BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Graphene aerogels with high surface areas, ultra-low densities and thermal conductivities have been prepared to exploit their wide applications from pollution adsorption to energy storage, supercapacitor, and thermal insulation. However, the low mechanical properties, poor thermal stability and electric conductivity restrict these aerogels' applications. In this paper, we prepared mechanically strong graphene aerogels with large BET surface areas, low thermal conductivities, high thermal stability and electric conductivities via hydrothermal reduction and supercritical ethanol drying. Annealing at 1500 °C resulted in slightly increased thermal conductivity and further improvement in mechanical properties, oxidation temperature and electric conductivity of the graphene aerogel. The large BET surface areas, together with strong mechanical properties, low thermal conductivities, high thermal stability and electrical conductivities made these graphene aerogels feasible candidates for use in a number of fields covering from batteries to sensors, electrodes, lightweight conductor and insulation materials.

背景与目标： : 已经准备了具有高表面积，超低密度和热导率的石墨烯气凝胶，以利用其从污染吸附到储能，超级电容器和隔热的广泛应用。但是，低的机械性能，较差的热稳定性和电导率限制了这些气凝胶的应用。在本文中，我们通过水热还原和超临界乙醇干燥制备了具有大BET表面积，低热导率，高热稳定性和电导率的机械强石墨烯气凝胶。在1500 ℃ 退火导致略微增加的热导率，并进一步改善石墨烯气凝胶的机械性能、氧化温度和电导率。较大的BET表面积，以及强的机械性能，低的热导率，高热稳定性和电导率，使得这些石墨烯气凝胶可用于从电池到传感器，电极，轻质导体和绝缘材料的许多领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work has been done to find out the optimum condition of supercritical methyl acetate method in biodiesel production. The reaction temperature, pressure, time and molar ratio in methyl acetate to oil were the key parameters that must all be considered to produce an optimum condition. Evaluation of thermal decomposition on products, cis-trans isomerization and tocopherol content were required to further optimize the reaction condition. It was, therefore, concluded that for the supercritical methyl acetate method, reaction condition of 350 °C/20 MPa/45 min/42 M ratio gave the highest yields of FAME (96.7 wt.%) and triacetin (8.8 wt.%). Yet, at such a reaction condition, the optimum reaction condition was compromised due particularly to the unavoidable thermal decomposition of products, and tocopherols as natural anti-oxidants.

背景与目标： : 这项工作是为了找出超临界乙酸甲酯法在生物柴油生产中的最佳条件。反应温度，压力，时间和乙酸甲酯与油的摩尔比是产生最佳条件必须考虑的关键参数。需要评估产物的热分解，顺反异构化和生育酚含量，以进一步优化反应条件。因此，得出结论，对于超临界乙酸甲酯法，350 °C/20 mpa/45 min/42 m比的反应条件给出了FAME (96.7重量 %) 和三醋精 (8.8重量 %) 的最高产率。然而，在这样的反应条件下，最佳反应条件受到损害，特别是由于不可避免的产物和作为天然抗氧化剂的生育酚的热分解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the non-catalytic supercritical method has been studied in utilizing dimethyl carbonate. It was demonstrated that, the supercritical dimethyl carbonate process without any catalysts applied, converted triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters with glycerol carbonate and citramalic acid as by-products, while free fatty acids were converted to fatty acid methyl esters with glyoxal. After 12 min of reaction at 350 degrees C/20 MPa, rapeseed oil treated with supercritical dimethyl carbonate reached 94% (w/w) yield of fatty acid methyl ester. The by-products from this process which are glycerol carbonate and citramalic acid are much higher in value than glycerol produced by the conventional process. In addition, the yield of the fatty acid methyl esters as biodiesel was almost at par with supercritical methanol method. Therefore, supercritical dimethyl carbonate process can be a good candidate as an alternative biodiesel production process.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，研究了非催化超临界方法在碳酸二甲酯中的利用。结果表明，在不使用任何催化剂的情况下，超临界碳酸二甲酯工艺将甘油三酸酯转化为脂肪酸甲酯，以碳酸甘油三酯和柠檬酸为副产物，而游离脂肪酸用乙二醛转化为脂肪酸甲酯。在350 ℃/20 mpa下反应12分钟后，用超临界碳酸二甲酯处理的菜籽油的脂肪酸甲酯产率达到94% (w/w)。与传统方法生产的甘油相比，该方法的副产品是碳酸甘油酯和柠檬酸，其价值要高得多。此外，作为生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯的收率几乎与超临界甲醇法相当。因此，超临界碳酸二甲酯工艺可以作为替代生物柴油生产工艺的良好候选。