BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The discovery in 1998 that triclosan has a site-specific action in the bacterial cell as an inhibitor of NADH- or NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase led to a lively debate in the scientific press. The thesis of this debate was that such a mode of action may allow triclosan to induce resistance and cross-resistance in bacterial cells. The debate last saw review in 2004, and this paper aims at updating our knowledge in this area, given recent research on the topic.

背景与目标： : 发现1998年三氯生作为NADH或NADPH依赖性烯酰酰基载体蛋白还原酶的抑制剂在细菌细胞中具有位点特异性作用，这引起了科学媒体的热烈辩论。这场辩论的论点是，这种作用方式可能使三氯生在细菌细胞中诱导抗性和交叉抗性。辩论最后一次看到了评论2004年，鉴于最近对该主题的研究，本文旨在更新我们在这一领域的知识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is an emerging contaminant in the environment. Despite its antimicrobial character, biodegradation of triclosan has been observed in pure cultures, soils and activated sludge. However, little is known about the microorganisms responsible for the degradation in mixed cultures. In this study, active triclosan degraders in a triclosan-degrading enrichment culture were identified using stable isotope probing (SIP) with universally (13)C-labeled triclosan. Eleven clones contributed from active microorganisms capable of uptake the (13)C in triclosan were identified. None of these clones were similar to known triclosan-degraders/utilizers. These clones distributed among α-, β-, or γ-Proteobacteria: one belonging to Defluvibacter (α-Proteobacteria), seven belonging to Alicycliphilus (β-Proteobacteria), and three belonging to Stenotrophomonas (γ-Proteobacteria). Successive additions of triclosan caused a significant shift in the microbial community structure of the enrichment culture, with dominant ribotypes belonging to the genera Alicycliphilus and Defluvibacter. Application of SIP has successfully identified diverse uncultivable triclosan-degrading microorganisms in an activated sludge enrichment culture. The results of this study not only contributed to our understanding of the microbial ecology of triclosan biodegradation in wastewater, but also suggested that triclosan degraders are more phylogenetically diverse than previously reported.

背景与目标： : 三氯生是一种广泛使用的抗菌剂，是环境中新兴的污染物。尽管具有抗菌特性，但在纯培养物，土壤和活性污泥中均观察到三氯生的生物降解。然而，对负责混合培养物中降解的微生物知之甚少。在这项研究中，使用稳定同位素探测 (SIP) 和通用 (13)C标记的三氯生鉴定了三氯生降解富集培养物中的活性三氯生降解物。鉴定了11个克隆，这些克隆来自能够吸收三氯生 (13)C的活性微生物。这些克隆都与已知的三氯生降解剂/利用者相似。这些克隆分布在 α-、 β-或 γ-变形菌门中: 一个属于脱氟杆菌 (α-Proteobacteria)，七个属于脂腺菌 (β-Proteobacteria)，三个属于窄食单胞菌 (γ-Proteobacteria)。三氯生的连续添加导致富集培养物的微生物群落结构发生重大变化，主要的核型属于脂酸属和脱氟杆菌属。SIP的应用已成功地在活性污泥富集培养中鉴定出多种不可培养的三氯生降解微生物。这项研究的结果不仅有助于我们对废水中三氯生生物降解的微生物生态学的理解，而且还表明三氯生降解物比以前报道的在系统发育上更加多样化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood. The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6-11 years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 mother-child couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors. There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean ΣDEHP 65.5 μg/L; ΣDiNP 37.8 μg/L; MBzP 19.9 μg/L; MnBP 76.9 μg/L) than the mothers (ΣDEHP 38.4 μg/L; ΣDiNP 33.8 μg/L; MBzP 12.8 μg/L; MnBP 63.0 μg/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8 μg/L; ProP 13.9 μg/L) and MEP (43.4 μg/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8 μg/L; ProP 2.1 μg/L) and MEP (28.8 μg/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001-0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.

