BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:The relevance of the gut microbiota to human health is increasingly appreciated. The objective of this study was to compare the gut microbiota of a group of adult tribals with that of healthy adult villagers in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS:Faeces were collected from 10 healthy tribal adults (TAs) in the Jawadhi hills and from 10 healthy villagers [rural adults (RAs)] in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. DNA was extracted, and 456 bp segments comprising hypervariable regions 3 and 4 of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified, barcoded and 454 sequenced. RESULTS:Totally 227,710 good-quality reads were analyzed. TAs consumed a millets-based diet, ate pork every day, and did not consume milk or milk products. RAs consumed a rice-based diet with meat intake once a week. In both groups, Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The median Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was 34.0 in TA and 92.9 in RA groups. Actinobacteria were significantly low in TA, possibly due to non-consumption of milk. Clostridium constituted the most abundant genus in both groups, but was significantly more abundant in TAs than RAs, while Streptococcus was significantly more abundant in RA (P<0.05). Analyses of genetic distance revealed that the microbiota were distinctly different between TA and RA, and principal component analysis using 550 distinct taxonomically identifiable sequences revealed a clear separation of microbiota composition in the two groups. Phylogenetic analysis of major microbiota indicated clustering of microbial groups at different major branch points for TAs and RAs. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:Phylum Firmicutes and genus Clostridium constituted the bulk of the faecal microbiota, while significant differences in composition between the groups were probably due to differences in diet and lifestyle.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：肠道菌群与人类健康的关系日益受到人们的重视。这项研究的目的是比较一群成年部落的肠道菌群与印度泰米尔纳德邦健康成年村民的肠道菌群。
方法：从贾瓦迪山的10个健康的部落成年人（TA）和泰米尔纳德邦韦洛尔区的10个健康的村民[农村成年人（RA）]收集粪便。提取DNA，扩增包含16S rRNA基因的高变区3和4的456 bp片段，进行条形码编码和454测序。
结果：总共分析了227,710次高质量阅读。 TAs消费以粟为基础的饮食，每天吃猪肉，不消费牛奶或奶制品。类风湿性关节炎每周食用一次以米为基础的饮食，并摄入肉类。在这两组中，Firmicutes是最丰富的门，其次是Proteobacteria，Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria。 TA组中硬菌与拟杆菌的中位数比为34.0，RA组中值为92.9。放线菌的TA含量很低，可能是由于不食用牛奶造成的。梭菌是两组中最丰富的属，但是TA中的RA比RA中的丰富得多，而链球菌在RA中的含量明显更高（P <0.05）。遗传距离分析显示，TA和RA之间的菌群明显不同，使用550种不同的生物分类学可识别序列进行的主成分分析表明，两组中菌群的组成明显分离。主要微生物群的系统发育分析表明，TA和RA的不同主要分支点处的微生物群聚集。
解释与结论：Phylum Firmicutes和梭状芽胞杆菌属构成了粪便微生物群的主体，而各组之间组成的显着差异可能是由于饮食和生活方式的差异所致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Road traffic injuries contribute substantially to the disease burden in India. This paper describes the road safety issues discussed by members of the Indian Parliament, and highlights the gaps that need to be addressed to make road safety visible as a public health problem to policy-makers in India. METHODS:All questions asked to and information provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, and questions relating to accident asked to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India were reviewed for the two Houses of the Indian Parliament for the years 2002 to 2004. RESULTS:Of the 1529 questions asked to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, only 140 (9.1%) were related to road safety, whereas 1076 (70.5%), 181 (11.8%), 51 (3.3%) and 81 (5.3%) were related to other aspects of the national highways, state roads, vehicles and other issues, respectively. Data on the magnitude of road crashes dealt only with the number of crashes and fatalities and not with the age, sex and type of road users affected by road traffic injuries. The parliamentarians were informed that human error was the main cause of road crashes in India; however, the robustness of this information is questionable. Strategies to prevent road crashes focused mainly on training of drivers with little attention to other factors that cause road crashes. The discussion on legislations also focused on drivers, ignoring other road users. Ten of the 4741 questions (0.2%) asked to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare were related to accident, the majority of which were about the setting up of trauma care services. CONCLUSION:An appropriate policy and intervention response by policy-makers is not possible with data that are presented in a manner that do not highlight the true nature of the problem, and are neither comprehensive nor robust. Majority of the proposed road safety interventions by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways are based on the traditional view of human error as a major cause of road crashes highlighting the lack of a scientific public health approach towards prevention of road crashes. It would be useful to build the technical capacity of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in road safety to use the available data more effectively, and to facilitate generation of further relevant data about the magnitude, underlying causes and impact of road traffic injuries, for policy-makers to better understand the critical issues for planning effective road safety policies and interventions to reduce the high burden of mortality and morbidity due to road crashes in India.

