BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The primary objectives of this study were to follow the temporal patterns of testicular LH and FSH receptor (LH-R and FSH-R) concentrations and affinity (Ka) during sexual maturation in bulls and to see if such patterns could help explain the control of rapid testicular growth that occurs after 25 weeks of age, when serum gonadotropin concentrations are low. Separate groups of Hereford x Charolais calves (n = 6) were castrated every 4 weeks from 5 to 33 weeks of age and at 56 weeks of age. A week prior to castrations, from 5 to 33 weeks of age, blood was collected every 15 min for 10 h. The transition from indifferent supporting cells to Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules was rapid between 13 and 25 weeks and rapid testis growth occurred after 25 weeks of age. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were transiently elevated at 12 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-R concentrations decreased from 13 to 25 weeks of age and increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-RKa decreased from 9 to 17 weeks of age, increased to 29 weeks of age and declined to 33 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-R concentrations declined from 17 to 25 weeks of age then increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-RKa increased from 17 to 25 weeks of age (P < 0.05). High concentrations of gonadotropins and their receptors may be critical to initiate testis growth postnatally and support it after 25 weeks of age in the face of low serum gonadotropin concentrations.

背景与目标： ：本研究的主要目的是追踪公牛性成熟过程中睾丸LH和FSH受体（LH-R和FSH-R）浓度和亲和力（Ka）的时间模式，并观察这种模式是否有助于解释控制因素血清促性腺激素浓度低时，在25周龄后出现睾丸快速生长的情况。从5到33周龄和56周龄每4周cast割一次赫瑞福德x夏洛来牛犊（n = 6）组。 5至33周龄weeks割前一周，每15分钟收集一次血液，持续10 h。在13至25周之间，从生精小管中的冷漠支持细胞向Sertoli细胞的过渡迅速，并且25周龄后睾丸迅速生长。血清LH和FSH浓度在12周龄时短暂升高（P <0.05）。 LH-R浓度从13周下降到25周，并增加到56周（P <0.05）。 LH-RKa从9周龄降低到17周龄，增加到29周龄，下降到33周龄（P <0.05）。 FSH-R浓度从17周下降到25周，然后上升到56周（P <0.05）。 FSH-RKa从17周龄增加到25周龄（P <0.05）。高浓度的促性腺激素及其受体对于出生后开始睾丸生长并在25周龄后面对低血清促性腺激素浓度的情况下支持睾丸生长可能至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Tissue factor (TF) has been implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD). High levels of circulating TF are found in patients with acute atherothrombotic events. Whether high serum TF levels predict risk of future CAD independent of known risk factors remains unknown. METHODS:We conducted a prospective case-control study nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk population study. Cases (n=1037) were apparently healthy men and women, aged 45-79 years, who developed fatal or non-fatal CAD during follow-up. Controls (n=2005) were matched by age, sex, and enrolment time. Serum TF levels were measured using high-affinity antibodies. RESULTS:In men, median TF levels were not significant higher in cases than in controls (59.0 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg mL-1, range: 16.2-452.4). In women, median TF levels were not significant higher in controls than in cases (73.4 pg mL-1, range: 16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg mL-1, range: 16.5-376.7). The incidence of smoking was about double in the lowest compared with the highest TF quartile. Correcting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, the risk of future CAD was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.81-1.36) for people in the highest TF quartile, compared with those in the lowest (P-value for linearity=0.8). CONCLUSION:High levels of serum TF were not independently associated with an increased risk of future CAD in apparently healthy individuals.

背景与目标： 简介：组织因子（TF）与冠心病（CAD）有关。在患有急性动脉粥样硬化血栓形成事件的患者中发现高水平的循环TF。血清TF高水平是否能独立于已知的危险因素来预测未来CAD的风险仍然未知。
方法：我们进行了一项前瞻性病例对照研究，该研究嵌套在欧洲癌症与营养前瞻性调查（EPIC）-诺福克人群研究中。病例（n = 1037）显然是健康的男性和女性，年龄在45-79岁之间，在随访期间出现了致命或非致命的CAD。对照组（n = 2005）按年龄，性别和入组时间进行匹配。使用高亲和力抗体测量血清TF水平。
结果：在男性中，病例中的TF中位数没有显着高于对照组（59.0 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-370.4 vs. 54.9 pg / mL-1，范围：16.2-452.4）。在女性中，对照的中位TF水平没有比病例高（73.4 pg / mL-1，范围：16.7-492.3 vs. 50.5 pg / mL-1，范围：16.5-376.7）。与最高四分位数的吸烟者相比，最低吸烟率的吸烟者约为两倍。校正性别，年龄，体重指数，吸烟，糖尿病，收缩压，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和C反应蛋白水平后，未来CAD的风险为1.05（95％CI： TF最高四分位数的人与最低TF四分位数的人（线性P值= 0.8）相比。
结论：血清TF水平升高与明显健康的个体未来冠心病风险增加并没有独立的关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to assess the clinical value of serum oestradiol concentration 8 days after embryo transfer (D8E2) and beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG-beta) concentration 12 days after embryo transfer (D12HCG-beta) in the prediction of pregnancy and the outcome of pregnancy following assisted reproduction, taking into account the day of transfer, which was either day 3 (D3) or day 5 (D5). The objective was to improve patient counselling by giving quantitative and reliable predictive information instead of non-specific uncertainties. A total of 2035 embryo transfer cycles performed between January 2003 and June 2005 were analysed retrospectively. Biochemical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy and first-trimester abortions were classified as non-viable pregnancies; pregnancies beyond 12 weeks gestation were classified as ongoing pregnancies (OP). Significantly higher D8E2 and D12HCG-beta were obtained in D5 transfers compared with D3 transfers with regard to pregnancy and OP (P

