BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:Controlled laboratory study. OBJECTIVES:To assess the effect of conscious correction of scapular orientation on the activation of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle during shoulder exercises in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. BACKGROUND:Previous research has led to the recommendation of 4 exercises for training of the trapezius muscle: prone extension, sidelying external rotation, sidelying forward flexion, and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. However, the extent to which conscious correction of scapular orientation impacts trapezius muscle activation levels during these exercises is unknown. METHODS:Absolute (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT]) and relative (UT/MT and UT/LT) muscle activation levels were determined with surface electromyography in 30 asymptomatic overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis, during 4 selected exercises performed with and without conscious correction of scapular orientation. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine if a voluntary scapular orientation correction strategy influenced the activation levels of the different sections of the trapezius during each exercise. RESULTS:With conscious correction of scapular orientation, activation levels of the 3 sections of the trapezius muscle significantly increased during prone extension (mean ± SD difference: UT, 5.9% ± 8.6% maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; MT, 13.8% ± 11.0% MVIC; LT, 9.8% ± 10.8% MVIC; P<.05) and sidelying external rotation (UT, 2.2% ± 4.4% MVIC; MT, 6.7% ± 10.6% MVIC; LT, 13.3% ± 24.4% MVIC; P<.05). There was no difference between conditions for sidelying forward flexion and prone horizontal abduction with external rotation. The UT/MT and UT/LT ratios were similar between conditions for all 4 exercises. CONCLUSION:Conscious correction of scapular orientation during the prone extension and sidelying external rotation exercises can be used to increase the activation level in the 3 sections of the trapezius in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Although lack of kinematic data limits the interpretation of the results, this study suggests that conscious correction of scapular orientation can be performed without altering the favorable UT/MT and UT/LT ratios that have been previously reported for these exercises.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influences of different action-outcome scenarios on children's evaluative judgments and inferences of outcome intentionality were assessed. One hundred forty-five kindergartners, 2nd graders, and 4th graders heard 4 stories about child actors who engaged in 1 action or 3 equifinal actions and caused a positive or negative outcome. The stories made no mention of the actors' anticipated outcome so that we could assess the children's inferences of whether the actors wanted and had tried to cause the outcome. Children also rated their liking for the actors and the actors' morality. Children's moral and liking judgments were not significantly differentiated by action condition. However, actors who caused positive outcomes received favorable liking and moral judgments, and actors who caused negative outcomes received neutral liking and moral judgments. Children's intentionality inferences varied by the actors' actions and were moderated by outcome valence. The authors discuss children's apparent use of the valence rule when inferring intentionality and their reluctance to judge harshly actors who cause negative outcomes when not privy to the actors' intentions.

背景与目标： : 评估了不同行动结果情景对儿童评价判断和结果意图推断的影响。一百四十五名幼儿园，二年级学生和四年级学生听到了4个关于儿童演员的故事，这些儿童演员参与了1个动作或3个等值动作，并产生了积极或消极的结果。这些故事没有提及演员的预期结果，因此我们可以评估孩子们对演员是否想要并试图导致结果的推断。孩子们还对演员和演员的道德水平进行了评价。儿童的道德和喜好判断在行动条件下没有显着区别。但是，造成积极结果的演员获得了有利的喜好和道德判断，造成消极结果的演员获得了中立的喜好和道德判断。儿童的故意推断因演员的行为而异，并受结果价的调节。作者讨论了儿童在推断故意性时明显使用价规则的情况，以及他们不愿评判严厉的演员，这些演员在不考虑演员的意图时会导致负面结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Colipase is a key element in lipase-catalyzed dietary lipids hydrolysis. Although devoid of enzymatic activity, colipase promotes pancreatic lipase activity in the physiological intestinal conditions by anchoring the enzyme on the surface of lipid droplets. Polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy combined with Brewster angle microscopy studies was performed on colipase alone and in various lipid environments to obtain a global view of both conformation and orientation and to assess lipid perturbations. We clearly show that colipase fully inserts into a dilaurin monolayer and promotes the formation of lipid/protein domains, whereas in a phospholipid environment its insertion is only partial, limited to the polar head group. In a mixed 70% phosphatidylcholine/30% dilaurin environment, colipase adsorbs to but does not penetrate deeply into the film. It triggers the formation of diglyceride domains under which it would form a rather uniform layer. We also clearly demonstrate that colipase adopts a preferred orientation when dilaurin is present at the interface. In contrast, at a neutral phospholipid interface, the infrared spectra suggest an isotropic orientation of colipase which could explain its incapacity to reverse the inhibitory effects of these lipids on the lipase activity.

