BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the effect of different supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) pressures (10-40 MPa) on phenolic compounds extraction in oils obtained from "horchata" by-products was evaluated, and the results were compared to those obtained after conventional oil extraction (CE). Moreover, the relationship between the individual phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant capacity as well as oil oxidative quality parameters was compared. The phenolic profile and contents were largely influenced by extracting conditions. The main phenolic compound obtained by SC-CO2 was the isohydroxymatairesinol, particularly at 30 and 40 MPa, while 3-vinylphenol was the predominant compound in oils extracted by CE procedure. Increasing SC-CO2 extraction pressures enhanced the extraction of phenolic compounds, along with improving the antioxidant capacity and oxidative quality of extracted oil. The principal component analysis indicated that the main phenolic compounds associated with TEAC values were those extracted by SC-CO2, which were inversely correlated to oxidative indexes.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，评估了不同超临界CO2 (SC-CO2) 压力 (10-40  MPa) 对从 “horchata” 副产物获得的油中酚类化合物提取的影响，并将结果与常规油提取 (CE) 后获得的结果进行了比较。此外，比较了单个酚类化合物与总抗氧化能力以及油氧化质量参数之间的关系。酚类成分和含量在很大程度上受提取条件的影响。通过SC-CO2获得的主要酚类化合物是异羟基matairesinol，特别是在30和40 mpa mpa时，而3-乙烯基苯酚是通过CE程序提取的油中的主要化合物。SC-CO2萃取压力的增加增强了酚类化合物的萃取，同时提高了萃取油的抗氧化能力和氧化质量。主成分分析表明，与TEAC值相关的主要酚类化合物是SC-CO2提取的酚类化合物，与氧化指标呈负相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extraction of pharmacologically active ingredient of ferulic acid from the root of Angelica sinensis with supercritical CO2 was investigated. The experimental results show that the extract yields were 0.87-4.06% at temperatures from 45 to 65 degrees Celsius and pressures from 30 to 50 MPa, and the maximum content of ferulic aicd in the extracts was about 0.35-0.37%, which is lower than that of 0.61-0.85% by conventional percolation methods. Ethanol was used as co-solvent in different ratios to raw materials in order to increase the content of ferulic acid in the extracts. The experimental results show that both the extract yields and the content of ferulic acid in the extracts increase greatly compared with pure CO2 extraction. When the ratio of ethanol to the raw material was 1.6, the content of ferulic acid in the extracts was 0.91-1.27%, indicating that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 in the presence of suitable co-solvent is superior to percolation in extracting polar ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis.

背景与目标： : 研究了超临界CO2从当归根中提取阿魏酸的药理活性成分。实验结果表明，在45 ~ 65摄氏度的温度和30 ~ 50 MPa的压力下，提取液的收率为0.87 ~ 4.06%，提取液中阿魏酸aicd的最大含量约为0.35 ~ 0.37%，低于常规渗滤法的0.61 ~ 0.85%。以不同的原料比例使用乙醇作为助溶剂，以增加提取物中阿魏酸的含量。实验结果表明，与纯CO2萃取相比，提取物的收率和提取物中阿魏酸的含量均大大提高。当乙醇与原料的比例为1.6时，提取物中阿魏酸的含量为0.91-1.27%，表明在合适的共溶剂存在下用CO2进行超临界流体萃取 (SFE) 在从当归提取极性阿魏酸时优于渗滤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regions of contact between cells are frequently enriched in or depleted of certain protein or lipid species. Here, we explore a possible physical basis that could contribute to this membrane heterogeneity using a model system of a giant vesicle tethered to a planar supported bilayer. Vesicles contain coexisting liquid-ordered (L(o)) and liquid-disordered (L(d)) phases at low temperatures and are tethered using trace quantities of adhesion molecules that preferentially partition into one liquid phase. We find that the L(d) marker DiI-C(12) is enriched or depleted in the adhered region when adhesion molecules partition into L(d) or L(o) phases, respectively. Remarkably, adhesion stabilizes an extended zone enriched or depleted of DiI-C(12) even at temperatures >15°C above the miscibility phase transition when membranes have compositions that are in close proximity to a critical point. A stable adhesion zone is also observed in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from living RBL-2H3 cells, and probe partitioning at 37°C is diminished in vesicles isolated from cells with altered cholesterol levels. Probe partitioning is in good quantitative agreement with predictions of the two-dimensional Ising model with a weak applied field for both types of model membranes. These studies experimentally demonstrate that large and stable domain structure can be mediated by lipids in single-phase membranes with supercritical fluctuations.