背景与目标： 背景：道路交通伤害在印度大大增加了疾病负担。本文介绍了印度国会议员所讨论的道路安全问题，并着重指出了需要解决的差距，以使道路安全成为印度决策者的公共卫生问题。
方法：多年来，印度议会两院均审查了道路运输和公路部向印度政府提出的所有问题和提供的信息，以及向印度政府卫生和家庭福利部提出的与事故有关的问题。 2002年至2004年。
结果：在向公路交通和公路部提出的1529个问题中，只有140个（9.1％）与道路安全有关，而1076个（70.5％），181个（11.8％），51个（3.3％）和81个（5.3） ％）分别与国道，国道，车辆和其他问题有关。关于道路交通事故严重程度的数据仅涉及道路交通事故和死亡人数，而不涉及受道路交通伤害影响的道路使用者的年龄，性别和类型。议员们获悉，人为错误是印度道路交通事故的主要原因。但是，此信息的鲁棒性值得怀疑。预防道路交通事故的策略主要集中在对驾驶员的培训上，而很少注意引起道路交通事故的其他因素。有关立法的讨论也集中在驾驶员身上，而忽略了其他道路使用者。向卫生和家庭福利部提出的4741个问题中有10个（占0.2％）与事故有关，其中大多数与建立创伤护理服务有关。
结论：政策制定者不可能采取适当的政策和干预措施，而所提供的数据不能突出问题的真实本质，而且既不全面也不可靠。公路运输和公路部拟议的大多数道路安全干预措施均基于传统的人为失误观点，认为人为失误是造成道路交通事故的主要原因，这突出表明缺乏科学的公共卫生方法来预防道路交通事故。建设公路运输和公路部在道路安全方面的技术能力，以便更有效地利用现有数据，并有助于生成有关道路交通伤害的程度，根本原因和影响的进一步相关数据，对于以下方面将是有益的：政策制定者可以更好地了解规划有效的道路安全政策和干预措施的关键问题，以减少印度道路交通事故造成的高死亡率和高发病率负担。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Venoms of Russell's vipers (genus Daboia) are known for their deadly coagulopathic and other effects. We herein studied various isoforms of venom phospholipases A(2) (PLAs) from two Daboia species at their geographic boundary. From Myanmar Daboia siamensis venom (designated as DsM), four PLAs (designated DsM-aI, aI', aII' and bI') were purified, and the cDNAs encoding two acidic (DsM-aI and aII) and two basic PLAs (DsM-bI and S1) were also cloned from its venom-glands. DsM-S1 is identical to the major venom PLA of southern India Daboia russelii, but the protein is absent from the venom. Additionally, four PLAs (designated DrK-aI, aII, bI and bII) were cloned from cDNA obtained from venom glands of a Kolkata D. russelii, and the PLAs were purified from the pooled venom (designated as DrK). The acidic DrK-aI is the most neurotoxic and lethal among these PLAs; DsM-aI which differs from DrK-aI by only the Phe2 substitution shows greatly reduced enzymatic activity and lethality. Both acidic PLAs do not form dimeric complex with basic PLAs in the same venoms. DsM-bI' is neurotoxic and lethal but its orthologous DrK-bI (97% identical to DsM-bI') is a much weaker toxin. Given the fact that most of the orthologous PLAs of DrK and DsM share 97-100% sequence identity, Daboia vipers of Myanmar and Kolkata must be closely related. Molecular phylogenetic analyses on 30 venom PLAs of Eurasian vipers' revealed co-evolution of five subtypes of venom PLAs in both Daboia and Vipera genera. Our results shed light on the intra- and inter-species variations and structure-function relationships of viperid venom PLAs.

