BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In vitro chemical properties and antioxidant potential and in vivo mutagenic activity of honey-sweetened cashew apple nectar (HSCAN), a beverage produced from the cashew pseudo-fruit (Anacardium occidentale L.) and of its constituents were assessed. Analytical procedures were carried out to investigate the honey used in the HSCAN preparation, and the results observed are in accordance with Brazilian legal regulations, except for diastase number. HSCAN and pulp were investigated for ascorbic acid, carotenoid, anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, and both showed high acid ascorbic concentrations. Antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and/or β-carotene/linoleic acid systems were applied and demonstrated a weak antioxidant capacity of honey and HSCAN, but cashew apple pulp demonstrated high antioxidant capacity. A weakly positive mutagenic effect of cashew pulp 20% was observed using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster only in the high-bioactivation (HB) cross. On the contrary, HSCAN was not mutagenic in both standard and high bioactivation crosses. HSCAN exhibited slight antioxidant activity, which could be associated with the high amount of ascorbic acid found in the samples evaluated. The beverage prepared did not induce DNA damage in somatic cells of D. melanogaster, which means that it is neither mutagenic nor recombinagenic in this test system.

背景与目标： ：对蜂蜜加糖的腰果苹果花蜜（HSCAN）的体外化学性质，抗氧化剂潜力和体内诱变活性进行了评估，该饮料是由腰果假果（Anacardium occidentale L.）生产的饮料及其成分。进行了分析程序以调查HSCAN制剂中使用的蜂蜜，观察到的结果符合巴西法律法规，但发乳酶数量除外。对HSCAN和纸浆进行了抗坏血酸，类胡萝卜素，花色苷和总酚含量的调查，结果均显示出较高的酸性抗坏血酸浓度。应用了使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶并肼基（DPPH）和/或β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系的抗氧化能力，证明了蜂蜜和HSCAN的抗氧化能力较弱，但腰果苹果浆显示出较高的抗氧化能力。仅在高生物激活（HB）杂交中，使用果蝇果蝇的体细胞突变和重组试验（SMART）观察到了腰果果肉20％的弱阳性诱变作用。相反，HSCAN在标准和高生物激活杂交中均不致突变。 HSCAN表现出轻微的抗氧化活性，这可能与所评估样品中发现的大量抗坏血酸有关。所制备的饮料不会在黑腹果蝇的体细胞中引起DNA损伤，这意味着它在该测试系统中既不诱变也不重组。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey bees are large-scale monitoring tools due to their extensive environmental exploration. In their activities and from the hive ecosystem complex, they get in close contact with many organisms whose traces can be transferred into the honey, which can represent an interesting reservoir of environmental DNA (eDNA) signatures and information useful to analyse the honey bee hologenome complexity. In this study, we tested a deep shotgun sequencing approach of honey DNA coupled with a specifically adapted bioinformatic pipeline. This methodology was applied to a few honey samples pointing out DNA sequences from 191 organisms spanning different kingdoms or phyla (viruses, bacteria, plants, fungi, protozoans, arthropods, mammals). Bacteria included the largest number of species. These multi-kingdom signatures listed common hive and honey bee gut microorganisms, honey bee pathogens, parasites and pests, which resembled a complex interplay that might provide a general picture of the honey bee pathosphere. Based on the Apis mellifera filamentous virus genome diversity (the most abundant detected DNA source) we obtained information that could define the origin of the honey at the apiary level. Mining Apis mellifera sequences made it possible to identify the honey bee subspecies both at the mitochondrial and nuclear genome levels.