背景与目标： : 细胞之间的接触区域经常富含或消耗某些蛋白质或脂质。在这里，我们使用拴在平面支撑双层上的巨型囊泡模型系统，探索了可能导致这种膜异质性的物理基础。囊泡在低温下包含共存的液体有序 (L(o)) 和液体无序 (L(d)) 相，并使用痕量的粘附分子束缚，这些粘附分子优先分配到一个液相中。我们发现，当粘附分子分别划分为L(d) 或L(o) 相时，L(d) 标记dii-c (12) 在粘附区域中富集或耗尽。值得注意的是，当膜具有非常接近临界点的组成时，即使在高于混溶性相变的温度> 15 °C时，粘附作用也能稳定DiI-C(12) 富集或耗尽的扩展区。在从活的RBL-2H3细胞分离的质膜囊泡中也观察到稳定的粘附区，并且在从胆固醇水平改变的细胞分离的囊泡中，在37 °C下的探针分配减少。对于两种类型的模型膜，探针分配与二维Ising模型的预测具有良好的定量一致性，该模型的电场较弱。这些研究通过实验证明，具有超临界波动的单相膜中的脂质可以介导大而稳定的结构域结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work focuses on the production of biodiesel from wet, lipid-rich algal biomass using a two-step process involving hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and supercritical in situ transesterification (SC-IST). Algal hydrochars produced by HTC were reacted in supercritical ethanol to determine the effects of reaction temperature, time, ethanol loading, water content, and pressure on the yield of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Reaction temperatures above 275 °C resulted in substantial thermal decomposition of unsaturated FAEE, thereby reducing yields. At 275 °C, time and ethanol loading had a positive impact on FAEE yield while increasing reaction water content and pressure reduced yields. FAEE yields as high as 79% with a 5:1 ethanol:fatty acid (EtOH:FA) molar ratio (150 min) and 89% with a 20:1 EtOH:FA molar ratio (180 min) were achieved. This work demonstrates that nearly all lipids within algal hydrochars can be converted into biodiesel through SC-IST with only a small excess of alcohol.

背景与目标： : 这项工作的重点是使用涉及水热碳化 (HTC) 和超临界原位酯交换 (sc-ist) 的两步法从湿的，富含脂质的藻类生物质生产生物柴油。由HTC生产的藻类水渣在超临界乙醇中进行反应，以确定反应温度，时间，乙醇负载量，水含量和压力对脂肪酸乙酯 (FAEE) 产率的影响。高于275 °C的反应温度导致不饱和FAEE的大量热分解，从而降低产率。在275 °C下，时间和乙醇负载对FAEE产率具有积极影响，同时增加反应水含量和降低压力产率。在5:1乙醇: 脂肪酸 (EtOH:FA) 摩尔比 (150分钟) 下达到79%，在20:1 EtOH:FA摩尔比 (180分钟) 下达到89%。这项工作表明，藻类水炭中的几乎所有脂质都可以通过SC-IST转化为生物柴油，而仅需少量过量的酒精。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to illustrate the underlining mechanism of the effect of high pressure on lipases from different resources, the influence of compressed carbon dioxide treatment on the esterification activities and conformation of the three lipases Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, and Rhizopus oryzae lipase was investigated in the present work. The results showed that the lipases activities were significantly enhanced in most of high-pressure treatments, except the pressure had a negative effect on CRL activity in supercritical condition. Mild depressurization rate could remain the lipase's activity by protecting its rigid structure under supercritical fluid. Conformational analysis by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry and fluorescence emission spectra revealed that the variances of lipase activity after high-pressure treatment were correlated with the changes of its α-helix content and fluorescence intensity. Additionally, transesterification catalyzed by three lipases in supercritical carbon dioxide were conducted, and 87.2 % biodiesel conversion was obtained by CRL after 3 h, resulting in a great reduction of reaction time.