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, has two critical issues-the first is its low efficacy due to low water solubility and the second is side effects such as oily spotting due to its lipase inhibition. The present study was designed to propose a solution using a formulation with mesoporous silica to simultaneously overcome two issues. Orlistat was loaded onto mesoporous silica by the supercritical melt-adsorption (SCMA) method, using carbon dioxide (CO2). Various types of mesoporous silica were used as adsorbents, and the effects of the pore volume, diameter and particle size of mesoporous silica on the pharmaceutical characteristics were evaluated by various solid-state characterization methods and in vitro and in vivo studies in relation to pharmacological efficacy and the improvement of side effects. The results showed that the pore volume and diameter determine loadable drug amount inside pores and crystallinity. The dissolution was significantly influenced by crystallinity, pore diameter and particle size, and the inhibition of lipase activity was in proportion to the dissolution rate. In vivo studies revealed that the serum triglyceride (TG) concentration was significantly decreased in the group administered amorphous orlistat-loaded Neuisilin®UFL2 with the highest in vitro dissolution rate and lipase activity inhibition in comparison to the commercial product. Furthermore, oily spotting tests in rats revealed that undigested oil was adsorbed onto mesoporous silica after orlistat was released in the gastro-intestinal tract, and it correlated with in vitro result that oil adsorption capacity was dependent on the surface area of empty mesoporous silica. Therefore, it was concluded that mesoporous silica type plays a major role in determining the pharmaceutical characteristics of orlistat formulation prepared using SCMA with CO2 for improving the low solubility and overcoming the side effects.

背景与目标： : 奥利司他是一种抗肥胖药物，有两个关键问题-第一个是由于水溶性低而导致的低效，第二个是由于其脂肪酶抑制作用而导致的副作用，例如油性斑点。本研究旨在提出一种使用中孔二氧化硅配方的解决方案，以同时克服两个问题。使用二氧化碳 (CO2) 通过超临界熔体吸附 (SCMA) 方法将奥利司他负载到介孔二氧化硅上。以各种类型的介孔二氧化硅为吸附剂，通过各种固态表征方法以及体外和体内研究，评估介孔二氧化硅的孔体积，直径和粒径对药物特性的影响与药理功效和副作用的改善有关。结果表明，孔体积和直径决定了孔内可加载的药物量和结晶度。溶出度受结晶度，孔径和粒径的显着影响，并且对脂肪酶活性的抑制与溶出速率成正比。体内研究表明，在施用无定形奥利司他负载的神经素的组中，血清甘油三酸酯 (TG) 浓度显着降低®与商业产品相比，UFL2具有最高的体外溶出速率和脂肪酶活性抑制作用。此外，大鼠油性斑点试验表明，奥利司他在胃肠道中释放后，未消化的油被吸附在介孔二氧化硅上，这与体外结果相关，即油的吸附能力取决于空介孔二氧化硅的表面积。因此，可以得出结论，介孔二氧化硅类型在确定使用SCMA和CO2制备的奥利司他制剂的药物特性方面起着重要作用，以改善低溶解度并克服副作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Insulin and insulin/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-loaded poly(l-lactide) (PLA) nanoparticles were produced by gas antisolvent (GAS) CO(2) precipitation starting from homogeneous polymer/protein organic solvent solutions. Different amounts of PEG 6000 (0, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 200% PEG/PLA w/w) or concentration of 30% PEG/PLA with PEGs with different molecular weight (MW; 350, 750, 1900, 6000, 10,000, and 20,000) were used in the preparations. The process resulted in high product yield, extensive organic solvent elimination, and maintenance of > 80% of the insulin hypoglycemic activity. Nanospheres with smooth surface and compact internal structure were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The nanospheres presented a mean particle diameter in the range 400-600 nm and narrow distribution profiles. More than 90% of drug and PEG were trapped in the PLA nanoparticles when low MW PEGs were used in the formulation, whereas the addition of high MW PEGs significantly reduced the loading yield. In all cases, in vitro release studies showed that only a little amount of drug was released from the preparations. However, formulations containing low MW PEGs allowed for a slow but constant drug release throughout 1500 h, whereas a burst was obtained by increasing the PEG MW. In conclusion, the GAS process offers a mean to produce protein-loaded nanoparticles possessing the prerequisites for pharmaceutical applications. The PEG added to the formulation was found to play a key role in the simultaneous solute precipitation phenomena and in determining the release behavior and the chemical-physical properties of the formulation.

