BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of the research was to compare the effects of two different techniques of the cooperative learning approach, namely Team-Game Tournament and Jigsaw, on undergraduates' conceptual understanding in a Hormone Biochemistry course. Undergraduates were randomly assigned to Group 1 (N = 23) and Group 2 (N = 29). Instructions were accomplished using Team-Game Tournament in Group 1 and Jigsaw in Group 2. Before the instructions, all groups were informed about cooperative learning and techniques, their responsibilities in the learning process and accessing of resources. Instructions were conducted under the guidance of the researcher for nine weeks and the Hormone Concept Test developed by the researcher was used before and after the instructions for data collection. According to the results, while both techniques improved students' understanding, Jigsaw was more effective than Team-Game Tournament. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):114-120, 2018.

背景与目标： : 研究的目的是比较合作学习方法的两种不同技术，即团队游戏锦标赛和拼图，对大学生在激素生物化学课程中的概念理解的影响。大学生被随机分配到第1组 (n   =   23) 和第2组 (n   =   29)。使用第1组的团队游戏锦标赛和第2组的拼图来完成说明。在指示之前，所有小组都被告知合作学习和技术，他们在学习过程中的责任以及资源获取。在研究人员的指导下进行了9周的说明，并在数据收集说明之前和之后使用了研究人员开发的激素概念测试。根据结果，尽管两种技术都能提高学生的理解能力，但拼图比团队比赛更有效。©国际生物化学与分子生物学联合会2017，46(2):114-120，2018.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :All 750 undergraduate students of the Medical College, Patiala, during the academic year 1976--1977 were covered in this survey. Seven out of ten students were found to have used some drug in the past. The lifetime prevalence being 82.4% among boys and 29.6% among girls. A majority of the students (78.6%) were poly-drug users, the commonest drugs used being alcohol (58%), tranquillizers (47%), and tobacco (36%). However, the prevalence of daily use was low, it being highest for cigarette smoking, by 9.4% of students, while less than 2% reported daily use of alcohol. The only other drugs used on a daily basis were stimulants (0.9%), tranquillizers (0.6%), and sedatives (0.3%). Of the opium users 81.8%, and over 60% of alcohol and tobacco users, had started taking these drugs during high school or the pre-medical year. On the other hand a majority of the students using tranquillizers (75%) and stimulants (66%) began using these drugs after entering the Medical College. The percentage of drug users increases by approximately 10% during each year of their medical studies.

背景与目标： : 本调查涵盖了1976-1977学年期间Patiala医学院的所有750名本科生。十分之七的学生被发现过去曾使用过某种药物。男孩的终生患病率82.4%，女孩的29.6%。大多数学生 (78.6%) 是多药使用者，最常用的药物是酒精 (58%)，镇静剂 (47%) 和烟草 (36%)。然而，9.4% 的学生每天使用的流行率很低，吸烟的流行率最高，而每天使用酒精的人数不到2%。每天使用的唯一其他药物是兴奋剂 (0.9%)，镇静剂 (0.6%) 和镇静剂 (0.3%)。81.8% 的鸦片使用者以及超过60% 的酒精和烟草使用者在高中或医学预科期间开始服用这些药物。另一方面，大多数使用镇静剂 (75%) 和兴奋剂 (66%) 的学生在进入医学院后开始使用这些药物。在医学研究中，吸毒者的百分比每年增加约10%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and perceived stress (PS) in dental undergraduates. All dental undergraduates attending a UK dental school were invited to complete a questionnaire on age, gender, year of study, EI, and PS. Two hundred and thirteen students (48 percent male) participated, a response rate of 70 percent. The mean score for EI was 117.54 (S.D. 14.90) and PS was 17.73 (S.D. 6.49). Factor analysis confirmed four factors previously identified in the literature as comprising emotional intelligence: optimism/mood regulation, utilization of emotions, appraisal of emotions, and social skills. T-tests indicated that females had significantly higher EI scores than males. Mean PS scores were significantly higher for students aged over twenty-one years compared with those aged twenty-one years or less (p < 0.001), female compared to male students (p < 0.05), and those in higher years compared to those in lower years of study (p < 0.001). Correlational analysis showed an inverse relationship between EI and PS. Multiple regression analysis identified year of study, optimism/mood regulation, and gender as independent, significant predictors of PS. In conclusion, low EI scorers report more PS. Future research should investigate the relationships of EI and PS with impact on lifestyle behaviors, academic and clinical performance, and health outcomes.