背景与目标： 为了说明高压对不同资源脂肪酶影响的机理，压缩二氧化碳处理对三种脂肪酶酯化活性和构象的影响在本工作中进行了研究。结果表明，在大多数高压处理中，脂肪酶的活性显着提高，但在超临界条件下，压力对CRL活性有负面影响。温和的降压速率可以通过在超临界流体下保护脂肪酶的刚性结构来保持脂肪酶的活性。傅里叶变换红外光谱和荧光发射光谱的构象分析表明，高压处理后脂肪酶活性的变化与其 α-螺旋含量和荧光强度的变化有关。此外，在超临界二氧化碳中进行了由三种脂肪酶催化的酯交换反应，并在3小时后通过CRL获得了87.2% 的生物柴油转化，从而大大减少了反应时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nowadays, obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, continue to be a health epidemic in westernized societies, and there is an increased necessity to explore anti-obesity therapies including pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds. Considerable attention has been placed on the identification of bioactive compounds from natural sources to manage the metabolic stress associated with obesity. In a previous work, we have demonstrated that a CO2 supercritical fluid extract from yarrow (Yarrow SFE), downregulates the expression of the lipogenic master regulator SREBF1 and its downstream molecular targets FASN and SCD in a tumoral context. Since obesity and diabetes are strongly considered high-risk factors for cancer development, herein, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of Yarrow SFE in the metabolic stress induced after a high-fat diet in mice. For this purpose, 32 C57BL/6 mice were distributed in four groups according to their diets: standard diet (SD); SD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (SD + Yarrow); high-fat diet (HFD); and HFD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (HFD + Yarrow). Fasting glycemia, insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, gene expression, and lipid content of liver and adipose tissues were analyzed after three months of treatment. Results indicate improved fasting glucose levels in plasma, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and diminished hypercholesterolemia in the HFD + Yarrow group compared to the HFD group. Mechanistically, Yarrow SFE protects liver from steatosis after the HFD challenge by augmenting the adipose tissue buffering capacity of the circulating plasma glucose.

背景与目标： : 如今，肥胖及其相关的代谢性疾病，包括糖尿病，代谢综合征，心血管疾病或癌症，在西方社会中继续成为健康流行病，并且越来越有必要探索包括药物和营养药物在内的抗肥胖疗法化合物。已经非常重视从天然来源鉴定生物活性化合物，以管理与肥胖相关的代谢应激。在先前的工作中，我们已经证明了来自yarrow (Yarrow SFE) 的CO2超临界流体提取物在肿瘤环境中下调了脂肪生成主调节剂SREBF1及其下游分子靶标FASN和SCD的表达。由于肥胖和糖尿病被强烈认为是癌症发展的高危因素，因此，我们旨在研究Yarrow SFE在小鼠高脂饮食后诱导的代谢应激中的潜在治疗作用。为此，根据其饮食将32只C57BL/6小鼠分为四组: 标准饮食 (SD); SD补充了Yarrow SFE (SD Yarrow); 高脂饮食 (HFD); 和HFD补充了Yarrow SFE (HFD Yarrow)。治疗三个月后，分析空腹血糖，胰岛素水平，稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗 (homa-ir)，脂质分布，基因表达以及肝脏和脂肪组织的脂质含量。结果表明，与HFD组相比，HFD Yarrow组的血浆空腹血糖水平提高，胰岛素敏感性增强，高胆固醇血症减少。从机制上讲，Yarrow SFE通过增强循环血浆葡萄糖的脂肪组织缓冲能力来保护肝脏免受HFD攻击后的脂肪变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has become an important tool of materials processing in the last two decades. Supercritical CO(2) and H(2)O are extensively being used in the preparation of a great variety of nanomaterials. The greatest requirement in the application of nanomaterials is its size and morphology control, which determine the application potential of the nanoparticles, as their properties vary significantly with size. Although significance of SCF technology has been described earlier by various authors, the importance of this technology for the fabrication of inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials in biomedical applications has not been discussed thoroughly. This review presents the nanomaterial preparation systematically using SCF technology with reference to the processing of biomedical materials. The basic principles of each one of the processes have been described in detail giving their merits and perspectives. The actual experimental data and results have been discussed in detail with respect to the selected nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The SCF synthesis of nanoparticles like phosphors, magnetic materials, carbon nanotubes, etc. have been discussed as they have potential applications in bio-imaging, hyperthermia, cancer therapy, neutron capture therapy, targeted drug delivery systems and so on. The more recent approach towards the in situ surface modification, dispersibility, single nanocrystal formation, and morphology control of the nanoparticles has been discussed in detail.