背景与目标： ：蜜蜂由于对环境的广泛探索而成为大规模的监测工具。在它们的活动中以及在蜂巢生态系统中，它们与许多生物紧密接触，这些生物的痕迹可以转移到蜂蜜中，这可以代表有趣的环境DNA（eDNA）签名库和有用的信息，这些信息可用于分析蜜蜂全息图的复杂性。在这项研究中，我们测试了蜂蜜DNA的深shot弹枪测序方法以及经过专门调整的生物信息流水线。该方法应用于一些蜂蜜样品，指出了来自不同王国或门的191种生物（病毒，细菌，植物，真菌，原生动物，节肢动物，哺乳动物）的DNA序列。细菌包括最多种类。这些多国签名列出了常见的蜂巢和蜜蜂肠道微生物，蜜蜂病原体，寄生虫和害虫，它们之间的相互作用很复杂，可能提供了蜜蜂病态圈的概况。基于蜜蜂蜜蜂丝状病毒基因组多样性（检测到的最丰富的DNA来源），我们获得了可以确定蜂蜜在蜂房水平上起源的信息。挖掘蜜蜂序列可以在线粒体和核基因组水平上鉴定蜜蜂亚种。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acaricides are used by beekeepers in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies to control parasitic mites, but may also have adverse effects to honey bees. In this study, five commonly used acaricides were tested for their sublethal effects on memory and expression of neural-related genes in honey bees. Memory measured with the proboscis extension reflex (PER) assay was significantly reduced by topical treatment of bees with a single LD05 dose of formic acid at 2 and 24 h post treatment (hpt). However, tau-fluvalinate, amitraz, coumaphos, and formic acid, but not thymol, resulted in memory loss at 48 hpt. The LD05 doses of the acraricides did not affect expression of neuroligin-1, related to memory, or expression of major royal jelly protein-1, related to both memory and development, although expression of both genes was affected at LD50 doses. The LD05 doses of thymol, formic acid, amitraz and coumaphos increased defensin-1 expression, which is related to both memory and immunity. The effect of thymol, however, may have been due to its impact on the immune response rather than memory. This study demonstrates that acaricides vary in their effects on bee's memory, and that the widely used acaricide, formic acid, is particularly damaging.

背景与目标： ：养蜂人在蜂群（Apis mellifera L.）中使用杀螨剂来控制寄生螨，但也可能对蜜蜂产生不利影响。在这项研究中，测试了五种常用杀螨剂对蜜蜂的记忆力和神经相关基因表达的亚致死作用。在处理后2 h和24 h用单次LD05剂量的甲酸对蜜蜂进行局部处理，从而显着降低了用舌长延伸反射（PER）测定法测得的记忆力。但是，tau-fluvalinate，阿米特拉斯，库玛磷和甲酸，而不是百里酚，在48 hpt时会导致记忆力减退。 LD05剂量的杀螨剂不影响与记忆相关的Neuroligin-1的表达，也不影响与记忆和发育相关的主要蜂王浆蛋白1的表达，尽管两种基因的表达均受到LD50剂量的影响。 LD05剂量的百里香酚，甲酸，阿米特拉斯和库玛磷提高了防御素1的表达，这与记忆力和免疫力有关。然而，百里酚的作用可能是由于其对免疫反应而非记忆的影响。这项研究表明，杀螨剂对蜜蜂记忆的影响各不相同，并且广泛使用的杀螨剂甲酸尤其具有破坏性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are known for their capacity to learn arbitrary relationships between colours, odours and even numbers. However, it is not known whether bees can use temporal signals as cueing stimuli in a similar way during symbolic delayed matching-to-sample tasks. Honey bees potentially process temporal signals during foraging activities, but the extent to which they can use such information is unclear. Here, we investigated whether free-flying honey bees could use either illumination colour or illumination duration as potential context-setting cues to enable their subsequent decisions for a symbolic delayed matching-to-sample task. We found that bees could use the changing colour context of the illumination to complete the subsequent spatial vision task at a level significantly different from chance expectation, but could not use the duration of either a 1 or 3 s light as a cueing stimulus. These findings suggest that bees cannot use temporal information as a cueing stimulus as efficiently as other signals such as colour, and are consistent with previous field observations suggesting a limited interval timing capacity in honey bees.