背景与目标： : 这项研究调查了牙科大学生的情绪智力 (EI) 与感知压力 (PS) 之间的关系。邀请所有就读于英国牙科学校的牙科本科生填写有关年龄，性别，学习年份，EI和PS的问卷。参加了213名学生 (48% 名男性)，答复率为70%。EI的平均得分为117.54 (s.d.14.90) 和PS为17.73 (s.d.6.49)。因素分析证实了先前在文献中确定为包括情绪智力的四个因素: 乐观/情绪调节，情绪利用，情绪评估和社交技能。T检验表明，女性的EI得分明显高于男性。21岁以上的学生与21岁以下的学生相比，平均PS得分明显更高 (p <0.001)，女性与男学生相比 (p <0.05)，而高年级学生与低年级学生相比 (p <0.001)。相关分析显示EI和PS之间呈反比关系。多元回归分析确定了研究年份，乐观/情绪调节和性别是PS的独立重要预测因素。总之，低EI得分者报告更多的PS。未来的研究应调查EI和PS与生活方式行为，学术和临床表现以及健康结果的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Quality education in pharmacology requires the active participation of the student. This article by P.K. Rangachari describes a novel honours programme in biology and pharmacology at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. The pharmacology courses are taught in a problem-based, self-directed and small-group format where students are encouraged to be responsible for seeking and critically assessing knowledge, communicating it effectively and gauging their own progress. These skills are reinforced by placing students in work terms in industry, government and university laboratories. This new programme has received high ratings from students, Faculty and employers.

背景与目标： 药理学的素质教育需要学生的积极参与。本文由P.K. Rangachari描述了安大略省汉密尔顿麦克马斯特大学生物学和药理学的新颖荣誉计划。药理学课程以基于问题，自我指导和小组形式教授，鼓励学生负责寻求和批判性评估知识，有效地沟通知识并衡量自己的进步。通过将学生安排在工业，政府和大学实验室中进行工作，可以增强这些技能。这项新计划获得了学生，教师和雇主的高度评价。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Basic clinical skills teaching to medical undergraduates was a new departure for the hospice stimulated by the changing philosophies and organisation of students' training. This study was undertaken to assess the practicalities of the venture.

METHOD:Questionnaires were designed for each of the three major groups of people involved, namely the students, the patients, and the hospice nurses. Involved patients completed theirs after teaching sessions, while the students and nurses were given two different questionnaires each, one at the start and another at the end of the academic year.

RESULTS:All students completed both questionnaires. Overall they had acquired adequate skills to pass their end of year assessments and considered themselves more comfortable with difficult situations than may otherwise have been the case. The majority of patients had enjoyed the experience and found it personally educational and a change to hospice routines. The nurses' response rates were very poor, limiting any conclusions that could be drawn.

CONCLUSION:The venture was successful, stimulating, and practical for patients and students. Its impact on the nurses remains uncertain but, by their unusual lack of opinion expression, it can be inferred tentatively that this was minimal.