背景与目标： ：Russell的毒蛇（Daboia属）的毒液以致命的凝血病和其他功效而闻名。我们在这里研究了来自两个Daboia物种在其地理边界处的毒性磷脂酶A（2）（PLA）的各种同工型。从缅甸Daboia siamensis毒液（称为DsM）中，纯化了四个PLA（分别称为DsM-aI，aI'，aII'和bI'），并编码了两个酸性（DsM-aI和aII）和两个碱性PLA（DsM）的cDNA。 -bI和S1）也从其毒腺中克隆得到。 DsM-S1与印度南部Daboia russelii的主要毒液PLA相同，但该毒液中不存在该蛋白质。另外，从得自罗氏加尔各答蛇毒腺的cDNA克隆了四个PLA（命名为DrK-aI，aII，bI和bII），并从合并的毒液（命名为DrK）中纯化了PLA。在这些PLA中，酸性DrK-aI具有最高的神经毒性和致死性。 DsM-aI与DrK-aI的不同之处仅在于Phe2取代，显示酶活性和杀伤力大大降低。两种酸性PLA在同一毒液中均不会与碱性PLA形成二聚体复合物。 DsM-bI'具有神经毒性和致死性，但其直系同源的DrK-bI（与DsM-bI'97％相同）是一种弱得多的毒素。鉴于大多数DrK和DsM的直系同源PLA拥有97-100％的序列同一性，因此缅甸和加尔各答的Daboia蛇蝎必须紧密相关。对欧亚vi蛇的30种毒液PLA进行分子系统发育分析，揭示了Daboia和Vipera属中5种亚型毒液PLA的共同进化。我们的研究结果揭示了蛇毒PLA的种内和种间变异以及结构与功能的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE:Estimation of maternal mortality has been difficult because of large sample size requirement. A study using snowball technique for identification of households where maternal death has taken place and its related causes was conducted. We present here the feasibility of carrying out the snowball technique for capturing maternal deaths as against house-to-house survey and to obtain the estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in some selected States of India. METHODS:Five states representing high MMR (Uttar Pradesh), medium MMR (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttranchal) and low MMR (Delhi) were selected. A total of 8 PHCs and 3 (UFS) were covered. Study used both house-to-house survey and snowball technique to enumerate the maternal deaths in the selected PHCs in rural area and urban frame survey (UFS) in urban area. RESULTS:In all, 94 maternal deaths were captured through snowball technique as against 83 through house-to-house survey. The estimate of MMR for the five States combined was 356 per 100,000 live births, as compared to assumed 400 per 100,000 live births for the country as a whole. The relative standard error of the estimate of MMR was about 10 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION:Snowball technique captured more maternal deaths than those in house-to-house survey particularly in rural areas. The estimates also indicated the feasibility of replicating the proposed methodology for estimation of MMR as a time and cost-effective methodology.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：由于样本量大，难以估计产妇死亡率。进行了一项使用雪球技术来识别已发生产妇死亡及其相关原因的家庭的研究。我们在这里介绍了进行雪球技术来捕获孕产妇死亡的可行性，而不是逐户进行调查，并获得了印度某些选定国家的孕产妇死亡率（MMR）的估计值。
方法：选择代表高MMR（北方邦），中等MMR（马哈拉施特拉邦，卡纳塔克邦，北方邦）和低MMR（德里）的五个州。总共涵盖了8个PHC和3个（UFS）。该研究使用逐户调查和滚雪球技术来枚举农村部分重点城市的孕产妇死亡人数，以及城市地区的城市框架调查（UFS）。
结果：通过滚雪球技术共捕获了94名孕产妇死亡，而通过逐户调查获得了83名孕产妇死亡。五个国家的MMR估算合计为每100,000例活产356例，而整个国家的假设为每100,000例活产400例。 MMR估计值的相对标准误差约为10％。
解释与结论：雪球技术捕获的孕产妇死亡人数比逐户调查的死亡人数高，尤其是在农村地区。估算还表明，将拟议的MMR估算方法复制为一种既省时又具有成本效益的方法是可行的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neuroimaging after a first unprovoked seizure may show significant abnormalities. In our study, 32% of all children with a first apparent unprovoked seizure had an abnormal CT scan result. Most of these were ring-enhancing lesions of cysticercal or tubercular origin.