背景与目标： ：Honeybees（Apis mellifera）以了解颜色，气味甚至数字之间的任意关系而闻名。然而，未知的是，在符号延迟的匹配样本任务中，蜜蜂是否可以类似的方式使用时间信号作为提示刺激。蜜蜂在觅食活动中可能会处理时间信号，但是尚不清楚它们可以使用这些信息的程度。在这里，我们调查了自由飞行的蜜蜂是否可以使用照明颜色或照明持续时间作为潜在的上下文设置提示，以使它们能够随后进行符号延迟的匹配样本任务的决策。我们发现蜜蜂可以利用光照的变化颜色来完成后续的空间视觉任务，其水平与偶然期望值明显不同，但不能将1或3盏灯的持续时间用作提示刺激。这些发现表明，蜜蜂不能像其他信号（如颜色）一样有效地利用时间信息作为提示刺激，并且与以前的实地观察一致，表明蜜蜂的间隔定时能力有限。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes are large gene families in every animal, sometimes making up to 1-2% of the animal's genome. Of all insect GPCRs, the neurohormone (neuropeptide, protein hormone, biogenic amine) GPCRs are especially important, because they, together with their ligands, occupy a high hierarchic position in the physiology of insects and steer crucial processes such as development, reproduction, and behavior. In this paper, we give a review of our current knowledge on Drosophila melanogaster GPCRs and use this information to annotate the neurohormone GPCR genes present in the recently sequenced genome from the honey bee Apis mellifera. We found 35 neuropeptide receptor genes in the honey bee (44 in Drosophila) and two genes, coding for leucine-rich repeats-containing protein hormone GPCRs (4 in Drosophila). In addition, the honey bee has 19 biogenic amine receptor genes (21 in Drosophila). The larger numbers of neurohormone receptors in Drosophila are probably due to gene duplications that occurred during recent evolution of the fly. Our analyses also yielded the likely ligands for 40 of the 56 honey bee neurohormone GPCRs identified in this study. In addition, we made some interesting observations on neurohormone GPCR evolution and the evolution and co-evolution of their ligands. For neuropeptide and protein hormone GPCRs, there appears to be a general co-evolution between receptors and their ligands. This is in contrast to biogenic amine GPCRs, where evolutionarily unrelated GPCRs often bind to the same biogenic amine, suggesting frequent ligand exchanges ("ligand hops") during GPCR evolution.

背景与目标： ：G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）基因是每只动物的大基因家族，有时占动物基因组的1-2％。在所有昆虫GPCR中，神经激素（神经肽，蛋白激素，生物胺）GPCR尤其重要，因为它们与配体一起在昆虫生理学中占据较高的层次，并引导关键的过程（例如发育，繁殖和繁殖）。行为。在本文中，我们回顾了我们对果蝇GPCR的当前知识，并使用此信息来注释蜜蜂蜜蜂Apis mellifera最近测序的基因组中存在的神经激素GPCR基因。我们在蜜蜂中发现了35个神经肽受体基因（果蝇中为44个）和两个基因，编码富含亮氨酸重复序列的蛋白激素GPCR（果蝇中为4个）。此外，蜜蜂有19个生物胺受体基因（果蝇中有21个）。果蝇中大量的神经激素受体可能是由于近期果蝇进化过程中发生的基因重复。我们的分析还得出了本研究中鉴定的56种蜜蜂神经激素GPCR中40种可能的配体。此外，我们对神经激素GPCR的进化以及其配体的进化和共同进化做了一些有趣的观察。对于神经肽和蛋白激素GPCR，似乎在受体及其配体之间存在共同的共同进化。这与生物胺GPCR相反，生物胺GPCR在进化上不相关的GPCR通常与相同的生物胺结合，表明在GPCR进化过程中频繁的配体交换（“配体啤酒花”）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Based on phylogenetic analyses, strain M2a isolated from honey, an unexpected source of acinetobacters, was classified as Acinetobacter lwoffii. The genome of this strain is strikingly crowded with mobile genetic elements. It harbours more than 250 IS elements of 15 IS-families, several unit and compound transposons and 15 different plasmids. These IS elements, including 30 newly identified ones, could be classified into at least 53 IS species. Regarding the plasmids, 13 of the 15 belong to the Rep-3 superfamily and only one plasmid, belonging to the "Low-GC" family, possesses a seemingly complete conjugative system. The other plasmids, with one exception, have a mobilization region of common pattern, consisting of the divergent mobA/mobL-family and mobS-, mobC- or traD-like genes separated by an oriT-like sequence. Although two plasmids of M2a are almost identical to those of A. lwoffi strains isolated from gold mine or Pleistocene sediments, most of them have no close relatives. The presence of numerous plasmid-borne and chromosomal metal resistance determinants suggests that M2a previously has also evolved in a metal-polluted environment. The numerous, possibly transferable, plasmids and the outstanding number of transposable elements may reflect the high potential of M2a for rapid evolution.