背景与目标： 胰岛素和胰岛素/聚乙二醇 (PEG) 负载的聚 (l-丙交酯) (PLA) 纳米颗粒是通过气体反溶剂 (gas) CO(2) 沉淀从均匀的聚合物/蛋白质有机溶剂溶液中产生的。在制剂中使用不同量的PEG 6000 (0、10、30、50、100和200% PEG/PLA w/w) 或具有不同分子量 (MW; 350、750、1900、6000、10,000和20,000) 的PEG/PLA浓度的30% PEG/PLA。该方法导致高产品收率，广泛的有机溶剂消除，并维持> 80% 的胰岛素降糖活性。通过扫描电子显微镜观察到具有光滑表面和紧凑内部结构的纳米球。纳米球呈现在400-600纳米范围内的平均粒径和窄的分布分布。当在制剂中使用低MW PEG时，超过90% 的药物和PEG被捕获在PLA纳米颗粒中，而高MW PEG的添加显著降低了加载产率。在所有情况下，体外释放研究表明，制剂中仅释放了少量药物。然而，含有低MW PEG的制剂允许在整个1500小时内缓慢但恒定的药物释放，而通过增加PEG MW获得爆发。总之，气体过程提供了一种方法来生产具有制药应用先决条件的载有蛋白质的纳米颗粒。发现添加到制剂中的PEG在同时溶质沉淀现象以及确定制剂的释放行为和化学物理性质中起关键作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the effect of different supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) pressures (10-40 MPa) on phenolic compounds extraction in oils obtained from "horchata" by-products was evaluated, and the results were compared to those obtained after conventional oil extraction (CE). Moreover, the relationship between the individual phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant capacity as well as oil oxidative quality parameters was compared. The phenolic profile and contents were largely influenced by extracting conditions. The main phenolic compound obtained by SC-CO2 was the isohydroxymatairesinol, particularly at 30 and 40 MPa, while 3-vinylphenol was the predominant compound in oils extracted by CE procedure. Increasing SC-CO2 extraction pressures enhanced the extraction of phenolic compounds, along with improving the antioxidant capacity and oxidative quality of extracted oil. The principal component analysis indicated that the main phenolic compounds associated with TEAC values were those extracted by SC-CO2, which were inversely correlated to oxidative indexes.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，评估了不同超临界CO2 (SC-CO2) 压力 (10-40  MPa) 对从 “horchata” 副产物获得的油中酚类化合物提取的影响，并将结果与常规油提取 (CE) 后获得的结果进行了比较。此外，比较了单个酚类化合物与总抗氧化能力以及油氧化质量参数之间的关系。酚类成分和含量在很大程度上受提取条件的影响。通过SC-CO2获得的主要酚类化合物是异羟基matairesinol，特别是在30和40 mpa mpa时，而3-乙烯基苯酚是通过CE程序提取的油中的主要化合物。SC-CO2萃取压力的增加增强了酚类化合物的萃取，同时提高了萃取油的抗氧化能力和氧化质量。主成分分析表明，与TEAC值相关的主要酚类化合物是SC-CO2提取的酚类化合物，与氧化指标呈负相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extraction of pharmacologically active ingredient of ferulic acid from the root of Angelica sinensis with supercritical CO2 was investigated. The experimental results show that the extract yields were 0.87-4.06% at temperatures from 45 to 65 degrees Celsius and pressures from 30 to 50 MPa, and the maximum content of ferulic aicd in the extracts was about 0.35-0.37%, which is lower than that of 0.61-0.85% by conventional percolation methods. Ethanol was used as co-solvent in different ratios to raw materials in order to increase the content of ferulic acid in the extracts. The experimental results show that both the extract yields and the content of ferulic acid in the extracts increase greatly compared with pure CO2 extraction. When the ratio of ethanol to the raw material was 1.6, the content of ferulic acid in the extracts was 0.91-1.27%, indicating that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 in the presence of suitable co-solvent is superior to percolation in extracting polar ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis.

