑郁之间的关系。更具体地说，基线抑郁症是未来抑郁症的有力预测指标，但对于高度反刍的个体尤其如此。提供了结果的含义和未来研究的方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the influence of discipline of study on contraceptive usage among undergraduates in southwest Nigeria. METHODS:A comparative cross-sectional study of students from medical and nonmedical disciplines was carried out. RESULTS:A total of 387 undergraduates were investigated, out of which 198 (55.8%) were from medical disciplines (MD), and 189 (44.2%) were from nonmedical discipline (NMD). Out of the total number of respondents (387), 229 (59.2%), were sexually active, out of which 26.2% had been sexually active without contraception with a greater proportion of students of NMD being affected (p < 0.05). Students from MD had a better knowledge (71.9%) of contraception than those from NMD (28.1%). However, more students from NMD use contraceptives (62%) compared to those from MD (54%) (p < 0.05). Despite this, more students from NMD became pregnant despite contraceptive use (11%) compared to those from MD (5.1%) (p < 0.05). The condom was the most commonly used contraceptive among both disciplines. The peer group was the commonest source of information on contraception. CONCLUSION:Discipline of study has an important influence on contraceptive usage. This is a pointer to the absolute need for adequate contraceptive education for every student, irrespective of the discipline of study.

背景与目标：