背景与目标： : 在过去的二十年中，超临界流体 (SCF) 技术已成为材料加工的重要工具。超临界CO(2) 和H(2)O广泛用于制备各种纳米材料。纳米材料应用的最大要求是其尺寸和形态控制，这决定了纳米颗粒的应用潜力，因为它们的性能随尺寸而显着变化。尽管许多作者先前已经描述了SCF技术的重要性，但尚未对该技术在生物医学应用中制造无机和杂化纳米材料的重要性进行深入讨论。这篇综述介绍了使用SCF技术系统地制备纳米材料，并参考了生物医学材料的加工。已详细描述了每个过程的基本原理，并给出了它们的优点和观点。已针对所选的用于生物医学应用的纳米材料详细讨论了实际的实验数据和结果。在生物成像、热疗、癌症治疗、中子俘获治疗、靶向药物递送系统等方面具有潜在的应用前景的纳米粒子，如荧光粉、磁性材料、碳纳米管等。已详细讨论了纳米颗粒的原位表面改性，分散性，单纳米晶体形成和形态控制的最新方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work, a simulation procedure of a supercritical extraction process was developed through the use of the commercial simulator HYSYS (Hyprotech Ltd.), adapting the existing units to the operating conditions typical of the supercritical extraction process. The objective is to recover provitamin A (beta-carotene) from palm oil (esterified) using carbon dioxide/ethanol as the supercritical mixed solvent. This example characterizes the problem for recovering high added value product from natural sources, as the palm oil, which is desired by the market. Owing to the fact that esterified palm oil is a complex mixture, made by several components, in order to characterize this system in the simulator, it was necessary to create hypothetical components using the UNIFAC (universal function-group activity coefficients model) group contribution, because they are not present in a conventional database and, then, their physical properties must be estimated and/or predicted before the simulation. The optimization was carried out in each simulation for each equipment, in terms of operating conditions (temperature and pressure), in order to obtain the maximum recovery of carotenes. According to the results, it was possible to concentrate carotenes through two cycles of supercritical extraction with high yield. Furthermore, ethyl esters (biodiesel) were also obtained, as a byproduct of the proposed process, which can also be used as an alternative fuel, with the important characteristic that it is renewable.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，通过使用商业模拟器HYSYS (Hyprotech Ltd.) 开发了超临界萃取过程的模拟程序，使现有装置适应超临界萃取过程的典型操作条件。目的是使用二氧化碳/乙醇作为超临界混合溶剂从棕榈油 (酯化) 中回收维生素原A (β-胡萝卜素)。这个例子描述了从天然来源回收高附加值产品的问题，如棕榈油，这是市场所希望的。由于酯化棕榈油是一种复杂的混合物，由几种组分制成，为了在模拟器中表征该系统，有必要使用UNIFAC (通用函数组活度系数模型) 组贡献创建假设的组分，因为它们不存在于常规数据库中，因此必须在模拟之前估计和/或预测它们的物理特性。在每个设备的每个模拟中，根据操作条件 (温度和压力) 进行了优化，以获得最大的胡萝卜素回收率。根据结果，可以通过两个超临界萃取循环以高收率浓缩胡萝卜素。此外，还获得了乙酯 (生物柴油)，作为所提出方法的副产物，其也可以用作替代燃料，具有可再生的重要特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolation of phenolic diterpene constituents from the freeze-dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis has been obtained by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide. To determine the ideal conditions for the maximum yield of extract, nine different conditions using three levels of pressures (3000, 4000 and 5000 psi) in combination with three temperatures at 40, 60 and 80 degrees C, respectively, in combination with the analyses of the corresponding antioxidant activities and constituents which existed in extracts has been investigated. The antioxidant activity of each obtained extract was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals test. GC/MS method was used as an alternative to conventional HPLC method for the determination of the principal antioxidant constituents in extract, including phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAL). The confirmation of CA and CAL in extract was forward performed by subjecting HPLC isolates from extract into an ion trap mass spectrometer through an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface for MS/MS analysis. These results indicate that an ideal extraction process was obtained at 5000 psi and 80 degrees C with an extraction yield of 4.27% (w/w) and rich in phenolic antioxidants CA and CAL as contents of 35.23 and 0.46 mg g(-1) in extract, respectively.