背景与目标： 基于系统发育分析，从蜂蜜（一种不希望的不动杆菌来源）分离出的M2a菌株被归为lwoffii不动杆菌。该菌株的基因组惊人地拥挤着可移动的遗传元件。它包含15个IS家族的250多个IS元件，几个单位和复合转座子以及15个不同的质粒。这些IS元素，包括30个新发现的IS元素，可以至少分为53种IS物种。关于质粒，在15个中的13个属于Rep-3超家族，并且只有一个属于“低GC”家族的质粒具有看似完整的结合系统。除了一个例外，其他质粒具有一个共同模式的动员区，由发散的mobA / mobL家族和由oriT样序列分隔的mobS，mobC或traD样基因组成。尽管M2a的两个质粒与从金矿或更新世沉积物中分离的A. lwoffi菌株的质粒几乎相同，但它们大多数没有近亲。大量质粒介导和染色体金属抗性决定簇的存在表明，M2a以前也已在金属污染的环境中进化。众多可能转移的质粒和大量的转座因子可能反映了M2a具有快速进化的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The honey produced by the bees fed on Rhododendron family plants containing grayanotoxin is known as mad honey in our country. This intoxication is seen rarely. However, it may lead life-threatening hemoinstability mentioned above and may be confused with various diseases. For these reasons the exact diagnosis and treatment of this intoxication seems very important. We aim to describe a case admitted to the Emergency Department in consequence of mad honey intoxication and treated and discharged after hypotension and complete atrioventricular block development.

背景与目标： ：蜜蜂在杜鹃花科植物上饲喂的含有灰毒素的蜂蜜在我国被称为疯蜂蜜。这种中毒很少见。但是，它可能导致上述威胁生命的血液不稳定性，并可能与各种疾病相混淆。由于这些原因，对这种中毒的确切诊断和治疗似乎非常重要。我们旨在描述因疯狂的蜂蜜中毒而进入急诊室的病例，并在低血压和完全房室传导阻滞发展后得到治疗和出院。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wound dressings are the primary barrier between the wound surface and the outer environment. Here we report the fabrication of cellulose acetate (CA)-Manuka honey (MH) composite nanofibrous mats as a biocompatible and antimicrobial wound dressing. CA mats with different quantities of MH were developed by electrospinning. The ATR-FTIR spectra confirm the inclusion of MH in the composite CA-MH nanofibrous mats. The fibers were continuous and bead-free with acceptable mechanical properties. The fiber diameter increased with an increase in MH content. Inclusion of MH in the electrospun composite CA-MH nanofibrous mats shows high efficacy to prevent bacterial growth on the wound surface. The MH loaded CA nanofiber mats showed good antioxidant abilities, while the ability to free radicalize the DPPH was dependent upon the factors of MH content in the fiber and the time of immersion in the DPPH solution. Besides, the nanofibrous mat's high porosity (85-90%) and WVTR values of 2600 to 1950 g/m2/day, suitable for wound breathability and the mats show high cytocompatibility to NIH 3T3 cell line in in vitro testing, proving to be effective for promoting wound healing.