背景与目标： : 各种消费品中使用的邻苯二甲酸酯，对羟基苯甲酸酯，双酚a (BPA) 和三氯生 (TCS) 等化学物质被怀疑是内分泌干扰物，尽管它们的毒性水平很低。联合暴露可能通过摄入，吸入和皮肤暴露而发生，其毒性和综合作用尚不清楚。该研究的目的是估计瑞典母亲及其子女 (6-11岁) 对这些化学物质的暴露情况，并调查暴露的潜在预测因素。分析了生活在农村或城市地区的98对母子夫妇的尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸二 (2-乙基己基) 酯 (DEHP) 的四种代谢物，邻苯二甲酸二异壬基酯 (DiNP) 的三种代谢物的浓度)，邻苯二甲酸单乙酯 (MEP)，邻苯二甲酸单苄酯 (MBzP) 和邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯 (MnBP)，对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 (MetP)，对羟基苯甲酸乙酯 (EthP)，对羟基苯甲酸丙酯 (ProP)，对羟基苯甲酸丁酯，BPA和TCS。通过问卷调查获得的有关社会人口统计学，食物消费习惯和个人护理产品使用的信息用于调查尿液中化学物质水平与潜在暴露因素之间的关联。母亲和孩子之间的生物标志物水平有相当好的相关性。儿童的邻苯二甲酸酯水平通常高于母亲 (Σ dehp 38.4 μ g/L; Σ dinp 37.8 μ g/L; MBzP 19.9 μ g/L; MnBP 76.9 μ g/L); Σ dinp 33.8 μ g/L; MBzP 12.8 μ g/L; mnBP 63.0 μ g/L)。相反，母亲的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP 37.8 μ g/L; ProP 13.9 μ g/L) 和MEP (43.4 μ g/L) 高于儿童的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP 6.8 μ g/L; ProP 2.1 μ g/L) 和MEP (28.8 μ g/L)。农村地区母亲和儿童的尿中低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯水平较高 (MBzP =<0.001; MnBP p = 0.001-0.002)，这可能是由于该地区地板和墙壁覆盖物中PVC的含量较高，而城市地区儿童的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP = 0.003; ProP = 0.004) 高于农村地区。高分子量邻苯二甲酸酯的水平与某些食物 (即巧克力和冰淇淋) 的消费有关，而对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平与化妆品和个人护理产品的使用有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Triclosan-coated sutures have been shown to reduce surgical-site infection (SSI) in emergent operation for fecal peritonitis. Barbed sutures provoke a homogeneous distribution of tension throughout the suture, implying better blood supply to the wound edges and healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect, on SSI and evisceration, of using triclosan-coated and barbed sutures for fascial closure in patients undergoing emergent surgery. STUDY DESIGN:A prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed. Patients were randomized into 3 groups: those undergoing aponeurotic closure with triclosan-coated barbed suture (Stratafix Symmetric [Johnson & Johnson]), patients undergoing closure with triclosan-coated polydioxanone loop suture (PDS plus [Johnson & Johnson]), and patients undergoing closure with polydioxanone loop suture (PDS [Johnson & Johnson]). Primary investigated outcomes were SSI and evisceration rates during a follow-up period of 30 days. The primary analysis plan was based on a per-protocol approach. RESULTS:Incisional SSI was 6.4% (3 of 47) in the Stratafix Symmetric group, 8.9% (4 of 45) in the PDS plus group, and 23.4% (11 of 47) in PDS group (p = 0.03). The evisceration rate was 0% in Stratafix Symmetric, 8.9% (4 of 45) in PDS plus, and 12.8% (6 of 47) in PDS (p = 0.05). Median hospital stay was 4 days (range 2 to 14 days) in Stratafix Symmetric, 5 days (range 2 to 21 days) in PDS plus, and 8 days (range 2 to 60 days) in PDS (p = 0.012). The use of triclosan-coated sutures (Stratafix Symmetric and PDS plus) was associated with a lower risk of incisional SSI (p = 0.009), and the use of barbed suture was associated with a lower risk of evisceration (p = 0.019). Comparing Stratafix Symmetric with PDS plus, there were no significant differences in SSIs, but the evisceration rate was significantly higher in the PDS plus group (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS:The use of triclosan-coated sutures (Stratafix Symmetric and PDS plus) in emergent surgery reduces the incidence of incisional SSIs. The use of barbed sutures reduces the incidence of evisceration.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) is a nonionic, broad spectrum, antimicrobial agent that, because of its favorable safety profile, has been incorporated into a variety of many personal care products, including deodorant soaps, underarm deodorants, shower gels, and health care personnel handwashes. Triclosan exhibits a moderate degree of substantivity to the skin, and, in many products, it imparts a remnant antimicrobial effect. Although direct contact with the material under exaggerated exposure conditions causes dermal irritation in laboratory animals, it has only rarely been associated with skin irritation or sensitization in human being in formulated products. Acute, subacute/subchronic, and chronic toxicity profiles have been established to determine that triclosan is neither an acute oral toxicant nor that it acts as a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen. A new application for triclosan is in oral dentifrices for plaque control. Currently under investigation in the United States, it is approved for oral care application in Canada and many European countries.