背景与目标： : 通过二氧化碳超临界萃取，从迷迭香冻干叶片隔离出酚二萜成分。为了确定提取物最大产量的理想条件，使用三种压力水平 (3000、4000和5000 psi) 分别在40、60和80 ℃ 下结合三种温度的九种不同条件，结合对提取物中存在的相应抗氧化活性和成分的分析进行了研究。通过使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶肼基 (DPPH) 自由基测试来确定每种获得的提取物的抗氧化活性。GC/MS方法被用作常规HPLC方法的替代方法，用于测定提取物中的主要抗氧化剂成分，包括酚二萜肌酸 (CA) 和肌醇 (CAL)。通过将提取物中的HPLC分离物通过电喷雾电离 (ESI) 界面进入离子阱质谱仪进行MS/MS分析，从而对提取物中的CA和CAL进行确认。这些结果表明，在5000 psi和80 ℃ 下获得了理想的提取工艺，提取率为4.27% (w/w)，提取物中富含酚类抗氧化剂CA和CAL的含量分别为35.23和0.46 mg g(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Liposomes were produced by an innovative method using supercritical carbon dioxide as a dispersing agent. A quality by design strategy was used to find optimal production conditions with specific parameters (lipid concentration, dispersion volume, agitation rate, temperature and pressure) allowing the production of liposomes with predicted physicochemical characteristics (particles size and PdI). Two conditions were determined with specific production parameters. It was shown that these two conditions allowed the production of liposomes of different compositions and that most of the liposome formulations had size and dispersity in accordance with the prediction values. The condition involving the higher lipid concentration showed a higher variability in terms of size and dispersity. However, this variability remained acceptable. This innovative supercritical method allowed the production of liposomes with physicochemical characteristics similar to those obtained by the conventional thin film hydration method. This new supercritical carbon dioxide method easily scalable in GMP conditions is a one-step production method contrarily to conventional methods which generally need an additional step as extrusion to homogenize the size of liposomes.