背景与目标： 目标 : 医学本科生的基本临床技能教学是临终关怀的新起点，这是由于不断变化的理念和学生培训的组织所激发的。进行这项研究是为了评估合资企业的实用性。
方法 : 针对涉及的三个主要人群 (即学生，患者和临终关怀护士) 设计了问卷。涉及的患者在教学后完成了他们的调查，而学生和护士分别获得了两份不同的问卷，一份在学年开始时，另一份在学年结束时。
结果 : 所有学生都完成了两份问卷。总体而言，他们已经获得了足够的技能来通过年终评估，并认为自己比其他情况更适应困难的情况。大多数患者都很喜欢这种体验，并发现它具有个人教育意义，并改变了临终关怀的常规。护士的反应率非常低，限制了可以得出的任何结论。
结论 : 该合资企业对患者和学生都是成功，刺激和实用的。它对护士的影响仍然不确定，但是由于他们异常缺乏意见表达，可以初步推断出这是最小的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rumination is considered a specific cognitive vulnerability factor that is thought to play a prominent role in the maintenance of depressive symptoms. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of two measures of rumination, the ruminative response scale (RRS) and the rumination on sadness scale (RSS) in undergraduates (N=331). A joint factor analysis yielded three factors, 'rumination on causes of sadness', 'symptom-based rumination', and 'rumination on sadness'. The internal consistency of the rumination factors was good and the test-retest stability over a 6-month period of time was moderate. Support was also found for the construct validity of the rumination factors. Finally, the 'rumination on the causes of sadness' factor was found to moderate the relation between depression measured at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. More specifically, baseline depression was a strong predictor of future depression but this was particularly true for high ruminating individuals. Implications of the results and directions for future research are provided.

背景与目标： : 反刍被认为是一种特定的认知脆弱性因素，被认为在维持抑郁症状中起着重要作用。本研究调查了大学生 (N = 331) 反刍反应量表 (RRS) 和悲伤反刍量表 (RSS) 两种反刍措施的心理测量特性。联合因素分析得出三个因素，即 “悲伤原因的沉思”，“基于症状的沉思” 和 “悲伤的沉思”。反刍因素的内部一致性良好，并且在6个月的时间内的重测稳定性中等。还发现了对反刍因素的结构有效性的支持。最后，发现 “悲伤原因的思考” 因素可以缓和基线和6个月随访时测得的抑郁之间的关系。更具体地说，基线抑郁症是未来抑郁症的有力预测指标，但对于高度反刍的个体尤其如此。提供了结果的含义和未来研究的方向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the influence of discipline of study on contraceptive usage among undergraduates in southwest Nigeria. METHODS:A comparative cross-sectional study of students from medical and nonmedical disciplines was carried out. RESULTS:A total of 387 undergraduates were investigated, out of which 198 (55.8%) were from medical disciplines (MD), and 189 (44.2%) were from nonmedical discipline (NMD). Out of the total number of respondents (387), 229 (59.2%), were sexually active, out of which 26.2% had been sexually active without contraception with a greater proportion of students of NMD being affected (p < 0.05). Students from MD had a better knowledge (71.9%) of contraception than those from NMD (28.1%). However, more students from NMD use contraceptives (62%) compared to those from MD (54%) (p < 0.05). Despite this, more students from NMD became pregnant despite contraceptive use (11%) compared to those from MD (5.1%) (p < 0.05). The condom was the most commonly used contraceptive among both disciplines. The peer group was the commonest source of information on contraception. CONCLUSION:Discipline of study has an important influence on contraceptive usage. This is a pointer to the absolute need for adequate contraceptive education for every student, irrespective of the discipline of study.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :PowerPoint presentations (PPTs) have become routine in medical colleges because of their flexible and varied presentation capabilities. Research indicates that students prefer PPTs over the chalk-and-talk method, and there is a lot of debate over advantages and disadvantages of PPTs. However, there is no clear evidence that PPTs improve student learning/performance. Furthermore, there are a variety of learning styles with sex differences in classrooms. It is the responsibility of teacher/facilitator and student to be aware of learning style preferences to improve learning. The present study asked the following research question: do PPTs equally affect the learning of students with different learning styles in a mixed sex classroom? After we assessed students' predominant learning style according to the sensory modality that one most prefers to use when learning, a test was conducted before and after a PPT to assess student performance. The results were analyzed using Student's t-test and ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test. A z-test showed no sex differences in preferred learning styles. There was significant increase in posttest performance compared with that of the pretest in all types of learners of both sexes. There was also a nonsignificant relationship among sex, learning style, and performance after the PPT. A PPT is equally effective for students with different learning style preferences and supports mixed sex classrooms.