背景与目标： : 大肠菌酶是脂肪酶催化的膳食脂质水解的关键元素。尽管缺乏酶的活性，但colipase通过将酶锚定在脂质滴表面来促进生理肠道条件下的胰脂肪酶活性。偏振调制红外反射吸收光谱结合布鲁斯特角显微镜研究单独对大脂酶和在各种脂质环境中进行，以获得构象和方向的全局视图，并评估脂质扰动。我们清楚地表明，大肠菌酶完全插入到dilaurin单层中并促进脂质/蛋白质结构域的形成，而在磷脂环境中，其插入仅部分，仅限于极性头基团。在混合的70% 磷脂酰胆碱/30% dilaurin环境中，colip酶吸附到膜中，但不深入渗透到膜中。它触发二甘油酯结构域的形成，在该结构域下它将形成相当均匀的层。我们还清楚地证明，当dilaurin存在于界面处时，colipase采用首选的方向。相反，在中性磷脂界面处，红外光谱表明colipase的各向同性取向，这可以解释其无法逆转这些脂质对脂肪酶活性的抑制作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We introduce two propositions for understanding top-down effects on perception. First, perception is not a unitary construct but is composed of multiple components. Second, behavior is multiply determined by cognitive processes. We call for a process-oriented research approach to perception and use our own research on moral perception as a "case study of case studies" to examine these issues.

背景与目标： : 我们引入两个命题来理解自上而下对感知的影响。首先，感知不是一个单一的结构，而是由多个组成部分组成。其次，行为是由认知过程决定的。我们呼吁以过程为导向的感知研究方法，并将自己对道德感知的研究作为 “案例研究的案例研究” 来研究这些问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Biological materials have a complex, hierarchical structure, with vital structural features present at all size scales, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A method that can connect information at multiple length scales has great potential to reveal novel information. This article presents one such method with an application to the bamboo culm wall. Moso (Phyllostachys edulis) bamboo is a commercially important bamboo species. At the cellular level, bamboo culm wall consists of vascular bundles embedded in a parenchyma cell tissue matrix. The microfibril angle (MFA) in the bamboo cell wall is related to its macroscopic longitudinal stiffness and strength and can be determined at the nanoscale with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Combining WAXS with X-ray microtomography (XMT) allows tissue-specific study of the bamboo culm without invasive chemical treatment. RESULTS:The scattering contribution of the fiber and parenchyma cells were separated with spatially-localized WAXS. The fiber component was dominated by a high degree of orientation corresponding to small MFAs (mean MFA 11°). The parenchyma component showed significantly lower degree of orientation with a maximum at larger angles (mean MFA 65°). The fiber ratio, the volume of cell wall in the fibers relative to the overall volume of cell wall, was determined by fitting the scattering intensities with these two components. The fiber ratio was also determined from the XMT data and similar fiber ratios were obtained from the two methods, one connected to the cellular level and one to the nanoscale. X-ray diffraction tomography was also done to study the differences in microfibril orientation between fibers and the parenchyma and further connect the microscale to the nanoscale. CONCLUSIONS:The spatially-localized WAXS yields biologically relevant, tissue-specific information. With the custom-made bench-top set-up presented, diffraction contrast information can be obtained from plant tissue (1) from regions-of-interest, (2) as a function of distance (line scan), or (3) with two-dimensional or three-dimensional tomography. This nanoscale information is connected to the cellular level features.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The orientation effect of galactose ligand on hepatocyte attachment was investigated. Poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-o-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconamide )(PVLA), a beta-galactose-carrying styrene homopolymer, was used as a model ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes. PVLA was transferred onto the poly(gamma-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) or PBLG/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films as the monolayer level. The dichroic fluorescence values of the confocal microscope indicated that the PVLA transferred onto the LB films was located with a preferential orientation of its molecular axes with regard to the direction of the alpha-helix of polypeptide. Hepatocyte recognized well-oriented galactose moieties of the surface of PVLA through asialoglycoprotein receptors.