背景与目标： : 研究了超临界CO2从当归根中提取阿魏酸的药理活性成分。实验结果表明，在45 ~ 65摄氏度的温度和30 ~ 50 MPa的压力下，提取液的收率为0.87 ~ 4.06%，提取液中阿魏酸aicd的最大含量约为0.35 ~ 0.37%，低于常规渗滤法的0.61 ~ 0.85%。以不同的原料比例使用乙醇作为助溶剂，以增加提取物中阿魏酸的含量。实验结果表明，与纯CO2萃取相比，提取物的收率和提取物中阿魏酸的含量均大大提高。当乙醇与原料的比例为1.6时，提取物中阿魏酸的含量为0.91-1.27%，表明在合适的共溶剂存在下用CO2进行超临界流体萃取 (SFE) 在从当归提取极性阿魏酸时优于渗滤。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regions of contact between cells are frequently enriched in or depleted of certain protein or lipid species. Here, we explore a possible physical basis that could contribute to this membrane heterogeneity using a model system of a giant vesicle tethered to a planar supported bilayer. Vesicles contain coexisting liquid-ordered (L(o)) and liquid-disordered (L(d)) phases at low temperatures and are tethered using trace quantities of adhesion molecules that preferentially partition into one liquid phase. We find that the L(d) marker DiI-C(12) is enriched or depleted in the adhered region when adhesion molecules partition into L(d) or L(o) phases, respectively. Remarkably, adhesion stabilizes an extended zone enriched or depleted of DiI-C(12) even at temperatures >15°C above the miscibility phase transition when membranes have compositions that are in close proximity to a critical point. A stable adhesion zone is also observed in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from living RBL-2H3 cells, and probe partitioning at 37°C is diminished in vesicles isolated from cells with altered cholesterol levels. Probe partitioning is in good quantitative agreement with predictions of the two-dimensional Ising model with a weak applied field for both types of model membranes. These studies experimentally demonstrate that large and stable domain structure can be mediated by lipids in single-phase membranes with supercritical fluctuations.

背景与目标： : 细胞之间的接触区域经常富含或消耗某些蛋白质或脂质。在这里，我们使用拴在平面支撑双层上的巨型囊泡模型系统，探索了可能导致这种膜异质性的物理基础。囊泡在低温下包含共存的液体有序 (L(o)) 和液体无序 (L(d)) 相，并使用痕量的粘附分子束缚，这些粘附分子优先分配到一个液相中。我们发现，当粘附分子分别划分为L(d) 或L(o) 相时，L(d) 标记dii-c (12) 在粘附区域中富集或耗尽。值得注意的是，当膜具有非常接近临界点的组成时，即使在高于混溶性相变的温度> 15 °C时，粘附作用也能稳定DiI-C(12) 富集或耗尽的扩展区。在从活的RBL-2H3细胞分离的质膜囊泡中也观察到稳定的粘附区，并且在从胆固醇水平改变的细胞分离的囊泡中，在37 °C下的探针分配减少。对于两种类型的模型膜，探针分配与二维Ising模型的预测具有良好的定量一致性，该模型的电场较弱。这些研究通过实验证明，具有超临界波动的单相膜中的脂质可以介导大而稳定的结构域结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work focuses on the production of biodiesel from wet, lipid-rich algal biomass using a two-step process involving hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and supercritical in situ transesterification (SC-IST). Algal hydrochars produced by HTC were reacted in supercritical ethanol to determine the effects of reaction temperature, time, ethanol loading, water content, and pressure on the yield of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Reaction temperatures above 275 °C resulted in substantial thermal decomposition of unsaturated FAEE, thereby reducing yields. At 275 °C, time and ethanol loading had a positive impact on FAEE yield while increasing reaction water content and pressure reduced yields. FAEE yields as high as 79% with a 5:1 ethanol:fatty acid (EtOH:FA) molar ratio (150 min) and 89% with a 20:1 EtOH:FA molar ratio (180 min) were achieved. This work demonstrates that nearly all lipids within algal hydrochars can be converted into biodiesel through SC-IST with only a small excess of alcohol.