背景与目标： : PowerPoint演示文稿 (ppt) 由于其灵活多样的演示功能，已成为医学院校的常规。研究表明，学生更喜欢ppt而不是粉笔谈话方法，并且关于ppt的优缺点存在很多争论。但是，没有明确的证据表明ppt可以改善学生的学习/表现。此外，教室里有多种性别差异的学习方式。教师/辅导员和学生有责任意识到学习风格的偏好，以改善学习。本研究提出了以下研究问题: 在混合性课堂中，ppt是否同样影响具有不同学习风格的学生的学习？在我们根据最喜欢在学习时使用的感觉方式评估了学生的主要学习方式之后，在PPT之前和之后进行了测试以评估学生的表现。使用学生t检验和方差分析以及Bonferroni事后检验对结果进行分析。z测试显示首选学习方式没有性别差异。在所有类型的男女学习者中，与前测相比，后测成绩均显着提高。PPT后的性别，学习风格和表现之间也没有显着关系。一个PPT对不同学习风格偏好的学生同样有效，支持混合性课堂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To assess the current perceptions, motivations and expectations of trainers and vocational dental practitioners (VDPs) of vocational training (VT) interviews.

DESIGN:Questionnaire based study.

SETTING:General practice study carried out in 1996.

SUBJECTS:Undergraduates from three London dental schools and vocational trainers from south-east England.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Perceptions, motivation and experiences were assessed by a questionnaire.

RESULTS:111 questionnaires were posted to trainers with 72 (65%) returned. 108 (70%) were returned from the dental schools after 155 were posted. Graduates employed in hospital training posts, armed forces and community dentistry were eliminated from the results. Most trainers (74%) had previous experience of VT and 89% of trainers thought that a CV was important for their choice of VDPs. However, only 11% of trainers sought references before interviewing. 34% of VDPs preferred jobs close to their dental school but 75% considered location to be vital to their choice. 67% of VDPs made 10 or more applications and 57% visited 10 or more practices for interviews. 78% of VDPs considered that either genderism or racism was likely to or possibly influenced the trainers choice. However, the converse was not true, 62% of trainers considered it unlikely that the VDPs were influenced by their gender or race.

CONCLUSIONS:Trainers and VDPs have different perceptions concerning the protocol of interviews for VT.

背景与目标： 目标 : 评估培训师和职业牙科医生 (VDPs) 对职业培训 (VT) 面试的当前看法，动机和期望。
设计 : 基于问卷的研究。
设置 : 1996年进行的一般实践研究。
受试者 : 来自伦敦三所牙科学校的本科生和来自英格兰东南部的职业培训师。
主要结果指标 : 通过问卷调查评估了感知，动机和经验。
结果 : 向培训员张贴了111份问卷，其中72份 (65% 份) 被退回。108 (70%) 在155发布后从牙科学校返回。结果消除了在医院培训职位，武装部队和社区牙科中雇用的毕业生。大多数培训师 (74%) 以前都有VT的经验，并且89% 培训师认为CV对于他们选择vdp很重要。然而，只有11% 的培训员在面试前寻求参考。34% VDPs喜欢在牙科学校附近工作，但75% 认为位置对他们的选择至关重要。Vdp的67% 提出了10个或更多的申请，57% 访问了10个或更多的实践进行采访。VDPs的78% 认为，性别主义或种族主义可能或可能影响培训师的选择。然而，事实并非如此，62% 的培训师认为vdp不太可能受到其性别或种族的影响。
结论 : 培训师和vdp对VT访谈方案有不同的看法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To assess any recent change in the commitment to teaching of occupational medicine in UK undergraduate medical curricula. DESIGN:A questionnaire survey of the teaching of occupational medicine to undergraduates in all medical schools listed in the UK Universities and Colleges Admissions Service prospectus for 1999-2000 (n = 24). RESULTS:Nineteen UK medical schools returned a completed questionnaire, giving a response rate of 79%. A comparison of results from this survey with previous surveys of teaching of occupational medicine to undergraduates in the UK shows that fewer schools now provide lectures, project work or ward-based tuition in the subject. Workplace visits were not undertaken by any institution. Only two of the schools setting an examination question also had a syllabus. CONCLUSION:Despite the prominence given to issues related to occupational health in recent UK government policy, this study suggests a declining commitment to occupational medicine on the part of UK medical schools. Urgent action needs to be taken to address the lack of training in occupational medicine in UK medical schools.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :One year after implementation of a new schedule of summative assessment of professional attitude and conduct (AC) for medical undergraduates at the University of Wales College of Medicine (UWCM), we evaluated its effectiveness and obtained feedback of the perceptions of participating teachers and students. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to all 4th year students and their clinical teachers. Four out of 180 students actually failed to complete the 4th year as a result of unsatisfactory AC. Of these, three students were identified as having a problem which benefited from supportive remediation. One hundred and twenty out of 244 (49%) teachers and 166 out of 195 (85%) students completed the feedback questionnaires. The majority of students and teachers agreed that AC should be an integral part of their assessment. However, several problems were highlighted, in particular, students' perception that marks were sometimes based on assessment of knowledge rather than attitude and conduct and teachers' reluctance to identify unprofessional behaviour in students. The use of longitudinal assessment of professional AC was found to be effective at identifying students with persistent AC problems and also provided an opportunity for formative experience. The reluctance of teachers to identify negative behaviours, compared to deficiencies in skill and knowledge, is an important aspect of developing a reliable method of evaluating professional attitudes.