背景与目标： ：首次无故癫痫发作后的神经影像检查可能显示明显异常。在我们的研究中，有32％的首次明显无故癫痫发作的儿童具有异常的CT扫描结果。这些大多数是囊性或结核性起源的环状增强病变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors present a case series of 54 subjects of Rhinosporidium. They were reported in two years at a tertiary care hospital of Western Orissa. The clinically diagnosed cases by ophthalmologists were confirmed by histopathological samples following surgery. In our series, we noted Rhinosporidium seeberi organisms as the main causative agent. Males were affected three times more than females. Children less than 10 years of age comprised more than 50% of our series. In 91% of cases, the conjunctiva was the site of this infection. Total excision of fungal mass was carried out in all cases and two cases had recurrence between 9 and 12 months following intervention. Although this is an endemic area for such infestation, unilateral manifestation observed in all cases is interesting to note. Low recurrence rate in limited follow-up period could be due to early detection and standard management.

背景与目标： ：作者介绍了54个犀牛孢子虫的病例系列。据报道，他们在西奥里萨邦的一家三级医院就读了两年。眼科医生的临床诊断病例由手术后的组织病理学样本证实。在我们的系列文章中，我们注意到鼻孢子虫菌是主要的病原体。男性受到的影响比女性多三倍。 10岁以下的儿童占我们系列的50％以上。在91％的病例中，结膜是该感染的部位。所有病例均行真菌肿块全切术，其中2例在干预后9至12个月内复发。尽管这是此类病的流行地区，但在所有情况下观察到的单侧表现都值得一提。在有限的随访期内复发率低可能归因于早期发现和标准管理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel marine, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain N9(T), was isolated from a water sample of the sea shore at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (India). Strain N9(T) was found to be positive for oxidase and catalase activities. The fatty acids were found to be dominated by C(16:0), C(18:1) ω7c and summed in feature 3 (C(16:1) ω7c and/or C(16:1) ω6c). Strain N9(T) was determined to contain Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two aminophospholipids, two phospholipids and four unidentified lipids as polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain N9(T) was found to be 63 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodobacter johrii, Pseudorhodobacter ferrugineus, Rhodobacter azotoformans, Rhodobacter ovatus and Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris were the nearest phylogenetic neighbours, with pair-wise sequence similarities of 95.43, 95.36, 94.24, 95.31, 95.60 and 94.74 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain N9(T) formed a distinct branch within the family Rhodobacteraceae and clustered with the clade comprising species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, together with species of the genera Roseicitreum, Roseinatronobacter, Roseibaca and Rhodobaca. Species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter are phylogenetically close with a 16S rRNA gene sequence dissimilarity of 5.9-7.3 % (92.7-94.1 % similarity). Based on the above-mentioned phenotypic characteristics and on phylogenetic inference, strain N9(T) is proposed as a representative of a new genus and a novel species of the family Rhodobacteraceae as Albirhodobacter marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Albirhodobacter marinus is N9 (= MTCC 11277(T) = JCM 17680(T)).

