Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are poorly understood. The objective of the study was to estimate the exposure to these chemicals in Swedish mothers and their children (6-11 years old) and investigate potential predictors of the exposure. Urine samples from 98 mother-child couples living in either a rural or an urban area were analyzed for the concentrations of four metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), three metabolites of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), methylparaben (MetP), ethylparaben (EthP), propylparaben (ProP), butylparaben, benzylparaben, BPA, and TCS. Information on sociodemographics, food consumption habits and use of personal care products, obtained via a questionnaire, was used to investigate the associations between the urinary levels of chemicals and potential exposure factors. There were fairly good correlations of biomarker levels between the mothers and their children. The children had generally higher levels of phthalates (geometric mean ΣDEHP 65.5 μg/L; ΣDiNP 37.8 μg/L; MBzP 19.9 μg/L; MnBP 76.9 μg/L) than the mothers (ΣDEHP 38.4 μg/L; ΣDiNP 33.8 μg/L; MBzP 12.8 μg/L; MnBP 63.0 μg/L). Conversely, the mother's levels of parabens (MetP 37.8 μg/L; ProP 13.9 μg/L) and MEP (43.4 μg/L) were higher than the children's levels of parabens (MetP 6.8 μg/L; ProP 2.1 μg/L) and MEP (28.8 μg/L). The urinary levels of low molecular weight phthalates were higher among mothers and children in the rural area (MBzP p=<0.001; MnBP p=0.001-0.002), which is probably due to higher presence of PVC in floorings and wall coverings in this area, whereas the levels of parabens were higher among the children in the urban area (MetP p=0.003; ProP p=0.004) than in the rural area. The levels of high molecular weight phthalates were associated with consumption of certain foods (i.e. chocolate and ice cream) whereas the levels of parabens were associated with use of cosmetics and personal care products.

译文

各种消费品中使用的邻苯二甲酸酯,对羟基苯甲酸酯,双酚a (BPA) 和三氯生 (TCS) 等化学物质被怀疑是内分泌干扰物,尽管它们的毒性水平很低。联合暴露可能通过摄入,吸入和皮肤暴露而发生,其毒性和综合作用尚不清楚。该研究的目的是估计瑞典母亲及其子女 (6-11岁) 对这些化学物质的暴露情况,并调查暴露的潜在预测因素。分析了生活在农村或城市地区的98对母子夫妇的尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸二 (2-乙基己基) 酯 (DEHP) 的四种代谢物,邻苯二甲酸二异壬基酯 (DiNP) 的三种代谢物的浓度),邻苯二甲酸单乙酯 (MEP),邻苯二甲酸单苄酯 (MBzP) 和邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯 (MnBP),对羟基苯甲酸甲酯 (MetP),对羟基苯甲酸乙酯 (EthP),对羟基苯甲酸丙酯 (ProP),对羟基苯甲酸丁酯,BPA和TCS。通过问卷调查获得的有关社会人口统计学,食物消费习惯和个人护理产品使用的信息用于调查尿液中化学物质水平与潜在暴露因素之间的关联。母亲和孩子之间的生物标志物水平有相当好的相关性。儿童的邻苯二甲酸酯水平通常高于母亲 (Σ dehp 38.4 μ g/L; Σ dinp 37.8 μ g/L; MBzP 19.9 μ g/L; MnBP 76.9 μ g/L); Σ dinp 33.8 μ g/L; MBzP 12.8 μ g/L; mnBP 63.0 μ g/L)。相反,母亲的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP 37.8 μ g/L; ProP 13.9 μ g/L) 和MEP (43.4 μ g/L) 高于儿童的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP 6.8 μ g/L; ProP 2.1 μ g/L) 和MEP (28.8 μ g/L)。农村地区母亲和儿童的尿中低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯水平较高 (MBzP =<0.001; MnBP p = 0.001-0.002),这可能是由于该地区地板和墙壁覆盖物中PVC的含量较高,而城市地区儿童的对羟甲酸酯水平 (MetP = 0.003; ProP = 0.004) 高于农村地区。高分子量邻苯二甲酸酯的水平与某些食物 (即巧克力和冰淇淋) 的消费有关,而对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平与化妆品和个人护理产品的使用有关。

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