背景与目标： : 这项工作的重点是使用涉及水热碳化 (HTC) 和超临界原位酯交换 (sc-ist) 的两步法从湿的，富含脂质的藻类生物质生产生物柴油。由HTC生产的藻类水渣在超临界乙醇中进行反应，以确定反应温度，时间，乙醇负载量，水含量和压力对脂肪酸乙酯 (FAEE) 产率的影响。高于275 °C的反应温度导致不饱和FAEE的大量热分解，从而降低产率。在275 °C下，时间和乙醇负载对FAEE产率具有积极影响，同时增加反应水含量和降低压力产率。在5:1乙醇: 脂肪酸 (EtOH:FA) 摩尔比 (150分钟) 下达到79%，在20:1 EtOH:FA摩尔比 (180分钟) 下达到89%。这项工作表明，藻类水炭中的几乎所有脂质都可以通过SC-IST转化为生物柴油，而仅需少量过量的酒精。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to illustrate the underlining mechanism of the effect of high pressure on lipases from different resources, the influence of compressed carbon dioxide treatment on the esterification activities and conformation of the three lipases Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, and Rhizopus oryzae lipase was investigated in the present work. The results showed that the lipases activities were significantly enhanced in most of high-pressure treatments, except the pressure had a negative effect on CRL activity in supercritical condition. Mild depressurization rate could remain the lipase's activity by protecting its rigid structure under supercritical fluid. Conformational analysis by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry and fluorescence emission spectra revealed that the variances of lipase activity after high-pressure treatment were correlated with the changes of its α-helix content and fluorescence intensity. Additionally, transesterification catalyzed by three lipases in supercritical carbon dioxide were conducted, and 87.2 % biodiesel conversion was obtained by CRL after 3 h, resulting in a great reduction of reaction time.

背景与目标： 为了说明高压对不同资源脂肪酶影响的机理，压缩二氧化碳处理对三种脂肪酶酯化活性和构象的影响在本工作中进行了研究。结果表明，在大多数高压处理中，脂肪酶的活性显着提高，但在超临界条件下，压力对CRL活性有负面影响。温和的降压速率可以通过在超临界流体下保护脂肪酶的刚性结构来保持脂肪酶的活性。傅里叶变换红外光谱和荧光发射光谱的构象分析表明，高压处理后脂肪酶活性的变化与其 α-螺旋含量和荧光强度的变化有关。此外，在超临界二氧化碳中进行了由三种脂肪酶催化的酯交换反应，并在3小时后通过CRL获得了87.2% 的生物柴油转化，从而大大减少了反应时间。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nowadays, obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, continue to be a health epidemic in westernized societies, and there is an increased necessity to explore anti-obesity therapies including pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds. Considerable attention has been placed on the identification of bioactive compounds from natural sources to manage the metabolic stress associated with obesity. In a previous work, we have demonstrated that a CO2 supercritical fluid extract from yarrow (Yarrow SFE), downregulates the expression of the lipogenic master regulator SREBF1 and its downstream molecular targets FASN and SCD in a tumoral context. Since obesity and diabetes are strongly considered high-risk factors for cancer development, herein, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of Yarrow SFE in the metabolic stress induced after a high-fat diet in mice. For this purpose, 32 C57BL/6 mice were distributed in four groups according to their diets: standard diet (SD); SD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (SD + Yarrow); high-fat diet (HFD); and HFD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (HFD + Yarrow). Fasting glycemia, insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, gene expression, and lipid content of liver and adipose tissues were analyzed after three months of treatment. Results indicate improved fasting glucose levels in plasma, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and diminished hypercholesterolemia in the HFD + Yarrow group compared to the HFD group. Mechanistically, Yarrow SFE protects liver from steatosis after the HFD challenge by augmenting the adipose tissue buffering capacity of the circulating plasma glucose.