背景与目标： 三氯生 (2,4，4 '-trichloro-2'-羟基二苯醚) 是一种非离子、广谱的抗微生物剂，由于其良好的安全性，已被掺入多种个人护理产品中，包括除臭肥皂、腋下除臭剂、淋浴凝胶和卫生保健人员洗手。三氯生对皮肤表现出中等程度的直接性，并且在许多产品中，它具有残留的抗菌作用。尽管在夸张的暴露条件下直接与材料接触会在实验动物中引起皮肤刺激，但在配方产品中，它很少与人类的皮肤刺激或致敏有关。已经建立了急性，亚急性/亚慢性和慢性毒性特征，以确定三氯生既不是急性口服毒物，也不是致癌物，诱变剂或致畸剂。三氯生的一种新应用是在口腔洁齿剂中控制牙菌斑。目前在美国正在调查中，它已在加拿大和许多欧洲国家批准用于口腔护理应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Encouraging findings have been reported for the effects of Triclosan/zinc citrate toothpastes on plaque regrowth and in some studies gingival health. To date, commercially-available toothpastes contain 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on 4-day plaque regrowth, of a number of 0.2% Triclosan toothpastes with or without zinc citrate. All of the toothpastes contained varying levels of anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate and were compared with a commercially available toothpaste without Triclosan or zinc citrate and a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse. The toothpastes were used as slurry twice a day and plaque regrowth scored by area and the criteria of the debris index. Plaque inhibition was significantly greater with the chlorhexidine mouthrinse than with all of the toothpastes. There were no significant differences in plaque scores between any of the toothpastes. It would appear that at the concentration of 0.2% Triclosan with or without 0.5% zinc citrate provides little if any additional benefit to plaque inhibition to that produced by a conventional toothpaste containing sodium lauryl sulphate.

背景与目标： : 据报道，三氯生/柠檬酸锌牙膏对牙菌斑再生长和牙龈健康的影响令人鼓舞。迄今为止，市售牙膏含有0.2% 三氯生，含或不含0.5% 柠檬酸锌。这项研究的目的是评估许多含或不含柠檬酸锌的0.2% 三氯生牙膏对4天斑块再生的影响。所有牙膏均含有不同水平的阴离子洗涤剂十二烷基硫酸钠，并与不含三氯生或柠檬酸锌和0.2% 氯己定漱口水的市售牙膏进行比较。每天两次将牙膏用作浆液，并按面积和碎片指数标准对牙菌斑再生进行评分。洗必泰漱口水对斑块的抑制作用明显大于所有牙膏。任何牙膏之间的牙菌斑评分均无显着差异。在含有或不含0.5% 柠檬酸锌的0.2% 三氯生浓度下，与由含有月桂基硫酸钠的常规牙膏产生的牙菌斑抑制相比，似乎几乎没有额外的益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol-A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are three industrial chemicals used widely in daily products. This study investigated 4-NP, BPA and TCS levels in urine samples of 287 children and students aged from 3 to 24 years old in Guangzhou, China. Total (free and conjugated) amounts of 4-NP, BPA and TCS in the urine samples were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. The detection rates of 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 100%, 100% and 93% respectively, given the detection limits of 3.8, 0.5 and 0.9 ng/L respectively. Data for 4-NP, BPA and TCS were presented in both creatinine-adjusted (microgram per gram creatinine) and unadjusted (microgram per liter) urinary concentrations. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of urinary 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 15.92 μg/g creatinine (17.40 μg/L), 2.75 μg/g creatinine (3.00 μg/L) and 3.55 μg/g creatinine (3.77 μg/L) respectively. Multiple regression models considering age, gender, preferred drinking bottle and log-transformed creatinine were used to calculate the adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM). Among these subjects, the females had higher