背景与目标： : 在威尔士大学医学院 (UWCM) 为医学本科生实施新的专业态度和行为总结性评估 (AC) 时间表一年后，我们评估了其有效性，并获得了参与教师和学生的看法反馈。对所有四年级学生及其临床老师进行了匿名问卷调查。由于AC不满意，180名学生中有4名实际上未能完成第4年。其中，三名学生被确定为受益于支持性补救的问题。244名 (49% 名) 教师中有120名，195名 (85% 名) 学生中有166名完成了反馈问卷。大多数学生和老师都同意AC应该成为他们评估的组成部分。然而，强调了几个问题，特别是学生认为分数有时是基于对知识的评估，而不是态度和行为，以及教师不愿识别学生的不专业行为。发现使用专业交流的纵向评估可有效识别持续存在交流问题的学生，并且还提供了形成经验的机会。与技能和知识的不足相比，教师不愿识别消极行为是开发一种可靠的评估专业态度的方法的重要方面。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A questionnaire study of drug use and life-style among college seniors, previously performed in 1969, was repeated at the same college in 1978 with identical methods. Moderate increases in marijuana use were found; cocaine use had increased dramatically; most other drug use changed only slightly. Differences between users and nonusers, already modest in 1969, had narrowed further by 1978users and nonusers were indistinguishable on grades, athletics, other college activities, career plans, and subjective alienation. Only heterosexual activity and visits to a psychiatrist still distinguish users from nonusers.

背景与目标： 在同一所大学1978年，以相同的方法重复了以前1969年进行的对大学老年人吸毒和生活方式的问卷研究。发现大麻使用量适度增加; 可卡因使用量急剧增加; 大多数其他毒品使用仅略有变化。用户和非用户之间的差异 (已经很小的1969年) 进一步缩小了1978个用户，而非用户在成绩，体育，其他大学活动，职业计划和主观疏远方面没有区别。只有异性恋活动和对精神科医生的访问仍将用户与非用户区分开。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Both obsessive-compulsive disorder and subclinical obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms seem to be associated with hyperactive error-related brain activity. The current study examined performance monitoring in subjects with subclinical OC symptoms using a new task with different levels of difficulty. Nineteen subjects with high and 18 subjects with low OC characteristics performed a random dot cinematogram (RDC) task with three levels of difficulty. The high and low OC groups did not differ in error-related negativity (ERN), correct-related negativity (CRN) and performance irrespective of task difficulty. The amplitude of the ERN decreased with increasing difficulty whereas the magnitude of CRN did not vary. ERN and CRN approached in size and topography with increasing difficulty, which suggests that errors and correct responses are processed more similarly. These results add to a growing number of studies that fail to replicate hyperactive performance monitoring in individuals with OC symptoms in task with higher difficulty or requiring learning. Together with these findings our results suggest that the relationship between OC symptoms and performance monitoring may be sensitive to type of task and task characteristics and cannot be observed in a RDC that differs from typically used tasks in difficulty and the amount of response-conflict.