背景与目标： ：伤口敷料是伤口表面与外部环境之间的主要屏障。在这里，我们报告制造醋酸纤维素（CA）-Manuka蜂蜜（MH）复合纳米纤维垫作为生物相容性和抗菌伤口敷料。通过静电纺丝开发了具有不同MH量的CA毡。 ATR-FTIR光谱确认了复合CA-MH纳米纤维毡中包含MH。纤维是连续的且无珠子，具有可接受的机械性能。纤维直径随着MH含量的增加而增加。在电纺复合CA-MH纳米纤维垫中包含MH可以有效防止伤口表面细菌生长。 MH负载的CA纳米纤维垫具有良好的抗氧化能力，而使DPPH自由基化的能力取决于纤维中MH含量的因素以及在DPPH溶液中浸泡的时间。此外，该纳米纤维垫的高孔隙率（85-90％）和WVTR值为2600至1950 g / m2 /天，适合伤口透气性，并且在体外测试中该垫对NIH 3T3细胞系显示出高度的细胞相容性，证明是有效的促进伤口愈合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chemoresistance and development of relapses are ascribable to a rare cell population of tumour mass: cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CSCs could increase patients' survival rate and it is important to identify molecules that can act on the main pathways of these cells. Natural bioactive compounds, of which Manuka honey (MH) is rich, could be a good opportunity to target them. This work aims to evaluate the effect of MH on CSCs-like from human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116 cell line) enriched through the in vitro sphere-forming assay. The results showed that MH reduced the volume of the entire culture of spheroids, affecting also their morphological parameters and induced apoptosis and ROS intracellular accumulation in CSCs-like. In addition, MH decreased the mRNA expression of one of ABC transporters (ABCG2) and affected self-renewal ability through the downregulation of the mRNA expression of one of the receptor membranes of Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Frizzled 7).

背景与目标： ：化学抵抗力和复发的发展归因于罕见的肿瘤块细胞群：癌症干细胞（CSCs）。靶向CSCs可以提高患者的存活率，因此重要的是确定可以作用于这些细胞主要途径的分子。富含麦卢卡蜂蜜（MH）的天然生物活性化合物可能是针对它们的好机会。这项工作旨在评估MH对通过体外球体形成实验富集的人大肠癌（HCT-116细胞系）的CSC样的影响。结果表明，MH减少了整个球体的体积，影响了它们的形态学参数，并诱导了CSCs样细胞的凋亡和ROS的细胞内积累。此外，MH通过下调Wnt /β-catenin途径之一受体膜的mRNA表达而降低了ABC转运蛋白之一（ABCG2）的mRNA表达，并影响了自我更新能力（Frizzled 7）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey is known, since antiquity, as an effective wound dressing. Emergence of resistant strains and the financial burden of modern dressings, have revived honey as cost-effective dressing particularly in developing countries. Its suitability for all stages of wound healing suggests its clinical effectiveness in diabetic foot wound infections. Thirty infected diabetic foot wounds were randomly selected from patients presenting to Surgery Department, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. Honey dressing was applied to wounds for 3 months till healing, grafting or failure of treatment. Changes in grade and stage of wounds, using University of Texas Diabetic Wound Classification, as well as surface area were recorded weekly. Bacterial load was determined before and after honey dressing. Complete healing was significantly achieved in 43.3% of ulcers. Decrease in size and healthy granulation was significantly observed in another 43.3% of patients. Bacterial load of all ulcers was significantly reduced after the first week of honey dressing. Failure of treatment was observed in 6.7% of ulcers. This study proves that commercial clover honey is a clinical and cost-effective dressing for diabetic wound in developing countries. It is omnipresence and concordance with cultural beliefs makes it a typical environmentally based method for treating these conditions.