LSGM concentrations of 4-NP, BPA and TCS than the males; and the only statistically significant difference was found for the LSGM concentrations of triclosan (p=0.031). Participants who reported to use ceramic cups more frequently had significantly lower LSGM concentrations of BPA than those who used plastic cups (p=0.037). Meanwhile, a three-week test of using polycarbonate bottles and ceramic cups to drink bottled water and boiled tap-water was carried out among 12 graduate students of 25 years old. The GM concentrations of urinary BPA at the end of the first week after using ceramic cups to drink bottled water were 7.16 μg/g creatinine, then decreased significantly to 3.49 μg/g creatinine after the second week of using ceramic cups to drink boiled tap-water (p<0.05), and finally increased to 4.15 μg/g creatinine after the third week of using polycarbonate bottles in drinking boiled tap-water. The results indicate that in daily life the use of polycarbonate bottles or drinking of bottled water is likely to increase the ingestion of BPA, resulting in an increase in urinary BPA levels.

背景与目标： : 4-壬基酚 (4-NP)，双酚a (BPA) 和三氯生 (TCS) 是三种广泛用于日用产品的工业化学品。这项研究调查了中国广州287名3至24岁儿童和学生的尿液样本中的4-NP，BPA和TCS水平。使用带有负化学电离的气相色谱-质谱法检测尿液样品中4-NP，BPA和TCS的总量 (游离和共轭)。4-NP、BPA和TCS的检出率分别为100% 、100% 和93%，检出限分别为3.8、0.5和0.9 ng/L。4-NP，BPA和TCS的数据均以肌酐校正 (微克/克肌酐) 和未校正 (微克/升) 尿浓度显示。尿4-NP，BPA和TCS的几何平均 (GM) 浓度分别为15.92 μ g/g肌酐 (17.40 μ g/L)，2.75 μ g/g肌酐 (3.00 μ g/L) 和3.55 μ g/g肌酐 (3.77 μ g/L)。考虑年龄，性别，首选饮水瓶和对数转换肌酐的多元回归模型用于计算调整后的最小二乘几何平均值 (LSGM)。在这些受试者中，女性的LSGM浓度为4-NP，BPA和TCS高于男性; 三氯生的LSGM浓度只有统计学上的显着差异 (p = 0.031)。与使用塑料杯的参与者相比，报告使用陶瓷杯的参与者BPA的LSGM浓度明显降低 (p = 0.037)。同时，对12名25岁的研究生进行了为期三周的测试，使用聚碳酸酯瓶和陶瓷杯喝瓶装水和煮沸的自来水。使用陶瓷杯饮用瓶装水后第一周末尿BPA的GM浓度为7.16 μ g/g肌酐，然后在使用陶瓷杯饮用煮沸的自来水第二周后显着降低至3.49 μ g/g肌酐 (p<0.05)。在饮用煮沸的自来水中使用聚碳酸酯瓶的第三周后，最终增加到4.15 μ g/g肌酐。结果表明，在日常生活中，使用聚碳酸酯瓶或饮用瓶装水可能会增加BPA的摄入，从而导致尿BPA水平升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of triclosan, an environmental pollutant from household items and health care products, on membrane potential and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations of rat thymocytes were examined by a flow cytometry with fluorescent probes, di-BA-C(4) and fluo-3-AM, because triclosan is often found in humans and wild animals. Triclosan at a concentration of 3 μM decreased the intensity of di-BA-C(4) fluorescence, indicating the triclosan-induced hyperpolarization. The application of charybdotoxin, a specific inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels, and the removal of external Ca(2+) eliminated the triclosan-attenuation of di-BA-C(4) fluorescence. Furthermore, triclosan augmented the fluo-3 fluorescence under normal Ca(2+) condition, indicating that triclosan increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. These results suggest that triclosan induces membrane hyperpolarization by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration that activates Ca(2+)-dependent K(+) channels. Since the change in membrane potential of lymphocytes influence cellular immune functions, triclosan may exert adverse actions on immune system in human and wild animals.