背景与目标： : 如今，肥胖及其相关的代谢性疾病，包括糖尿病，代谢综合征，心血管疾病或癌症，在西方社会中继续成为健康流行病，并且越来越有必要探索包括药物和营养药物在内的抗肥胖疗法化合物。已经非常重视从天然来源鉴定生物活性化合物，以管理与肥胖相关的代谢应激。在先前的工作中，我们已经证明了来自yarrow (Yarrow SFE) 的CO2超临界流体提取物在肿瘤环境中下调了脂肪生成主调节剂SREBF1及其下游分子靶标FASN和SCD的表达。由于肥胖和糖尿病被强烈认为是癌症发展的高危因素，因此，我们旨在研究Yarrow SFE在小鼠高脂饮食后诱导的代谢应激中的潜在治疗作用。为此，根据其饮食将32只C57BL/6小鼠分为四组: 标准饮食 (SD); SD补充了Yarrow SFE (SD Yarrow); 高脂饮食 (HFD); 和HFD补充了Yarrow SFE (HFD Yarrow)。治疗三个月后，分析空腹血糖，胰岛素水平，稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗 (homa-ir)，脂质分布，基因表达以及肝脏和脂肪组织的脂质含量。结果表明，与HFD组相比，HFD Yarrow组的血浆空腹血糖水平提高，胰岛素敏感性增强，高胆固醇血症减少。从机制上讲，Yarrow SFE通过增强循环血浆葡萄糖的脂肪组织缓冲能力来保护肝脏免受HFD攻击后的脂肪变性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has become an important tool of materials processing in the last two decades. Supercritical CO(2) and H(2)O are extensively being used in the preparation of a great variety of nanomaterials. The greatest requirement in the application of nanomaterials is its size and morphology control, which determine the application potential of the nanoparticles, as their properties vary significantly with size. Although significance of SCF technology has been described earlier by various authors, the importance of this technology for the fabrication of inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials in biomedical applications has not been discussed thoroughly. This review presents the nanomaterial preparation systematically using SCF technology with reference to the processing of biomedical materials. The basic principles of each one of the processes have been described in detail giving their merits and perspectives. The actual experimental data and results have been discussed in detail with respect to the selected nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The SCF synthesis of nanoparticles like phosphors, magnetic materials, carbon nanotubes, etc. have been discussed as they have potential applications in bio-imaging, hyperthermia, cancer therapy, neutron capture therapy, targeted drug delivery systems and so on. The more recent approach towards the in situ surface modification, dispersibility, single nanocrystal formation, and morphology control of the nanoparticles has been discussed in detail.

背景与目标： : 在过去的二十年中，超临界流体 (SCF) 技术已成为材料加工的重要工具。超临界CO(2) 和H(2)O广泛用于制备各种纳米材料。纳米材料应用的最大要求是其尺寸和形态控制，这决定了纳米颗粒的应用潜力，因为它们的性能随尺寸而显着变化。尽管许多作者先前已经描述了SCF技术的重要性，但尚未对该技术在生物医学应用中制造无机和杂化纳米材料的重要性进行深入讨论。这篇综述介绍了使用SCF技术系统地制备纳米材料，并参考了生物医学材料的加工。已详细描述了每个过程的基本原理，并给出了它们的优点和观点。已针对所选的用于生物医学应用的纳米材料详细讨论了实际的实验数据和结果。在生物成像、热疗、癌症治疗、中子俘获治疗、靶向药物递送系统等方面具有潜在的应用前景的纳米粒子，如荧光粉、磁性材料、碳纳米管等。已详细讨论了纳米颗粒的原位表面改性，分散性，单纳米晶体形成和形态控制的最新方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work, a simulation procedure of a supercritical extraction process was developed through the use of the commercial simulator HYSYS (Hyprotech Ltd.), adapting the existing units to the operating conditions typical of the supercritical extraction process. The objective is to recover provitamin A (beta-carotene) from palm oil (esterified) using carbon dioxide/ethanol as the supercritical mixed solvent. This example characterizes the problem for recovering high added value product from natural sources, as the palm oil, which is desired by the market. Owing to the fact that esterified palm oil is a complex mixture, made by several components, in order to characterize this system in the simulator, it was necessary to create hypothetical components using the UNIFAC (universal function-group activity coefficients model) group contribution, because they are not present in a conventional database and, then, their physical properties must be estimated and/or predicted before the simulation. The optimization was carried out in each simulation for each equipment, in terms of operating conditions (temperature and pressure), in order to obtain the maximum recovery of carotenes. According to the results, it was possible to concentrate carotenes through two cycles of supercritical extraction with high yield. Furthermore, ethyl esters (biodiesel) were also obtained, as a byproduct of the proposed process, which can also be used as an alternative fuel, with the important characteristic that it is renewable.