背景与目标： ：从印度安得拉邦维沙卡帕特南的海边水样中分离出一种新型海洋革兰氏阴性棒状细菌，命名为菌株N9（T）。发现菌株N9（T）对于氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性是阳性的。发现脂肪酸主要由C（16：0），C（18：1）ω7c所占，并累加到特征3中（C（16：1）ω7c和/或C（16：1）ω6c）。确定菌株N9（T）含有Q-10作为主要的呼吸醌和磷脂酰乙醇胺，磷脂酰甘油，两个氨基磷脂，两个磷脂和四个未鉴定的脂质作为极性脂质。发现菌株N9（T）的DNA G C含量为63mol％。 16S rRNA基因序列分析表明球形球菌，拟南假单胞菌，费氏假单胞菌，偶氮假单胞菌，卵形假单胞菌和无水假单胞菌是最接近的系统发育邻居，成对配对的相似性分别为95.43、95.36、94.24、95.43、94.24、94.24、94.24。分别。系统发生学分析表明，菌株N9（T）在红细菌科内形成了一个独特的分支，并与包含假单胞菌属物种，蔷薇科，迷迭香属，罗塞巴卡属和罗多巴科属的枝条聚集在一起。假单胞菌属的物种在系统发育上很接近，其16S rRNA基因序列的相似性为5.9-7.3％（相似性为92.7-94.1％）。基于上述表型特征和系统发育推论，提出菌株N9（T）作为红藻纲科的一个新属和新物种，作为海藻白纹杆菌属的代表。十一月，sp。十一月海水杆菌的类型菌株为N9（= MTCC 11277（T）= JCM 17680（T））。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examines the relationship between alcohol use, HIV status, and condom use among female sex workers in Nagaland, India. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2009, using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Out of 417 female sex workers, one-fifth used alcohol daily and one-tenth were HIV-positive. HIV-positive female sex workers were more likely than HIV-negative female sex workers to consume alcohol daily (30.2% vs. 18.0%). HIV-positive daily alcohol users reported lower condom use at last sex with regular clients compared to HIV-positive non-daily alcohol users (46.2% vs. 79.3%), a relationship not evident among HIV-negative female sex workers. There is a need to promote awareness of synergies between alcohol use and HIV, and to screen for problematic alcohol use among female sex workers in order to reduce the spread of HIV.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了印度那加兰邦女性性工作者中的饮酒，艾滋病毒感染状况和使用安全套之间的关系。我们使用描述性和多元统计数据分析了2009年进行的横断面调查的数据。在417名女性性工作者中，每天有五分之一的人喝酒，十分之一的人是HIV阳性。艾滋病毒阳性的女性性工作者比艾滋病毒阴性的女性性工作者每天饮酒的可能性更高（30.2％比18.0％）。日常感染艾滋病毒呈阳性的日常饮酒者与非日常酗酒的艾滋病毒呈阳性的日常饮酒者相比，使用艾滋病毒阳性的非日常饮酒者的避孕套使用率更低（46.2％对79.3％），在艾滋病毒呈阴性的女性性工作者中这种关系并不明显。有必要提高对饮酒与艾滋病毒之间协同作用的认识，并在女性性工作者中筛查有问题的饮酒，以减少艾滋病毒的传播。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three bacteria namely Bacillus luciferensis K2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K12 and Bacillus subtilis BioCWB possessing plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against phytopathogens and rice leaf folder were identified from organic soils of Sikkim, India. The results revealed significant higher production of phytohormones IAA (97.1 μg mL-1) and GA3 (10.6 μg mL-1) was found in K2, whereas BioCWB had higher phosphate solubilization (570.0 μg mL-1) efficacy and also possessed nitrogen fixation ability (5.34 log copy number mL-1 culture). All these bacteria had higher antagonistic activities against phytopathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and also had higher larvicidal activity against rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenne) under in vitro conditions. Molecular insights into the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus strains deciphered the presence of several antimicrobial peptides (ericin, subtilin, surfactin, iturin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and bacillomycin), volatiles (dimethyl disulphide, methyl-Furan, acetic acid, Z-1,3-pentadiene and 3-hexyn-2-ol) and soluble metabolites (9-octadecenamide, E-15-heptadecenal, E-3-eicosene and 5-octadecene). Furthermore, liquid microbial inoculum prepared using the bacterial strains (K2, K12 and BioCWB) were evaluated under glass house (rice) and field condition (capsicum), which significantly enhanced plant growth in rice and yield in capsicum compared to control. The present study revealed the combination of Bacillus spp. (K2, K12 and BioCWB) can be used as bio-inoculants for improving agricultural production in Sikkim. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and insecticidal properties of B. luciferensis.