背景与目标： 研究了半乳糖配体对肝细胞附着的定向作用。聚 (N-对-乙烯基苄基-o-β-D-吡喃半乳糖基-D-葡糖酰胺)(PVLA)，一种携带 β-半乳糖的苯乙烯均聚物，被用作肝细胞去唾液酸糖蛋白受体的模型配体。将PVLA作为单层水平转移到聚 (γ-苄基L-谷氨酸) (PBLG) 或PBLG/聚 (乙二醇) (PEG)PBLG Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) 膜上。共聚焦显微镜的二向色荧光值表明，转移到LB膜上的PVLA被定位相对于多肽的 α-螺旋方向，其分子轴具有优先取向。肝细胞通过去唾液酸糖蛋白受体识别出PVLA表面良好取向的半乳糖部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A method has been developed for determining the UV and erythemal exposures to the entire body. The difference between the ambient erythemal exposure and that to the body compared to the ambient exposure may be as high as 76%. The height, orientation, and overall height had a minimal effect on the exposure to the body with size, time of day and time of year having a significant effect. The diffuse component of UV to a side of the body ranged from 20% to 41% between different times of the year with different levels of cloud cover. The ratio of the body to the ambient erythemal exposures varied from 0.24 to 0.61, with the time of day and time of year with the smaller value for periods of high solar altitude.

背景与目标： 已开发出一种用于确定整个身体的紫外线和红斑暴露的方法。与环境暴露相比，环境红斑暴露和对身体的暴露之间的差异可以高达76%。身高，方向和整体高度对身体的暴露影响最小，而大小，一天中的时间和一年中的时间则具有显着影响。紫外线到身体一侧的扩散成分在一年中的不同时间之间从20% 到41% 不等，云量不同。身体与周围红斑暴露量的比率从0.24到0.61不等，一天中的时间和一年中的时间对于太阳高海拔时期的值较小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous studies have shown that intuitive moral cognition occurs at an early stage. However, inconsistent findings indicate that moral information is recognized at a relatively late stage. This study uses the recognition potential (RP) as a neural index and simultaneously measures individuals' moral preferences using the Moral Foundation Questionnaire. We aim to investigate how individual differences in moral preferences modulate the processing of morality in the pre-semantic stage and provide some insights to explain the variation in rapid information processing linked to morality. The participants performed an implicit task in which recognizable words depicting geographical names or behaviors related to moral, disgusting or neutral content alternated with background stimuli at high rates of presentation. The results showed that the early recognition of moral information manifested in the RP depended on an individual's moral concerns. Participants with a higher level of endorsement of the harm/care foundation exhibited a greater net moral effect, namely, greater mean amplitudes of the moral-neutral RP difference waves. Meanwhile, only the group that was more sensitive to the harm/care foundation showed a distinctively larger RP for the moral words than for the neutral words. Overall, these findings suggest that the early processing of moral cognition may hinge on individual differences in moral concerns about other people's suffering.

背景与目标： : 以前的研究表明，直觉道德认知是在早期发生的。但是，不一致的发现表明道德信息在相对较晚的阶段得到了认可。本研究使用识别潜能 (RP) 作为神经指标，并同时使用道德基础问卷来衡量个人的道德偏好。我们旨在研究道德偏好的个体差异如何在语义前阶段调节道德的处理，并提供一些见解来解释与道德相关的快速信息处理的变化。参与者执行了一项隐含的任务，其中描述地名或与道德，令人作呕或中立内容相关的行为的可识别单词与背景刺激交替出现，呈现率高。结果表明，RP中体现的道德信息的早期识别取决于个人的道德关注。对伤害/护理基金会认可程度较高的参与者表现出更大的净道德效果，即道德中立的RP差异波的平均幅度更大。同时，只有对伤害/护理基金会更敏感的小组对道德词的RP比中性词的RP明显更大。总体而言，这些发现表明，道德认知的早期处理可能取决于对他人痛苦的道德关注的个体差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Stem cell asymmetric division requires tight control of spindle orientation. To study this key process, we have recorded Drosophila larval neural stem cells (NBs) engineered to express fluorescent reporters for microtubules, pericentriolar material (PCM), and centrioles. We have found that early in the cell cycle, the two centrosomes become unequal: one organizes an aster that stays near the apical cortex for most of the cell cycle, while the other loses PCM and microtubule-organizing activity, and moves extensively throughout the cell until shortly before mitosis when, located near the basal cortex, it recruits PCM and organizes the second mitotic aster. Upon division, the apical centrosome remains in the stem cell, while the other goes into the differentiating daughter. Apical aster maintenance requires the function of Pins. These results reveal that spindle orientation in Drosophila larval NBs is determined very early in the cell cycle, and is mediated by asymmetric centrosome function.

