4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol-A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are three industrial chemicals used widely in daily products. This study investigated 4-NP, BPA and TCS levels in urine samples of 287 children and students aged from 3 to 24 years old in Guangzhou, China. Total (free and conjugated) amounts of 4-NP, BPA and TCS in the urine samples were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. The detection rates of 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 100%, 100% and 93% respectively, given the detection limits of 3.8, 0.5 and 0.9 ng/L respectively. Data for 4-NP, BPA and TCS were presented in both creatinine-adjusted (microgram per gram creatinine) and unadjusted (microgram per liter) urinary concentrations. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of urinary 4-NP, BPA and TCS were 15.92 μg/g creatinine (17.40 μg/L), 2.75 μg/g creatinine (3.00 μg/L) and 3.55 μg/g creatinine (3.77 μg/L) respectively. Multiple regression models considering age, gender, preferred drinking bottle and log-transformed creatinine were used to calculate the adjusted least square geometric mean (LSGM). Among these subjects, the females had higher LSGM concentrations of 4-NP, BPA and TCS than the males; and the only statistically significant difference was found for the LSGM concentrations of triclosan (p=0.031). Participants who reported to use ceramic cups more frequently had significantly lower LSGM concentrations of BPA than those who used plastic cups (p=0.037). Meanwhile, a three-week test of using polycarbonate bottles and ceramic cups to drink bottled water and boiled tap-water was carried out among 12 graduate students of 25 years old. The GM concentrations of urinary BPA at the end of the first week after using ceramic cups to drink bottled water were 7.16 μg/g creatinine, then decreased significantly to 3.49 μg/g creatinine after the second week of using ceramic cups to drink boiled tap-water (p<0.05), and finally increased to 4.15 μg/g creatinine after the third week of using polycarbonate bottles in drinking boiled tap-water. The results indicate that in daily life the use of polycarbonate bottles or drinking of bottled water is likely to increase the ingestion of BPA, resulting in an increase in urinary BPA levels.

译文

4-壬基酚 (4-NP),双酚a (BPA) 和三氯生 (TCS) 是三种广泛用于日用产品的工业化学品。这项研究调查了中国广州287名3至24岁儿童和学生的尿液样本中的4-NP,BPA和TCS水平。使用带有负化学电离的气相色谱-质谱法检测尿液样品中4-NP,BPA和TCS的总量 (游离和共轭)。4-NP、BPA和TCS的检出率分别为100% 、100% 和93%,检出限分别为3.8、0.5和0.9 ng/L。4-NP,BPA和TCS的数据均以肌酐校正 (微克/克肌酐) 和未校正 (微克/升) 尿浓度显示。尿4-NP,BPA和TCS的几何平均 (GM) 浓度分别为15.92 μ g/g肌酐 (17.40 μ g/L),2.75 μ g/g肌酐 (3.00 μ g/L) 和3.55 μ g/g肌酐 (3.77 μ g/L)。考虑年龄,性别,首选饮水瓶和对数转换肌酐的多元回归模型用于计算调整后的最小二乘几何平均值 (LSGM)。在这些受试者中,女性的LSGM浓度为4-NP,BPA和TCS高于男性; 三氯生的LSGM浓度只有统计学上的显着差异 (p = 0.031)。与使用塑料杯的参与者相比,报告使用陶瓷杯的参与者BPA的LSGM浓度明显降低 (p = 0.037)。同时,对12名25岁的研究生进行了为期三周的测试,使用聚碳酸酯瓶和陶瓷杯喝瓶装水和煮沸的自来水。使用陶瓷杯饮用瓶装水后第一周末尿BPA的GM浓度为7.16 μ g/g肌酐,然后在使用陶瓷杯饮用煮沸的自来水第二周后显着降低至3.49 μ g/g肌酐 (p<0.05)。在饮用煮沸的自来水中使用聚碳酸酯瓶的第三周后,最终增加到4.15 μ g/g肌酐。结果表明,在日常生活中,使用聚碳酸酯瓶或饮用瓶装水可能会增加BPA的摄入,从而导致尿BPA水平升高。

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