背景与目标： ：从印度锡金的有机土壤中鉴定出了三种荧光素细菌，它们分别是萤光芽孢杆菌K2，解淀粉芽孢杆菌K12和枯草芽孢杆菌BioCWB，它们具有促进植物生长，对植物病原菌和稻谷折叠的生物防治潜力。结果表明，在K2中发现植物激素IAA（97.1μgmL-1）和GA3（10.6μgmL-1）的产量更高，而BioCWB具有更高的磷酸盐溶解（570.0μgmL-1）功效并且还具有固氮能力（5.34日志副本数mL-1培养）。所有这些细菌对植物病原体具有更高的拮抗活性。在体外条件下，茄根枯萎菌，枯萎镰刀菌，罗非鱼和炭疽菌具有较高的杀幼虫活性。对芽孢杆菌属菌株拮抗机制的分子洞察力揭示了几种抗菌肽（草酸，枯草杆菌素，表面活性素，伊图林，杆菌肽，枯草杆菌蛋白酶，丰霉素和杆菌霉素），挥发物（二甲基二硫化物，甲基呋喃，乙酸，Z-1， 3-戊二烯和3-己炔-2-醇）和可溶性代谢产物（9-十八烯酰胺，E-15-庚烯醛，E-3-二十碳烯和5-十八烯）。此外，在温室（大米）和田间条件（辣椒）下评估了使用细菌菌株（K2，K12和BioCWB）制备的液体微生物接种物，与对照相比，这大大提高了水稻的植物生长和辣椒的产量。本研究揭示了芽孢杆菌属的组合。 （K2，K12和BioCWB）可以用作生物制剂，以改善锡金的农业生产。此外，我们首次展示了萤光夜蛾B. luciferensis的植物生长促进（PGP）特性，抗真菌和杀虫特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi is a major public health concern in low-/middle-income countries. A recent study of 1900 global S. Typhi indicated that South Asia might be the site of the original emergence of the most successful and hypervirulent clone belonging to the 4.3.1 genotype. However, this study had limited samples from India. METHODS:We analyzed 194 clinical S. Typhi, temporal representatives from those isolated from blood and bone marrow cultures in southern India, over 26 years (1991-2016). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) testing was performed for most common clinical agents. Whole-genome sequencing and SNP-level analysis was conducted. Comparative genomics of Vellore isolates was performed to infer transmission and AMR events. RESULTS:We identified multidrug-resistance (MDR)-associated clade 4.3.1 as the dominant genotype. We detected 4.3.1 S. Typhi as early as 1991, the earliest to be reported form India, and the majority were fluoroquinolone resistant and not MDR. MDR was not detected at all in other genotypes circulating in Vellore. Comparison with global S. Typhi showed 2 Vellore subgroups (I and II) that were phylogenetically highly related to previously described South Asia (subgroup I, II) and Southeast Asia (subgroup II) clades. CONCLUSIONS:4.3.1 S. Typhi has dominated in Vellore for 2 decades. Our study would assist public health agencies in better tracking of transmission and persistence of this successful clade in India and globally. It informs clinicians of the AMR pattern of circulating clone, which would add confidence to their prophylactic/treatment decision making and facilitate efficient patient care.