背景与目标： : 干细胞不对称分裂需要严格控制纺锤体定向。为了研究这一关键过程，我们记录了果蝇幼虫神经干细胞 (NBs)，该细胞被设计为表达微管，三环细胞材料 (PCM) 和中心粒的荧光报告基因。我们发现，在细胞周期的早期，两个中心体变得不平等: 一个组织了一个在细胞周期的大部分时间都停留在顶端皮层附近的aster，而另一个则失去了PCM和微管组织活性，并在整个细胞中广泛移动直到有丝分裂之前不久，位于基底皮质附近，它招募PCM并组织第二个有丝分裂的aster。分裂后，顶端中心体保留在干细胞中，而另一个进入分化的女儿中。顶端的aster维护需要引脚的功能。这些结果表明，果蝇幼虫NBs中的纺锤体取向是在细胞周期的早期就确定的，并且是由不对称中心体功能介导的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Importance:Sexual minority men have reported higher rates of both indoor tanning and skin cancer than heterosexual men, and sexual minority women have reported lower or equal rates of both indoor tanning and skin cancer compared with heterosexual women. Bisexual men, in particular, have reported higher rates of indoor tanning bed use than heterosexual men; however, no study has investigated skin cancer prevalence among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals as separate groups. Objective:To evaluate the association between sexual orientation and lifetime prevalence of skin cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants:This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2014-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys of a noninstitutionalized population in the United States that included 877 650 adult participants who self-identified as being heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Main Outcomes and Measures:Self-reported lifetime history of skin cancer. Results:The study included 877 650 participants, including 364 833 heterosexual men (mean age, 47.7; 95% CI, 47.5-47.8), 7823 gay men (mean age, 42.7; 95% CI, 41.8-43.6), 5277 bisexual men (mean age, 39.4; 95% CI, 38.4-40.5), 484 341 heterosexual women (mean age, 49.7; 95% CI, 49.6-49.8), 5609 lesbian women (mean age, 41.8; 95% CI, 40.6-43.0), and 9767 bisexual women (mean age, 32.8; 95% CI, 32.3-33.3). The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of skin cancer prevalence were significantly higher among both gay (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50; P = .02) and bisexual men (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.01-2.10; P = .04) compared with heterosexual men. The AORs of skin cancer were statistically significantly lower among bisexual women (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.95; P = .02) but not among gay or lesbian women (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.33; P = .95) compared with the AORs of skin cancer among heterosexual women. Conclusions and Relevance:In this study, gay and bisexual men had an increased self-reported lifetime prevalence of skin cancer compared with the prevalence among heterosexual men. Patient education and community outreach initiatives focused on reducing skin cancer risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men may help reduce the lifetime development of skin cancer in this population. Continued implementation of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's sexual orientation and gender identity module is imperative to improve understanding of the health and well-being of sexual minority populations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Moral distress was first described by Jameton in 1984, and has been defined as distress experienced by an individual when they are unable to carry out what they believe to be the right course of action because of real or perceived constraints on that action. This complex phenomenon has been studied extensively among healthcare providers, and intensive care professionals in particular report high levels of moral distress. This distress has been associated with provider burnout and associated consequences such as job attrition, with potential impacts on patient and family care. There is a paucity of literature exploring how middle and late career healthcare providers experience and cope with moral distress. OBJECTIVES:We explore the experience of moral distress and the strategies and resources invoked to mitigate that distress in mid- and late-career healthcare providers practicing in paediatric intensive care, in order to identify ways in which the work environment can build a culture of moral resilience. RESEARCH DESIGN:An exploratory, qualitative quality improvement project utilizing focus group and semi-structured interviews with pediatric intensive care front-line providers. PARTICIPANTS:Mid-and-later career (10 + years in practice) pediatric intensive care front line providers in a tertiary pediatric hospital. RESEARCH CONTEXT:This work focuses on paediatric intensive care providers in a single critical care unit, in order to explore the site-specific perspectives of health care providers in that context with respect to moral distress coping strategies. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:The study was approved by the Quality Management Office at the institution; consent was obtained from participants, and no identifying data was included in this project. FINDINGS:Participants endorsed perspective-building and described strategies for positive adaptation including; active, reflective and structured supports. Participants articulated interest in enhanced and accessible formal supports. DISCUSSION:Findings in this study resonate with the current literature in healthcare provider moral distress, and exposed ways in which the work environment could support a culture of moral resilience. Avenues are described for the management and mitigation of moral distress in this setting. CONCLUSION:This exploratory work lays the groundwork for interventions that facilitate personal growth and meaning in the midst of moral crises in critical care practice.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new argument has been made against moral enhancement by authors who are otherwise in favour of human enhancement. Additionally, they share the same evolutionary toolkit for analysing human traits as well as the belief that our current morality is unfit to deal with modern problems, such as climate change and nuclear proliferation. The argument is put forward by Buchanan and Powell and states that other paths to moral progress are enough to deal with these problems. Given the likely costs and risks involved with developing moral enhancement, this argument implies moral enhancement is an unpromising enterprise. After mentioning proposed solutions to such modern problems, I will argue that moral enhancement would help implement any of them. I will then detail Buchanan and Powell's new argument disfavouring moral enhancement and argue that it makes too bold assumptions about the efficacy of traditional moral progress. For instance, it overlooks how that progress was to achieve even in relatively successful cases such as the abolition of slavery. Traditional moral progress is likely to require assistance from non-traditional means in order to face new challenges.