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，通过使用商业模拟器HYSYS (Hyprotech Ltd.) 开发了超临界萃取过程的模拟程序，使现有装置适应超临界萃取过程的典型操作条件。目的是使用二氧化碳/乙醇作为超临界混合溶剂从棕榈油 (酯化) 中回收维生素原A (β-胡萝卜素)。这个例子描述了从天然来源回收高附加值产品的问题，如棕榈油，这是市场所希望的。由于酯化棕榈油是一种复杂的混合物，由几种组分制成，为了在模拟器中表征该系统，有必要使用UNIFAC (通用函数组活度系数模型) 组贡献创建假设的组分，因为它们不存在于常规数据库中，因此必须在模拟之前估计和/或预测它们的物理特性。在每个设备的每个模拟中，根据操作条件 (温度和压力) 进行了优化，以获得最大的胡萝卜素回收率。根据结果，可以通过两个超临界萃取循环以高收率浓缩胡萝卜素。此外，还获得了乙酯 (生物柴油)，作为所提出方法的副产物，其也可以用作替代燃料，具有可再生的重要特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolation of phenolic diterpene constituents from the freeze-dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis has been obtained by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide. To determine the ideal conditions for the maximum yield of extract, nine different conditions using three levels of pressures (3000, 4000 and 5000 psi) in combination with three temperatures at 40, 60 and 80 degrees C, respectively, in combination with the analyses of the corresponding antioxidant activities and constituents which existed in extracts has been investigated. The antioxidant activity of each obtained extract was determined by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals test. GC/MS method was used as an alternative to conventional HPLC method for the determination of the principal antioxidant constituents in extract, including phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CAL). The confirmation of CA and CAL in extract was forward performed by subjecting HPLC isolates from extract into an ion trap mass spectrometer through an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface for MS/MS analysis. These results indicate that an ideal extraction process was obtained at 5000 psi and 80 degrees C with an extraction yield of 4.27% (w/w) and rich in phenolic antioxidants CA and CAL as contents of 35.23 and 0.46 mg g(-1) in extract, respectively.

背景与目标： : 通过二氧化碳超临界萃取，从迷迭香冻干叶片隔离出酚二萜成分。为了确定提取物最大产量的理想条件，使用三种压力水平 (3000、4000和5000 psi) 分别在40、60和80 ℃ 下结合三种温度的九种不同条件，结合对提取物中存在的相应抗氧化活性和成分的分析进行了研究。通过使用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶肼基 (DPPH) 自由基测试来确定每种获得的提取物的抗氧化活性。GC/MS方法被用作常规HPLC方法的替代方法，用于测定提取物中的主要抗氧化剂成分，包括酚二萜肌酸 (CA) 和肌醇 (CAL)。通过将提取物中的HPLC分离物通过电喷雾电离 (ESI) 界面进入离子阱质谱仪进行MS/MS分析，从而对提取物中的CA和CAL进行确认。这些结果表明，在5000 psi和80 ℃ 下获得了理想的提取工艺，提取率为4.27% (w/w)，提取物中富含酚类抗氧化剂CA和CAL的含量分别为35.23和0.46 mg g(-1)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Liposomes were produced by an innovative method using supercritical carbon dioxide as a dispersing agent. A quality by design strategy was used to find optimal production conditions with specific parameters (lipid concentration, dispersion volume, agitation rate, temperature and pressure) allowing the production of liposomes with predicted physicochemical characteristics (particles size and PdI). Two conditions were determined with specific production parameters. It was shown that these two conditions allowed the production of liposomes of different compositions and that most of the liposome formulations had size and dispersity in accordance with the prediction values. The condition involving the higher lipid concentration showed a higher variability in terms of size and dispersity. However, this variability remained acceptable. This innovative supercritical method allowed the production of liposomes with physicochemical characteristics similar to those obtained by the conventional thin film hydration method. This new supercritical carbon dioxide method easily scalable in GMP conditions is a one-step production method contrarily to conventional methods which generally need an additional step as extrusion to homogenize the size of liposomes.

背景与目标： : 脂质体是通过使用超临界二氧化碳作为分散剂的创新方法生产的。通过设计策略的质量来找到具有特定参数 (脂质浓度，分散体积，搅拌速率，温度和压力) 的最佳生产条件，从而可以生产具有预测的理化特性 (颗粒尺寸和PdI) 的脂质体。用特定的生产参数确定了两个条件。表明，这两种条件允许生产不同组成的脂质体，并且大多数脂质体制剂具有与预测值一致的尺寸和分散性。涉及较高脂质浓度的条件在大小和分散性方面显示出较高的变异性。然而，这种可变性仍然是可以接受的。这种创新的超临界方法允许生产具有类似于通过常规薄膜水合方法获得的理化特性的脂质体。这种新的超临界二氧化碳方法在GMP条件下易于扩展，是与常规方法相反的一步生产方法，常规方法通常需要额外的步骤作为挤出步骤以均质化脂质体的尺寸。