背景与目标： : 通过荧光探针，di-BA-C(4) 和fluo-3-AM的流式细胞术，检查了三氯生 (一种来自家庭用品和保健产品的环境污染物) 对大鼠胸腺细胞膜电位和细胞内Ca(2) 浓度的影响，因为三氯生常见于人类和野生动物。浓度为3μm的三氯生降低了di-BA-C(4) 荧光的强度，表明三氯生诱导的超极化。Ca(2) 依赖性K () 通道的特异性抑制剂charybdotoxin的应用以及外部Ca(2) 的去除消除了di-BA-C(4) 荧光的三氯生衰减。此外，三氯生在正常Ca(2 +) 条件下增强了fluo-3荧光，表明三氯生增加了细胞内Ca(2 +) 浓度。这些结果表明，三氯生通过增加细胞内Ca(2) 浓度来诱导膜超极化，从而激活Ca(2) 依赖性K () 通道。由于淋巴细胞膜电位的变化会影响细胞免疫功能，因此三氯生可能会对人和野生动物的免疫系统产生不利作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A commercial laccase from Trametes versicolor was conjugated with biopolymer chitosan using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as the cross-linking agent. Laccase-chitosan conjugation strategies were tested using different molar ratios of glucosamine monomer/protein with different molar excess ratios of EDC relative to laccase. Immobilization techniques were developed to improve the stability against thermal and chemical denaturation, storage and reusability of this biocatalyst. The conjugation resulted in a solid biocatalyst with an apparent laccase activity of ±626 U/g, 12 and 60 folds higher in the conjugation efficiency of biocatalyst relative to the immobilized and free laccase activity respectively when compared with zero EDC/laccase ratio used in conjugation solution. The conjugated laccases formed successfully eliminated the emerging pollutant triclosan (TCS) from aqueous solutions, having a higher potential to transform TCS than free laccase. UPLC-QTOF results indicate the formation of TCS oligomers. Furthermore, they are the first evidence of direct dechlorination of TCS mediated by the oxidative action of laccases.

背景与目标： : 使用1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基) 碳二亚胺盐酸盐 (EDC) 作为交联剂，将versicolor的市售漆酶与生物聚合物壳聚糖偶联。使用不同的葡萄糖胺单体/蛋白质摩尔比以及相对于漆酶的EDC摩尔过量比，测试了漆酶-壳聚糖结合策略。开发了固定化技术，以提高该生物催化剂对热和化学变性，存储和可重复使用性的稳定性。与用于缀合溶液的零EDC/漆酶比相比，该缀合产生了表观漆酶活性为 ± 626 U/g的固体生物催化剂，与固定漆酶活性和游离漆酶活性相比，生物催化剂的缀合效率分别高12和60倍。形成的共轭漆酶成功地消除了水溶液中出现的污染物三氯生 (TCS)，比游离漆酶具有更高的转化TCS的潜力。Uplc-qtof结果表明形成了TCS低聚物。此外，它们是漆酶氧化作用介导的TCS直接脱氯的第一个证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Twenty male and female adult subjects were entered into a 7-week, double-blind clinical study to determine the effect on plaque formation of a mouthrinse containing 0.03% [corrected] triclosan and 0.25% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid, as compared to 1) a water placebo mouthrinse, 2) a matching alcohol placebo mouthrinse, and 3) Plax antiplaque pre-brushing dental rinse. The subjects were stratified according to their initial plaque scores and assigned in a type of randomized block design (repeated Latin square), so that each subject received each of the four mouthrinses only once for 1 week during the study. The subjects did not use any other oral hygiene procedure (including use of a toothbrush and dentifrice) during the 1-week period of time when they rinsed with their assigned mouthrinse product. The results indicated that use of the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse provided a 49.8% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to the water placebo mouthrinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01). Similarly, the use of the triclosan/copolymer mouthrinse provided a 47.6% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to Plax antiplaque pre-brushing dental rinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01). The results further indicated that use of the triclosan/copolymer provided a 31.2% reduction in supragingival plaque formation compared to the alcohol placebo mouthrinse. The difference was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence (P less than .01).