背景与目标： : 有人提出了反对道德提升的新论点，否则他们赞成人类的提升。此外，他们共享相同的进化工具包，用于分析人类特征，并认为我们目前的道德不适合处理现代问题，例如气候变化和核扩散。布坎南和鲍威尔提出了这一论点，并指出道德进步的其他途径足以解决这些问题。考虑到发展道德增强可能带来的成本和风险，该论点暗示道德增强是一个毫无希望的企业。在提到针对此类现代问题的拟议解决方案之后，我将认为道德提升将有助于实施其中的任何一个。然后，我将详细介绍布坎南和鲍威尔的新论点，该论点不利于道德提升，并认为它对传统道德进步的功效做出了过于大胆的假设。例如，即使在废除奴隶制等相对成功的情况下，它也忽略了如何取得这一进展。传统的道德进步很可能需要非传统手段的帮助，以便面对新的挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The orientation behavior of chain forming interchange quadrivalents at metaphase I was studied in three interchange heterozygotes of pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] which involve chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 7 in various combinations. Of these, two combinations predominantly produced rings and the third was a chain-forming type. The chain quadrivalents derived from the two ring-forming interchanges, as well as the chain quadrivalent generated by the third interchange, all showed one adjacent orientation at metaphase I (adjacent-1 or -2, depending upon the formation or failure of chiasmata and their positions in the different segments of the pachytene cross). Homologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-1 and alternate-1 occurs following chiasma failure in the noncentric arms of the pachytene cross, and nonhomologous centromere co-orientation leading to adjacent-2 and alternate-2 occurs following chiasma failure in the centric arms of the pachytene cross. Thus, it has been proposed that, unlike in ring quadrivalents, a specific chain quadrivalent will have only homologous or nonhomologous centromere co-orientations at metaphase I.