背景与目标： ：Honey自古以来就是一种有效的伤口敷料。抗药性菌株的出现和现代敷料的经济负担，使蜂蜜成为具有成本效益的敷料，尤其是在发展中国家。其在伤口愈合的所有阶段的适用性表明其在糖尿病足伤口感染中的临床有效性。从埃及伊斯梅利亚苏伊士运河大学医院手术科就诊的患者中随机选择30例受感染的糖尿病足伤口。将蜂蜜敷料用于伤口3个月，直至愈合，嫁接或治疗失败。每周记录使用德克萨斯大学糖尿病伤口分类的伤口等级和阶段的变化以及表面积。在蜂蜜敷料之前和之后确定细菌负荷。 43.3％的溃疡可实现完全治愈。在另外43.3％的患者中，观察到大小减小和健康的肉芽减少。蜂蜜敷料的第一周后，所有溃疡的细菌负荷均显着降低。在6.7％的溃疡中观察到治疗失败。这项研究证明，商用三叶草蜂蜜是发展中国家糖尿病伤口的一种临床且经济高效的敷料。它无所不在且与文化信仰保持一致，使其成为治疗这些疾病的典型的基于环境的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We aimed to examine mechanistically the observed foraging differences across two honey bee, Apis mellifera, subspecies using the proboscis extension response assay. Specifically, we compared differences in appetitive reversal learning ability between honey bee subspecies: Apis mellifera caucasica (Pollman), and Apis mellifera syriaca (Skorikov) in a "common garden" apiary. It was hypothesized that specific learning differences could explain previously observed foraging behavior differences of these subspecies: A.m. caucasica switches between different flower color morphs in response to reward variability, and A.m. syriaca does not switch. We suggest that flower constancy allows reduced exposure by minimizing search and handling time, whereas plasticity is important when maximizing harvest in preparation for long winter is at a premium. In the initial or Acquisition phase of the test we examined specifically discrimination learning, where bees were trained to respond to a paired conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus and not to respond to a second conditioned stimulus that is not followed by an unconditioned stimulus. We found no significant differences among the subspecies in the Acquisition phase in appetitive learning. During the second, Reversal phase of the experiment, where flexibility in association was tested, the paired and unpaired conditioned stimuli were reversed. During the Reversal phase A.m. syriaca showed a reduced ability to learn the reverse association in the appetitive learning task. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that A.m. syriaca foragers cannot change the foraging choice because of lack of flexibility in appetitive associations under changing contingencies. Interestingly, both subspecies continued responding to the previously rewarded conditioned stimulus in the reversal phase. We discuss potential ecological correlates and molecular underpinnings of these differences in learning across the two subspecies. In addition, in a supplemental experiment we demonstrated that these differences in appetitive reversal learning do not occur in other learning contexts.

背景与目标： ：我们的目标是使用象鼻延伸反应测定法，以机械方式检查观察到的两个蜜蜂亚种蜜蜂亚种间的觅食差异。具体而言，我们比较了“常见花园”养蜂场中的蜜蜂亚种：蜜蜂蜜蜂（Pollman）和蜜蜂蜜蜂（Skorikov）之间的反向食用学习能力的差异。假设特定的学习差异可以解释以前观察到的这些亚种的觅食行为差异：高加索（Caucasica）在不同的花朵颜色形态之间切换，以响应奖励变异性和上午叙利亚不切换。我们建议花的恒定性可以通过最大程度地减少搜索和处理时间来减少暴露，而可塑性在最大化收获以准备长冬时非常重要。在测试的初始阶段或获取阶段，我们专门研究了歧视学习，训练蜜蜂对无条件刺激的配对条件刺激做出响应，而不对没有条件刺激的第二条件刺激做出响应。在习得阶段，我们没有发现亚种之间在食性学习方面有显着差异。在实验的第二个逆转阶段中，测试了关联的灵活性，将配对和未配对的条件刺激反转了。在冲销阶段叙利亚人在食欲性学习任务中学习反向联想的能力降低。该观察结果与A.m. syriaca觅食者无法更改觅食选择，因为在突发情况下，食欲性协会缺乏灵活性。有趣的是，两个亚种在逆转阶段继续响应先前获得的条件刺激。我们讨论了这两个亚种之间学习差异的潜在生态关联和分子基础。此外，在一项补充实验中，我们证明了在其他逆境学习中这些差异不会在其他学习环境中发生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent decades, we have realized that honey bee viruses are not, in fact, exclusive to honey bees. The potential impact of Apis-affiliated viruses on native pollinators is prompting concern. Our research addresses the issue of virus crossover between honey bees and native bees foraging in the same localities. We measured the presence of black queen cell virus (BQCV), deformed wing virus (DWV) and sacbrood virus (SBV) in managed Apis mellifera (honey bees) and native Andrena spp. (subgenus Melandrena) bee populations in five commercial orchards. We identified viral presence across sites and bees and related these data to measures of bee community diversity. All viruses were found in both managed and native bees, and BQCV was the most common virus in each. To establish evidence for viral crossover between taxa, we undertook an additional examination of BQCV where 74 samples were sequenced and placed in a global phylogenic framework of hundreds of BQCV strains. We demonstrate pathogen sharing across managed honey bees and distantly related wild bees. This phylogenetic analysis contributes to growing evidence for host switching and places local incidence patterns in a worldwide context, revealing multispecies viral transmission.