背景与目标： : 20名男性和女性成年受试者进入了一项为期7周的双盲临床研究，以确定含0.03% [校正] 三氯生的漱口水和甲氧基乙烯和马来酸共聚物的0.25% 对斑块形成的影响，与1) 水安慰剂漱口水，2) 匹配的酒精安慰剂漱口水，以及3) Plax抗牙菌斑预刷牙漱口水。根据受试者的初始斑块得分对受试者进行分层，并以一种随机区组设计 (重复的拉丁方) 进行分配，以便在研究期间，每个受试者仅接受一次四个漱口水中的每一个，持续1周。在使用指定的mouthrinse产品冲洗的1周时间内，受试者未使用任何其他口腔卫生程序 (包括使用牙刷和洁齿剂)。结果表明，与水安慰剂漱口水相比，使用三氯生/共聚物漱口水可49.8% 减少龈上菌斑的形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。类似地，与Plax抗牙菌斑预刷牙相比，使用三氯生/共聚物漱口水提供了47.6% 减少龈上牙菌斑形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。结果进一步表明，与酒精安慰剂漱口水相比，使用三氯生/共聚物可31.2% 减少龈上菌斑的形成。在99% 置信水平上，差异有统计学意义 (P <.01)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]-phenol) is a widely used antimicrobial agent. To understand its fate during sewage treatment, the biodegradation and removal of TCS were determined in activated sludge. In addition, the effects of TCS on treatment processes were assessed. Fate was determined by examining the biodegradation and removal of TCS radiolabeled with 14C in the 2,4-dichlorphenoxy ring in laboratory batch mineralization experiments and bench-top continuous activated-sludge (CAS) systems. In batch experiments with unacclimated sludge, TCS was mineralized to 14CO2, but the total yield varied as a function of test concentration. Systems that were redosed with TCS exhibited more extensive and faster mineralization, indicating that adaptation was a critical factor determining the rate and extent of biodegradation. In a CAS study in which the influent level of TCS was incrementally increased from 40 microg/L to 2,000 microg/L, removal of the parent compound exceeded 98.5% and removal of total radioactivity (parent and metabolites) exceeded 85%. Between 1.5 and 4.5% of TCS in the influent was sorbed to the wasted solids, whereas >94% underwent primary biodegradation and 81 to 92% was mineralized to CO2 or incorporated in biomass. Increasing levels of TCS in the influent had no major adverse effects on any wastewater treatment process, including chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and ammonia removal. In a subsequent experiment, a CAS system, acclimated to TCS at 35 microg/L, received two separate 4-h shock loads of 750 microg/L TCS. Neither removal of TCS nor treatment processes exhibited major adverse effects. An additional CAS study was conducted to examine the removal of a low level (10 microg/L) of TCS. Removal of parent equaled 94.7%, and biodegradation remained the dominant removal mechanism. A subsequent series of CAS experiments examined removal at four influent concentrations (7.5, 11, 20, and 50 microg/L) of TCS and demonstrated that removal of parent ranged from 98.2 to 99.3% and was independent of concentration. Although TCS removal across all experiments appeared unrelated to influent concentration, removal was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.87) with chemical oxygen demand removal, indicating that TCS removal was related to overall treatment efficiency of specific CAS units. In conclusion, the experiments show that TCS is extensively biodegraded and removed in activated-sludge systems and is unlikely to upset sewage treatment processes at levels expected in household and manufacturing wastewaters.