背景与目标： 背景：伤寒沙门氏菌引起的伤寒是中低收入国家的主要公共卫生问题。 1900年全球鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的最新研究表明，南亚可能是属于4.3.1基因型的最成功和高毒力克隆最初出现的地点。但是，这项研究的印度样品有限。
方法：我们分析了194个临床S. Typhi，代表了来自印度南部超过26年（1991-2016）的血液和骨髓培养物中的时间代表。对大多数常见的临床药物进行了抗药性（AMR）测试。进行了全基因组测序和SNP水平分析。进行了Vellore分离株的比较基因组学研究，以推断传播和AMR事件。
结果：我们确定了与多药耐药性（MDR）相关的进化枝4.3.1为显性基因型。我们早在1991年就检测到4.3.1伤寒沙门氏菌，这是印度最早报道的病，多数是耐氟喹诺酮类药物而不是耐多药。在韦洛尔流行的其他基因型中根本没有检测到MDR。与全球性伤寒沙门氏菌的比较显示，有2个Vellore子群（I和II）在系统发育上与先前描述的南亚（I，II子群）和东南亚（II子群）进化枝高度相关。
结论：4.3.1伤寒沙门氏菌在韦洛尔占主导地位已有20年了。我们的研究将帮助公共卫生机构更好地追踪这种成功的进化枝在印度和全球的传播和持久性。它告知临床医生循环克隆的AMR模式，这将增加其预防/治疗决策的信心并促进有效的患者护理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The aim of this study was to determine maternal and neonatal outcomes of less than recommended or excess gestational weight gain (GWG) based on the recommended Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Using a cross-sectional study design, GWG was assessed for 1462 pregnant women presenting to a tertiary care perinatal institute in India. Body mass index at baseline, co-existing morbidities, fetal growth, details of delivery, and maternal and fetal outcomes were determined and documented. Appropriate GWG for each woman was determined based on the revised IOM guidelines. Outcome measures included the proportion of pregnant women compliant with IOM guidelines for GWG and associations of less than recommended or excess GWG with maternal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS:A total of 547 (37.41%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.96-39.92) pregnant women gained less than recommended and 313 (21.41%, 95%CI: 19.36-23.57) pregnant women gained more than the recommended weight. Preterm deliveries were associated with less than optimal weight gain (adjusted odds ratio 3.58, 95%CI: 1.75-7.32) after adjusting for gestational age at delivery. GWG was not associated with neonatal outcomes in this population. CONCLUSIONS:The lack of associations with perinatal outcomes indicates that the IOM guidelines may not be the appropriate standard for monitoring GWG in this population.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是根据推荐的医学研究所（IOM）指南确定孕产妇和新生儿的结局低于建议的或超过的妊娠体重增加（GWG）。
材料与方法：采用横断面研究设计，对印度的三级围产期研究所就诊的1462名孕妇进行了GWG评估。确定并记录基线时的体重指数，并存发病率，胎儿生长，分娩细节以及母婴结局。根据修订的IOM指南确定每位妇女的适当GWG。结果指标包括符合IOM GWG指导原则的孕妇比例，以及低于或超过GWG推荐值的孕妇和新生儿结局。
结果：共有547名（37.41％，95％置信区间[CI]：34.96-39.92）孕妇体重增加低于建议值，而313名（21.41％，95％CI：19.36-23.57）孕妇体重增加超过建议体重。调整分娩时的胎龄后，早产会导致体重增加不理想（调整后的比值比为3.58，95％CI：1.75-7.32）。 GWG与该人群的新生儿结局无关。
结论：缺乏与围产期结局的联系表明，IOM指南可能不是监测该人群GWG的合适标准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Data were collected during 1987 on 84 Baiga and 146 Gond males, ages 7 years to 18 years, living in rural regions of Madhya Pradesh State (India). Comparisons are made between Baiga and Gond males for 11 measures of body size, one measure of body form, and the body mass index (BMI). Somatic comparisons (standing height, body weight, and skelic index) were made at 5 ages with earlier samples of rural Indian males. Across all ages Gond males exceed their Baiga peers in standing height, sitting height, shoulder width, and body weight. Skelic index values (lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height) are similar for both ethnic groups through late childhood, but thereafter values are higher for Baiga males. Through age 15 years, Gond males exceed other rural Indian males from various tribes in standing height and body weight; lower limb height expressed relative to sitting height is highest for Baiga males.