背景与目标： : 在珍珠粟 [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] 的三个交换杂合子中研究了中期I链形成交换四分体的取向行为，这些杂合子涉及染色体1、3、6和7的各种组合。其中，两种组合主要产生环，第三种是成链型。源自两个成环互通式的链四价，以及由第三次互换产生的链四价，都在中期I处显示出一个相邻的取向 (相邻-1或-2，取决于chiasmata的形成或破坏及其在pachytene cross的不同部分中的位置)。在pachytene杂交的非中心臂的chiasma失效后，会发生导致相邻-1和alternate-1的同源着丝粒共取向，而在chiasma失效后，会发生导致相邻-2和alternate-2的非同源着丝粒共取向。pachytene杂交的中心臂。因此，已经提出，与环四价物不同，特定的链四价物在中期I仅具有同源或非同源着丝粒共向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Whether hydroxyapatite (HA) orientation in fossilised bone samples can be non-destructively retrieved and used to determine the arrangement of the bone matrix and the location of muscle attachments (entheses), is a question of high relevance to palaeontology, as it facilitates a detailed understanding of the (micro-)anatomy of extinct species with no damage to the precious fossil specimens. Here, we report studies of two fossil bone samples, specifically the tibia of a 300-million-year-old tetrapod, Discosauriscus austriacus, and the humerus of a 370-million-year-old lobe-finned fish, Eusthenopteron foordi, using XRD-CT - a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and computed tomography (CT). Reconstructed 3D images showing the spatial mineral distributions and the local orientation of HA were obtained. For Discosauriscus austriacus, details of the muscle attachments could be discerned. For Eusthenopteron foordi, the gross details of the preferred orientation of HA were deduced using three tomographic datasets obtained with orthogonally oriented rotation axes. For both samples, the HA in the bone matrix exhibited preferred orientation, with the unit cell c-axis of the HA crystallites tending to be parallel with the bone surface. In summary, we have demonstrated that XRD-CT combined with an intuitive reconstruction procedure is becoming a powerful tool for studying palaeontological samples.

背景与目标： : 是否可以无损地检索化石骨样品中的羟基磷灰石 (HA) 取向，并将其用于确定骨基质的排列和肌肉附着的位置 (enthesis)，这是一个与古生物学高度相关的问题，因为它有助于详细了解灭绝物种的 (微观) 解剖结构，而不会损坏珍贵的化石标本。在这里，我们报告了对两个化石骨骼样本的研究，特别是3亿岁的四足动物的胫骨，austriacus Discosauriscus austriacus和3.7亿岁的叶鳍鱼类Eusthenopteron foordi的肱骨，使用XRD-CT-x射线衍射 (XRD) 和计算机断层扫描 (CT) 的组合。获得了显示空间矿物分布和HA局部方向的重建3D图像。对于austriacus Discosauriscus，可以识别肌肉附件的详细信息。对于Eusthenopteron foordi，使用使用正交定向的旋转轴获得的三个层析成像数据集，推导了HA优选方向的总体细节。对于这两个样品，骨基质中的HA均表现出优选的取向，HA微晶的晶胞c轴趋于与骨表面平行。总而言之，我们已经证明XRD-CT与直观的重建程序相结合正在成为研究古生物学样品的强大工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Research with both rats and human infants has found that after inertial disorientation, the geometry of an enclosed environment is used in preference over distinctive featural information during goal localization. Infants (Homo sapiens, 18-24 months) were presented with a toy search task involving inertial disorientation in 1 of 2 conditions. In the identical condition, 4 identical hiding boxes in a rectangular formation were set within a circular enclosure. In the distinctive condition, 4 distinctive hiding boxes were used. Infants searched the goal box and its rotational equivalent significantly more than would be expected by chance in the identical condition, showing that they were sensitive to the geometric configuration of the array of boxes. Unlike the results of studies using a rectangular enclosure, however, in the distinctive condition, infants searched at the correct location significantly more than at other locations.

背景与目标： 对大鼠和人类婴儿的研究发现，在惯性定向力之后，在目标定位过程中，优先使用封闭环境的几何形状，而不是独特的特征信息。婴儿 (智人，18-24个月) 在2种情况中的1种情况下接受了涉及惯性定向力的玩具搜索任务。在相同条件下，在圆形外壳内设置了4个矩形相同的隐藏框。在独特的条件下，使用了4个独特的隐藏框。婴儿在相同条件下搜索目标箱及其旋转当量的次数大大超过了偶然的预期，表明他们对目标箱阵列的几何配置敏感。与使用矩形外壳的研究结果不同，但是，在特殊情况下，婴儿在正确位置的搜索要比在其他位置的搜索要多得多。