背景与目标： : 三氯生 (TCS; 5-氯-2-[2,4-二氯-苯氧基]-苯酚) 是一种广泛使用的抗菌剂。为了了解其在污水处理过程中的命运，确定了活性污泥中TCS的生物降解和去除。此外，还评估了TCS对治疗过程的影响。通过在实验室分批矿化实验和台式连续活性污泥 (CAS) 系统中检查2,4-二氯苯氧基环中用14C放射性标记的TCS的生物降解和去除来确定命运。在使用不适应污泥的分批实验中，TCS矿化为14CO2，但总产量随测试浓度的变化而变化。用TCS进行处理的系统表现出更广泛，更快的矿化作用，这表明适应性是决定生物降解速率和程度的关键因素。在CAS研究中，TCS的进水水平从40微克/升增加到2,000微克/升，母体化合物的去除超过98.5%，总放射性 (母体和代谢物) 的去除超过85%。在进水中的TCS 1.5至4.5% 之间被吸附到废弃的固体中，而> 94% 经历了初级生物降解，81至92% 被矿化成CO2或掺入生物质中。进水中TCS水平的增加对任何废水处理过程都没有重大不利影响，包括化学需氧量，生物需氧量和氨去除。在随后的实验中，以35微g/L适应TCS的CAS系统接收两个单独的750微g/L TCS的4小时休克载荷。TCS的去除和治疗过程均未显示出重大的不良反应。进行了另一项CAS研究，以检查低水平 (10微g/L) TCS的去除情况。母体的去除等于94.7%，生物降解仍然是主要的去除机制。随后的一系列CAS实验检查了在四种进水浓度 (7.5、11、20和50微克/升) 下TCS的去除，并证明亲本的去除范围为98.2至99.3%，并且与浓度无关。尽管所有实验中的TCS去除似乎与进水浓度无关，但去除与化学需氧量去除显著相关 (r2 = 0.87)，表明TCS去除与特定CAS单元的总体处理效率相关。总之，实验表明，TCS在活性污泥系统中被广泛生物降解和去除，并且不太可能以家庭和制造废水中预期的水平破坏污水处理过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The effect of triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether) on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and on the translocation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in relation to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was investigated in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). METHODS:Fibroblasts were established from gingival biopsies obtained from six children. COX-2 mRNA and protein expression was quantified using mRNA quantitation and enzyme immunometric assay kits. mPGES-1 mRNA was analysed by RT-PCR, mPGES-1 protein and NF-kappaB translocation by immunoblotting. PGE2 was determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:The cytokine TNFalpha enhanced the expression of mRNA as well as the protein levels of both COX-2 and mPGES-1 and subsequently the production of PGE2 in gingival fibroblasts. Treatment of gingival fibroblasts with triclosan (1 microg/ml) significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of TNFalpha (10 ng/ml) on the expression of mPGES-1 at both the mRNA and the protein level by an average of 21% and 43%, respectively, and subsequently the production of PGE2 (p<0.01). Triclosan did not, however, affect the translocation of NF-kappaB or the expression of COX-2 in TNFalpha-stimulated cells. CONCLUSION:The results show that triclosan reduces the augmented biosynthesis of PGE2 by inhibiting the mRNA and the protein expression of mPGES-1 in gingival fibroblasts. This finding may partly explain the anti-inflammatory effect of the agent previously reported in clinical studies.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A total of 108 adult male and female subjects completed a 7-month, double-blind clinical study designed to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid on plaque formation and gingivitis, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. The subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline plaque and baseline gingivitis scores. They then received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either a placebo dentifrice or the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice for the next 7 months. After this time, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 58.96% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in plaque [corrected], as compared to the placebo dentifrice. Further, after 7-months' use, the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer also provided a 30.17% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in gingivitis as compared to the placebo dentifrice. The results after 7 months also indicated that the dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer provided a 97.74% statistically significant (99% level of confidence) reduction in the supragingival plaque deposits on those tooth surfaces with the greatest amount of plaque formation, when compared to the placebo dentifrice. The dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer also provided 87.56% less sites with the most severe amount of gingival disease, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. This decrease in diseased gingival sites was statistically significant at the 99% level of confidence. It was concluded that the twice daily use of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a copolymer reduces supragingival plaque deposit formation and gingivitis to a highly significant degree, without any extrinsic stains observed.