背景与目标： : 脂质体是通过使用超临界二氧化碳作为分散剂的创新方法生产的。通过设计策略的质量来找到具有特定参数 (脂质浓度，分散体积，搅拌速率，温度和压力) 的最佳生产条件，从而可以生产具有预测的理化特性 (颗粒尺寸和PdI) 的脂质体。用特定的生产参数确定了两个条件。表明，这两种条件允许生产不同组成的脂质体，并且大多数脂质体制剂具有与预测值一致的尺寸和分散性。涉及较高脂质浓度的条件在大小和分散性方面显示出较高的变异性。然而，这种可变性仍然是可以接受的。这种创新的超临界方法允许生产具有类似于通过常规薄膜水合方法获得的理化特性的脂质体。这种新的超临界二氧化碳方法在GMP条件下易于扩展，是与常规方法相反的一步生产方法，常规方法通常需要额外的步骤作为挤出步骤以均质化脂质体的尺寸。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes impaired wound healing by affecting one or more of the biological mechanisms of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling and a large number of cell types, extracellular components, growth factors, and cytokines. Interventions targeted toward these mechanisms might accelerate the wound healing process. To evaluate the wound healing efficacy of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)-decellularized porcine acellular dermal matrix (ADM) combined with autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM rats. DM was induced by injecting rats with STZ; dorsal full-thickness skin (5 × 5 cm2) was created and treated with and without ASCs-scCO2-treated ADM to evaluate the wound healing rate through histological examination, fluorescence microscopic observation, and immunohistochemical analysis. In the present study, complete decellularization of the porcine dermal matrix was achieved through scCO2. Isolation of ASCs was conducted and evaluated using CD29+/CD31-/CD45-/CD90+ markers in flow cytometry, which indicated that more than 90% of cells were ASCs. The percentage of cells labeled with CD29+ and CD90+ was found to be 97.50% and 99.69%, respectively. The wound healing rate increased in all groups relative to the group with the DM wound without treatment. DM wound treated with ADM-ASCs showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) wound healing rate than DM wound without treatment. ADM-ASC-treated rats showed significantly increased epidermal growth factor, Ki67, and prolyl 4-hydroxylase and significantly decreased CD45 compared with the group with the DM wound without treatment. The intervention comprising ADM decellularized from porcine skin by using scCO2 and ASCs was proven to improve diabetic wound healing. ADM-ASCs had a positive effect on epidermal regeneration, anti-inflammation, collagen production and processing, and cell proliferation; thus, it accelerated wound healing.

背景与目标： 糖尿病 (DM) 通过影响止血，炎症，增殖和重塑的一种或多种生物学机制以及大量细胞类型，细胞外成分，生长因子和细胞因子，导致伤口愈合受损。针对这些机制的干预措施可能会加速伤口愈合过程。评价超临界二氧化碳 (scCO2) 脱细胞猪脱细胞真皮基质 (ADM) 联合自体脂肪干细胞 (ASCs) 对链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 诱导的DM大鼠的创面愈合效果。通过给大鼠注射STZ诱导DM; 制作背侧全层皮肤 (5 × 5平方厘米)，并用和不使用ASCs-scCO2-treated ADM处理，以通过组织学检查，荧光显微镜观察和免疫组织化学分析评估伤口愈合率。在本研究中，通过scco2实现了猪真皮基质的完全脱细胞。使用流式细胞术中的CD29 +/CD31-/CD45-/CD90 + 标记进行asc隔离和评估，这表明超过90% 的细胞是asc。发现用CD29 + 和CD90 + 标记的细胞的百分比分别为97.50% 和99.69%。与未经治疗的DM伤口组相比，所有组的伤口愈合率均增加。用adm-ascs处理的DM伤口的伤口愈合率明显高于未处理的DM伤口 (p <0.01)。与未经治疗的DM伤口组相比，adm-asc处理的大鼠显示表皮生长因子，Ki67和脯氨酰4-羟化酶显着增加，CD45显着降低。事实证明，通过使用scCO2和ASCs从猪皮肤脱细胞的ADM干预措施可改善糖尿病伤口愈合。Adm-ascs对表皮再生，抗炎，胶原蛋白的产生和加工以及细胞增殖具有积极作用。因此，它加速了伤口愈合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Owing to high petroleum prices, there has been a major push in recent years to use lignocellulosic biomass as biorefinery feedstocks. Unfortunately, by nature's design, lignocellulosic biomass is notoriously recalcitrant. Cellulose is the most abundant renewable carbon source on the planet and comprises glucan polysaccharides which self-assemble into paracrystalline microfibrils. The extent of cellulose crystallinity largely contributes to biomass recalcitrance. Additionally, cellulose microfibrils are embedded into both hemicellulose and lignin polymeric networks, making cellulose accessibility an additional obstacle. Pretreatment is necessary before enzymatic hydrolysis in order to liberate high yields of glucose and other fermentable sugars from biomass polysaccharides. This work discusses two pretreatment methods, supercritical CO2 and ionic liquids (ILs). Both methods utilize green solvents that do not emit toxic vapours. Mechanisms for destroying or weakening biomass recalcitrance have been explored. Various pretreatment operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, time, dry biomass/solvent ratio, water content, etc. have been investigated for the pretreatment of various biomass types such as corn stover, switchgrass, sugarcane bagasse, soft and hard wood. The two pretreatment methods have their pros and cons. For example, supercritical CO2 explosion pretreatment uses inexpensive CO2, but requires a high pressure. By comparison, while IL pretreatment does not require an elevated pressure, ILs are still too expensive for large-scale uses. Further research and development are needed to make the two green pretreatment methods practical.

