Whether hydroxyapatite (HA) orientation in fossilised bone samples can be non-destructively retrieved and used to determine the arrangement of the bone matrix and the location of muscle attachments (entheses), is a question of high relevance to palaeontology, as it facilitates a detailed understanding of the (micro-)anatomy of extinct species with no damage to the precious fossil specimens. Here, we report studies of two fossil bone samples, specifically the tibia of a 300-million-year-old tetrapod, Discosauriscus austriacus, and the humerus of a 370-million-year-old lobe-finned fish, Eusthenopteron foordi, using XRD-CT - a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and computed tomography (CT). Reconstructed 3D images showing the spatial mineral distributions and the local orientation of HA were obtained. For Discosauriscus austriacus, details of the muscle attachments could be discerned. For Eusthenopteron foordi, the gross details of the preferred orientation of HA were deduced using three tomographic datasets obtained with orthogonally oriented rotation axes. For both samples, the HA in the bone matrix exhibited preferred orientation, with the unit cell c-axis of the HA crystallites tending to be parallel with the bone surface. In summary, we have demonstrated that XRD-CT combined with an intuitive reconstruction procedure is becoming a powerful tool for studying palaeontological samples.

译文

是否可以无损地检索化石骨样品中的羟基磷灰石 (HA) 取向,并将其用于确定骨基质的排列和肌肉附着的位置 (enthesis),这是一个与古生物学高度相关的问题,因为它有助于详细了解灭绝物种的 (微观) 解剖结构,而不会损坏珍贵的化石标本。在这里,我们报告了对两个化石骨骼样本的研究,特别是3亿岁的四足动物的胫骨,austriacus Discosauriscus austriacus和3.7亿岁的叶鳍鱼类Eusthenopteron foordi的肱骨,使用XRD-CT-x射线衍射 (XRD) 和计算机断层扫描 (CT) 的组合。获得了显示空间矿物分布和HA局部方向的重建3D图像。对于austriacus Discosauriscus,可以识别肌肉附件的详细信息。对于Eusthenopteron foordi,使用使用正交定向的旋转轴获得的三个层析成像数据集,推导了HA优选方向的总体细节。对于这两个样品,骨基质中的HA均表现出优选的取向,HA微晶的晶胞c轴趋于与骨表面平行。总而言之,我们已经证明XRD-CT与直观的重建程序相结合正在成为研究古生物学样品的强大工具。

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