背景与目标： : 共有108名成年男性和女性受试者完成了一项为期7个月的双盲临床研究，旨在比较含三氯生0.3% 的洁齿剂和2% 的甲氧基乙烯和马来酸共聚物对牙菌斑形成和牙龈炎的影响与安慰剂洁齿剂相比。根据基线斑块和基线牙龈炎评分将受试者分为两个平衡组。然后，他们接受了口服预防，并在接下来的7个月内被分配使用安慰剂洁齿剂或三氯生/共聚物洁齿剂。在这段时间之后，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在 [校正的] 斑块中提供了58.96% 统计学上显著的 (99% 置信水平) 减少。此外，在使用7个月后，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在牙龈炎中也提供了30.17% 统计学上显著的 (99% 置信水平) 降低。7个月后的结果还表明，与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂在牙面上的牙菌斑沉积物中提供了97.74% 统计学上显着的 (99% 置信水平) 减少，牙菌斑形成量最大。与安慰剂洁齿剂相比，含有三氯生/共聚物的洁齿剂还提供了87.56% 少的具有最严重量牙龈病的部位。患病牙龈部位的这种减少在99% 置信水平下具有统计学意义。结论是，每天两次使用含有0.3% 三氯生和2% 共聚物的洁齿剂，可显着减少龈上斑块的形成和牙龈炎，而没有观察到任何外在污渍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel anti-infection strategy to alleviate antibiotic-resistance problem and non-specific toxicity associated with chemotherapy is explored in this study. It is based on utilizing a bacteriolytic enzyme (lysozyme) as a carrier to allow specific targeting of a potential phenolic antimicrobial drug (triclosan) to microbial cells. Lysozyme (LZ) was complexed, via electrostatic and hydrophobic condensation at alkaline pH, to various degrees with triclosan (TCS), a negatively charged phenolic antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Fluorescence and absorbance spectra analysis revealed non-covalent association of TCS with the aromatic residues at the interior of LZ molecule. The conjugation greatly promoted the lytic activity of LZ as the degree of TCS derivatization increased. The complexation with LZ turned TCS into completely soluble in aqueous solution. TCS-LZ complexes showed significantly enhanced bactericidal activity against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the activity of TCS or LZ alone when tested at the same molar basis. Strikingly, TCS-LZ complex, but not LZ or TCS alone, exhibited unique specificity to scavenge superoxide radicals, generated by the natural xanthine/xanthine oxidase coupling system, without affecting the catalytic function of oxidase. This finding is the first to describe that the membrane disrupting function of lysozyme can be utilized to specifically target antimicrobial drug(s) to pathogen cells and heralding a fascinating opportunity for the potential candidacy of TCS-LZ as novel antimicrobial strategy for human therapy.

背景与目标： : 本研究探索了一种新的抗感染策略，以减轻与化疗相关的抗生素耐药性问题和非特异性毒性。它基于利用溶菌酶 (溶菌酶) 作为载体，允许将潜在的酚类抗菌药物 (三氯生) 特异性靶向微生物细胞。溶菌酶 (LZ) 在碱性pH下通过静电和疏水缩合与三氯生 (TCS) 复合，三氯生是一种带负电荷的酚类抗菌剂，可抑制细菌脂肪酸的合成。荧光和吸收光谱分析显示TCS与LZ分子内部的芳族残基非共价缔合。随着TCS衍生化程度的增加，共轭大大提高了LZ的裂解活性。与LZ的络合使TCS完全溶于水溶液。与在相同摩尔基础上测试的TCS或LZ单独的活性相比，TCS-LZ复合物对几种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的杀菌活性显着增强。令人惊讶的是，TCS-LZ复合物 (而不是LZ或TCS) 表现出独特的特异性，可清除由天然黄嘌呤/黄嘌呤氧化酶偶联系统产生的超氧化物自由基，而不会影响氧化酶的催化功能。这一发现是第一个描述溶菌酶的膜破坏功能可用于特异性靶向病原体细胞的抗菌药物，并预示着tcs-lz作为人类治疗新型抗菌策略的潜在候选资格的迷人机会。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2