背景与目标： : 由于高油价，近年来大力推动使用木质纤维素生物质作为生物精炼原料。不幸的是，根据自然界的设计，木质纤维素生物质是出了名的顽固性。纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生碳源，包括葡聚糖多糖，它们自组装成副结晶微纤维。纤维素结晶度的程度在很大程度上有助于生物质的顽固性。此外，纤维素微纤维嵌入半纤维素和木质素聚合物网络中，这使纤维素的可及性成为另一个障碍。为了从生物质多糖中释放高产量的葡萄糖和其他可发酵糖，在酶水解之前必须进行预处理。这项工作讨论了两种预处理方法，超临界CO2和离子液体 (ILs)。两种方法都使用不散发有毒蒸气的绿色溶剂。已经探索了破坏或削弱生物量顽固性的机制。研究了各种预处理操作参数，如温度、压力、时间、干生物质/溶剂比、含水量等，用于玉米秸秆、柳枝稷、甘蔗渣、软硬木材等各种生物质类型的预处理。两种预处理方法各有优劣。例如，超临界CO2爆炸预处理使用廉价的CO2，但需要高压。相比之下，尽管IL预处理不需要升高的压力，但ILs对于大规模使用而言仍然过于昂贵。需要进一步的研究和开发，以使两种绿色预处理方法切实可行。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lipophilic extracts of Viburnum opulus (VOP) and Hippophae rhamnoides (SBP) berry pomace recovered by supercritical CO2 (SFE-CO2) were analysed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and GC × GC-TOF for their triacylglycerol, tocopherol, phytosterol and fatty acid composition, while oxidative stability was evaluated by Oxipres and Rancimat methods. SFE-CO2 recovered 16.99% and 26.24% of lipids from SBP and VOP, respectively. Linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids were major in SBP oil, while VOP oil was composed of almost equal amounts of linoleic and oleic acids. Therefore, remarkably higher diversity of triacylglycerols was identified in SBP. The content of β-sitosterol and α-tocopherol was 359.5-514.5 and 65.38-118.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Hydrocarbons were other quantitatively important lipophilic components, including health beneficial squalene. All extracts improved oxidative stability of mayonnaise. The extracts of berry processing by-products by green extraction method contain valuable bioactive constituents and could be of high interest for applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

背景与目标： : 通过uplc-q-tof-MS和GC × gc-tof分析了超临界CO2 (SFE-CO2) 回收的荚兰 (VOP) 和沙棘 (SBP) 浆果渣的亲脂性提取物的三酰甘油，生育酚，植物甾醇和脂肪酸组成，同时通过Oxipres和Rancimat方法评估氧化稳定性。SFE-CO2分别从SBP和VOP中回收了16.99% 和26.24% 的脂质。SBP油中主要是亚油酸，亚麻酸，油酸，棕榈酸和棕榈油酸，而VOP油由几乎等量的亚油酸和油酸组成。因此，在SBP中发现了更高的三酰基甘油多样性。Β-谷甾醇和 α-生育酚的含量分别为359.5-514.5和65.38-118.6 mg/100g。碳氢化合物是其他定量重要的亲脂性成分，包括对健康有益的角鲨烯。所有提取物均改善了蛋黄酱的氧化稳定性。通过绿色萃取法提取的浆果加工副产物的提取物含有有价值的生物活性成分，对于在功能性食品和营养食品中的应用可能具有很高的兴趣。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) technique was applied for the preparation of phenylbutazone fine particles. The operating temperature and pressure affected the yield of the drug fine particles, which was evaluated by dissolving the sprayed product of drug into ethanol. Effect of pre- and post-expansion conditions on the particle size distribution of phenylbutazone was investigated and the smallest sample (mean particle size: 1.59 microm) was obtained when the RESS method was operated at a pressure of 26 MPa combined with a temperature of 32 degrees C. Physicochemical properties of the fine particles were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the phenylbutazone fine particles obtained were meta-stable beta form under the experimental conditions tested, suggesting polymorphic transformation during the RESS process.