背景与目标： ：近几十年来，我们意识到蜜蜂病毒实际上并不是蜜蜂专有的。 Apis附属病毒对本地授粉媒介的潜在影响正引起人们的关注。我们的研究解决了蜜蜂和本地蜜蜂在同一地方觅食之间的病毒交叉问题。我们测量了托管的蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）（蜜蜂）和天然Andrena spp中黑皇后细胞病毒（BQCV），变形翼病毒（DWV）和虫病毒（SBV）的存在。 （Melandrena属）五个商业果园中的蜜蜂种群。我们确定了跨站点和蜜蜂的病毒存在，并将这些数据与蜜蜂群落多样性的度量相关联。所有病毒都在托管蜜蜂和本地蜜蜂中发现，而BQCV是每种蜜蜂中最常见的病毒。为了建立分类群之间病毒交叉的证据，我们对BQCV进行了另一项检查，其中对74个样品进行了测序，并将其放置在数百个BQCV菌株的全球系统发育框架中。我们证明了在管理的蜜蜂和远距离相关的野生蜜蜂之间存在病原体共享。这种系统发育分析为宿主转移提供了越来越多的证据，并将局部发病模式置于全球范围内，揭示了多种病毒的传播。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:DNA methylation of active genes, also known as gene body methylation, is found in many animal and plant genomes. Despite this, the transcriptional and developmental role of such methylation remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the dynamic range of DNA methylation in honey bee, a model organism for gene body methylation. RESULTS:Our data show that CG methylation in gene bodies globally fluctuates during honey bee development. However, these changes cause no gene expression alterations. Intriguingly, despite the global alterations, tissue-specific CG methylation patterns of complete genes or exons are rare, implying robust maintenance of genic methylation during development. Additionally, we show that CG methylation maintenance fluctuates in somatic cells, while reaching maximum fidelity in sperm cells. Finally, unlike universally present CG methylation, we discovered non-CG methylation specifically in bee heads that resembles such methylation in mammalian brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS:Based on these results, we propose that gene body CG methylation can oscillate during development if it is kept to a level adequate to preserve function. Additionally, our data suggest that heightened non-CG methylation is a conserved regulator of animal nervous systems.

背景与目标： 背景：活跃基因的DNA甲基化，也称为基因体甲基化，存在于许多动植物基因组中。尽管如此，这种甲基化的转录和发育作用仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们探索了蜜蜂的DNA甲基化的动态范围，蜜蜂是一种基因体甲基化的模型生物。
结果：我们的数据表明，在蜜蜂发育过程中，基因体中的CG甲基化在全球范围内波动。但是，这些变化不会引起基因表达改变。有趣的是，尽管发生了全局性改变，但完整基因或外显子的组织特异性CG甲基化模式却很少，这意味着在发育过程中基因甲基化的强劲维持。此外，我们表明，CG甲基化维持在体细胞中波动，而在精子细胞中达到最大保真度。最后，与普遍存在的CG甲基化不同，我们发现非CG甲基化特别是在蜜蜂头中，类似于哺乳动物脑组织中的这种甲基化。
结论：基于这些结果，我们建议如果将基因体CG甲基化水平保持在足以保留其功能的水平，则其可以在发育过程中振荡。此外，我们的数据表明，非CG甲基化水平升高是动物神经系统的保守调节剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study determined the antiaging effect of stingless bee honey on the expression of extracellular matrix genes. MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) assay was performed for determination of optimum concentration and incubation time of stingless bee honey. Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and collagen type Ⅰ (COL1A1) were analyzed using real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. Incubation with stingless bee honey at concentration of 0.02% for 72 hr showed significant increase in the viability of human fibroblast cells. Stingless bee honey significantly downregulates metalloproteinase-1 gene expression in both pre-senescence and senescence fibroblast cells and upregulates collagen type Ⅰ gene expression in senescence fibroblast cells. In conclusion, stingless bee honey potentially delayed skin aging through modulation of extracellular matrix genes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Changes of the extracellular matrix regulation promote skin aging. Stingless bee honey is a good source of natural antioxidant which potentially delays skin aging. This study demonstrated that stingless bee honey beneficially increases collagen type Ⅰ expression and decreases MMP-1 expression during cellular aging of human dermal fibroblast cells.