背景与目标： : 强迫症和亚临床强迫症 (OC) 症状似乎都与过度活跃的错误相关的大脑活动有关。当前的研究使用具有不同难度的新任务检查了具有亚临床OC症状的受试者的性能监测。19名具有高OC特征的受试者和18名具有低OC特征的受试者执行了三个难度级别的随机点电影摄影 (RDC) 任务。无论任务难度如何，高OC组和低OC组在与错误相关的负性 (ERN)，与正确相关的负性 (CRN) 和性能方面都没有差异。ERN的幅度随着难度的增加而降低，而CRN的幅度没有变化。ERN和CRN的尺寸和地形越来越困难，这表明错误和正确响应的处理方式更为相似。这些结果增加了越来越多的研究，这些研究未能在难度较高或需要学习的任务中有OC症状的个体中复制过度活跃的性能监测。结合这些发现，我们的结果表明，OC症状和性能监测之间的关系可能对任务类型和任务特征敏感，并且在与困难和响应冲突量不同的RDC中无法观察到。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Rates of melanoma have dramatically increased among adolescents and young adults in recent years, particularly among young women. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from intentional tanning practices is likely a major contributor to this epidemic. Southern and coastal regions have higher melanoma mortality rates among non-Hispanic whites in other parts of the U.S., yet little is known about tanning practices of adolescents and young adults in these regions. This study determines the prevalence and methods of intentional tanning utilized by an undergraduate population located on the United States' Gulf Coast. METHODS:Undergraduate students enrolled at a university on the Gulf Coast completed an online survey from March-April 2016, self-reporting their engagement, knowledge, and attitudes regarding outdoor tanning (OT), indoor tanning (IT) and spray tanning (ST). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with tanning behaviors. RESULTS:2668 undergraduates completed the survey. Of these, 64.9% reported OT tanning, 50.7% reported ever IT, and 21.2% reported ever ST. CONCLUSIONS:In the largest study to date of intentional tanning behaviors of adolescents and young adults from coastal regions, we found high rates of intentional tanning behaviors. There was also significant engagement in spray tanning by this population, not previously reported for adolescents and young adults in a sample of this size. We also identified a high association between different tanning methods, indicating this population engages in multiple tanning behaviors, a phenomenon whose health consequences are not yet known.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Molecular biology is a very important basic course for undergraduates major in pharmacy. During the novel coronavirus epidemic, we first adopted an online teaching of molecular biology course with rain class and tencent meeting for undergraduates major in pharmacy, following a blended teaching mode. Finally, we evaluated the effect of this special-time teaching by analyzing the anonymous questionnaire and final examination scores. Student feedback showed that most of students were satisfied with this online teaching, classroom teaching, and experimental teaching, and considered that postlecture quizzes were very helpful for their study. The majority of students supported that classroom teaching should be integrated with online teaching. Analysis of final examination scores showed that the effect of 2020-year teaching was not worse than that of 2019-year teaching, but even better in the excellence rate and rate of poor and failure. Here, we share the experience and thinking of blended teaching of medical molecular biology course during the novel coronavirus epidemic, and hope it helpful for other teachers' teaching.

背景与目标： : 分子生物学是药学专业本科生非常重要的基础课程。在新型冠状病毒流行期间，我们首先采用了混合教学模式，对药学专业本科生进行了分子生物学课程的在线教学，包括雨课和腾讯会议。最后，我们通过分析匿名问卷和期末考试成绩来评估这种特殊时间教学的效果。学生反馈表明，大多数学生对在线教学，课堂教学和实验教学感到满意，并认为课后测验对他们的学习非常有帮助。大多数学生支持课堂教学应与在线教学相结合。对期末考试成绩的分析表明，2020年教学的效果并不比2019年教学差，但在优秀率和差率和失败率方面甚至更好。在此，我们分享新型冠状病毒流行时期医学分子生物学课程混合式教学的经验和思考，并希望对其他教师的教学有所帮助。