背景与目标： : 超临界溶液快速膨胀 (RESS) 技术用于制备保泰松细颗粒。操作温度和压力影响药物细颗粒的产率，这是通过将药物的喷雾产物溶解到乙醇中进行评估的。研究了膨胀前和膨胀后条件对保泰松粒度分布的影响，并在结合温度为32 ℃ 的压力下操作RESS法时获得了最小样品 (平均粒度: 1.59微米)。通过粉末x射线衍射和差示扫描量热法研究了细颗粒的理化性质。发现在测试的实验条件下，获得的保泰松细颗粒是亚稳定的 β 形式，表明在RESS过程中存在多态性转化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Supercritical fluid assisted atomization introduced by a hydrodynamic cavitation mixer (SAA-HCM) was used to prepare micrometric particles of a labile protein, i.e., trypsin from aqueous solution without use of any organic solvents. The trypsin particles precipitated had various morphologies under different process conditions, with particle diameters ranging from 0.2 to 4 μm. FTIR, SDS-PAGE, CD and fluorescence spectra were performed to analyze the structural stability of the protein, and trypsin retained above 70% of the biological activity. Besides, chitosan was selected as the polymer carrier in an effort to prepare trypsin composite microparticles via SAA-HCM process. The influences of chitosan molecular weight, polymer/protein ratio and solution concentration on the particle morphology and size distribution were investigated in detail. Non-coalescing spherical composite microparticles with a narrow particle distribution (0.2-3 μm) could be obtained. The SAA-HCM prepared particles were amorphous as demonstrated by XRD and had a loading efficiency about 90%. The protein release profiles of the composite microparticles were evaluated using both the immersion condition and a Franz diffusion cell. Finally, the distribution of the protein within the particles was characterized through CLSM analysis of FITC-labeled trypsin-loaded chitosan microparticles. The SAA-HCM process is demonstrated to be a protein-friendly and promising technique for production of protein and polymer/protein composite particles formulations from aqueous solutions for drug delivery systems.

背景与目标： : 由流体动力空化混合器 (SAA-HCM) 引入的超临界流体辅助雾化用于在不使用任何有机溶剂的情况下从水溶液中制备不稳定蛋白质 (即胰蛋白酶) 的微米级颗粒。沉淀的胰蛋白酶颗粒在不同的工艺条件下具有各种形态，粒径范围为0.2至4μm。进行FTIR，sdds-PAGE，CD和荧光光谱分析蛋白质的结构稳定性，胰蛋白酶保留在70% 以上的生物活性。此外，选择壳聚糖作为聚合物载体，试图通过SAA-HCM工艺制备胰蛋白酶复合微粒。详细研究了壳聚糖分子量，聚合物/蛋白质比和溶液浓度对颗粒形态和尺寸分布的影响。可以获得具有窄颗粒分布 (0.2-3微米) 的非聚结球形复合微粒。所制备的SAA-HCM颗粒是无定形的，如XRD所示，并具有约90% 的加载效率。使用浸入条件和Franz扩散池评估复合微粒的蛋白质释放曲线。最后，通过对FITC标记的胰蛋白酶负载的壳聚糖微粒的CLSM分析来表征蛋白质在颗粒中的分布。SAA-HCM工艺被证明是一种蛋白质友好且有前途的技术，用于从用于药物递送系统的水溶液中生产蛋白质和聚合物/蛋白质复合颗粒制剂。