背景与目标： ：这项研究确定了无刺蜂蜂蜜对细胞外基质基因表达的抗衰老作用。进行MTS（3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-5-（3-羧基甲氧基苯基）-2-（4-磺基苯基）-2H-四唑鎓，内盐）分析以确定最佳浓度和孵育时间无刺蜂蜂蜜。利用实时逆转录酶聚合酶链反应技术分析基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白（COL1A1）的基因表达。与浓度为0.02％的无刺蜂蜂蜜一起孵育72小时显示出人类成纤维细胞活力的显着提高。无刺蜂蜂蜜显着下调衰老前和衰老的成纤维细胞中的metalloproteinase-1基因表达，并上调衰老的成纤维细胞中的Ⅰ型胶原基因表达。总之，无刺蜂蜂蜜可能通过调节细胞外基质基因而延迟皮肤衰老。实际应用：细胞外基质调节的改变促进皮肤衰老。无刺蜂蜂蜜是天然抗氧化剂的良好来源，可能会延缓皮肤衰老。这项研究表明，无刺蜂蜂蜜在人皮肤成纤维细胞的细胞衰老过程中有利地增加了Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的表达，并降低了MMP-1的表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Honey bees (Apis mellifera) can be infected by many viruses, some of which pose a major threat to their health and well-being. A critical step in the dynamics of a viral infection is its mode of transmission. Here, we compared for the first time the effect of mode of horizontal transmission of Black queen cell virus (BQCV), a ubiquitous and highly prevalent virus of A. mellifera, on viral virulence in individual adult honey bees. Hosts were exposed to BQCV either by feeding (representing direct transmission) or by injection into hemolymph (analogous to indirect or vector-mediated transmission) through a controlled laboratory experimental design. Mortality, viral titer and expression of three key innate immune-related genes were then quantified. Injecting BQCV directly into hemolymph in the hemocoel resulted in far higher mortality as well as increased viral titer and significant change in the expression of key components of the RNAi pathway compared to feeding honey bees BQCV. Our results support the hypothesis that mode of horizontal transmission determines BQCV virulence in honey bees. BQCV is currently considered a benign viral pathogen of adult honey bees, possibly because its mode of horizontal transmission is primarily direct, per os. We anticipate adverse health effects on honey bees if BQCV transmission becomes vector-mediated.

背景与目标： ：蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）可以被许多病毒感染，其中一些病毒对其健康和福祉构成重大威胁。病毒感染动力学的关键步骤是其传播方式。在这里，我们第一次比较了黑皇后细胞病毒（BQCV）（一种普遍存在且高度流行的拟南芥病毒）的水平传播方式对成年蜜蜂病毒毒力的影响。通过控制实验室实验设计，通过饲喂（代表直接传播）或通过注入淋巴（类似于间接传播或载体介导的传播）向宿主暴露BQCV。然后对死亡率，病毒滴度和三个关键的先天免疫相关基因的表达进行了定量。与饲喂蜜蜂BQCV相比，将BQCV直接注射到血细胞的血淋巴中可导致更高的死亡率以及更高的病毒滴度和RNAi途径关键成分表达的显着变化。我们的结果支持以下假设：水平传播模式决定了蜜蜂的BQCV毒力。目前，BQCV被认为是成年蜜蜂的良性病毒病原体，可能是因为BOS的水平传播方式主要是直接传播。如果BQCV传播成为媒介介导的话，我们预计会对蜜蜂产生不利的健康影响。