背景与目标： ：1987年收集了84位贝加族和146位冈德族男性的数据，这些男性年龄在7岁至18岁，居住在印度中央邦的农村地区。在Baiga和Gond男性之间比较了11种身体尺寸，一种身体形态和体重指数（BMI）。在5岁时与印度农村男性的早期样本进行了体格比较（站立身高，体重和速滑指数）。在各个年龄段，贡德男性的身高，坐高，肩宽和体重都超过了贝加族。两个种族的儿童至幼儿期的滑板指数值（下肢高度相对于坐姿的高度较低）相似，但此后贝加族男性的指数较高。到15岁为止，贡德族男性的身高和体重都超过了来自各个部落的其他印度农村男性；贝加族男性相对于坐姿高度的下肢高度最高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication in young individuals with type 1 diabetes. It is recommended to implement structured screening programs and adopt an appropriate referral mechanism at all levels of the health system to prevent vision loss in this disease. We developed and pilot-tested the feasibility of a comprehensive DR screening model at a tertiary care diabetes clinic in India. The model comprised an affordable DR screening facility at the diabetes clinic, structured education sessions, and annual inhospital diabetes complication screening camps. Over the span of 2 years, we screened 413 eligible patients with type 1 diabetes and 17.4% (n = 72) had any form of DR in at least one eye. Half of the retinopathy positive patients had mild DR. However, only one-third of newly diagnosed patients reported to the eye care facility for DR management. Based on this study, it is feasible to screen all patients with type 1 diabetes for DR by increasing awareness and providing opportunities for DR screening at a tertiary care diabetes clinic. Our model combined with formal referral and follow-up systems would be a potentially scalable approach for DR prevention and management at diabetes care facilities in India.

背景与目标： ：糖尿病性视网膜病（DR）是1型糖尿病年轻人的常见微血管并发症。建议在卫生系统的各个级别实施结构化的筛查程序，并采用适当的转诊机制，以防止这种疾病的视力丧失。我们在印度的一家三级糖尿病门诊部开发并试行了全面的DR筛查模型的可行性。该模型包括在糖尿病诊所负担得起的DR筛查设施，结构化的培训课程以及每年的院内糖尿病并发症筛查营地。在2年的时间里，我们筛选了413例1型糖尿病合格患者，其中17.4％（n = 72）的至少一只眼睛患有任何形式的DR。一半的视网膜病变阳性患者患有轻度DR。但是，只有三分之一的新诊断患者报告给眼保健机构进行DR管理。根据这项研究，通过提高三级糖尿病门诊的认识并提供进行DR筛查的机会，对所有1型糖尿病患者进行DR筛查是可行的。我们的模型与正式的转诊和随访系统相结合，将是印度糖尿病护理机构进行DR预防和管理的一种潜在可扩展方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We retrospectively analyzed clinic records of 55 children (36 girls) with precocious puberty. Majority (34, 62%) had central precocious puberty, out of which 19 were idiopathic. Peripheral precocious puberty was seen in 14 children. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was the commonest cause of peripheral precocious puberty (6, 42.8%).

背景与目标： ：我们回顾性分析了55例性早熟儿童（36名女孩）的临床记录。多数（34，62％）患有中枢性性早熟，其中19例为特发性。在14名儿童中发现了周围性早熟。先天性肾上腺增生是外周性早熟的最常见原因（6，42.8％）。