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the best described mode of physiological cell death. During embryonal development and morphogenesis, apoptosis may be induced by two pathways. The first is external protein signal originating from other cell--also named as "death signal". Another one is specific cell reaction for external stress factors. Blood concentration of proteins regulating both pathways of apoptosis may be useful in early diagnosis and staging of thyroid tumors. The aim of study was evaluation of p53 and sFasL blood concentration in patients with benign follicular adenoma and follicular thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study population was composed of 28 patients: 14 with thyroid carcinoma and 14 patients with follicular neoplasm (NF). All patients underwent surgical treatment. P53 and sFasL levels were evaluated before surgery and related to the histopathological diagnosis obtained post-surgery. RESULTS:The analysis revealed high sFasL blood concentration in patients with follicular thyroid cancer in comparison with the group with follicular adenoma. There was no statistically significant difference between levels of p53 in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:Evaluation of sFasL serum level concentration may be useful in preoperative diagnosis of follicular thyroid tumors.

背景与目标： 简介：细胞凋亡（程序性细胞死亡）是描述性的生理性细胞死亡方式。在胚胎发育和形态发生过程中，可能通过两种途径诱导细胞凋亡。第一个是源自其他细胞的外部蛋白质信号-也称为“死亡信号”。另一个是针对外部应激因素的特异性细胞反应。调节细胞凋亡的两种途径的蛋白质的血药浓度可能对甲状腺肿瘤的早期诊断和分期有用。研究的目的是评估良性滤泡性腺瘤和滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的p53和sFasL血药浓度。
材料与方法：研究人群由28例患者组成：14例甲状腺癌和14例滤泡性肿瘤（NF）。所有患者均接受手术治疗。在手术前评估P53和sFasL水平，并与手术后获得的组织病理学诊断有关。
结果：分析显示，与滤泡性腺瘤相比，滤泡性甲状腺癌患者的sFasL血药浓度较高。两组中p53水平之间无统计学差异。
结论：血清sFasL水平的评估可能对甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的术前诊断有帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :By screening a pigeon genomic DNA library, we isolated a recombinant phage clone containing the alpha(A)-globin gene. The DNA sequence of the approximately 6kbp-long insert fragment of the phage clone was determined. The sequence suggested the existence of pigeon alpha(D)-globin gene located 3.1 kbp upstream from the alpha(A)-globin gene. The expression of the alpha(D)-globin in late embryo was also shown by the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the intact globin chain. These results show that two adult alpha-globin genes, alpha(A) and alpha(D), exist in the pigeon genome, and the alpha(D)-globin is expressed at the late embryo stage. The stage-specific expression suggests the existence of regulatory elements and factors interacting to inhibit transcription at the adult stage.

背景与目标： ：通过筛选鸽子基因组DNA文库，我们分离出了包含alpha（A）-globin基因的重组噬菌体克隆。确定了噬菌体克隆的约6kbp长的插入片段的DNA序列。该序列表明存在位于α（A）-球蛋白基因上游3.1 kbp处的鸽子α（D）-球蛋白基因。完整的球蛋白链的N-末端氨基酸序列也显示了晚期胚胎中α（D）-球蛋白的表达。这些结果表明，鸽子基因组中存在两个成年的α-球蛋白基因α（A）和α（D），并且α（D）-球蛋白在胚胎后期表达。该阶段特异性表达表明在成年阶段存在相互作用的调节元件和因子以抑制转录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the contribution of the CD5+ B cell to the preferential expression of VH 7183 and Q52 observed early in development was determined. CD5+ and CD5- B cells from BALB/c mice were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and the expression of particular VH gene families was determined directly by in situ hybridization. The results indicate that CD5+ B cells obtained from both adult and neonatal animals express Q52 at increased levels compared with CD5- B cells. Preferential expression of VH 7183 was observed only in the neonatal CD5- B cell subset. Thus, the increased expression of VH 7183 early in development is caused by the CD5- subset whereas increased Q52 expression is caused by the CD5+ subset. These results indicate that the fetal/neonatal conventional B cell is distinct from conventional adult B cells in terms of Ig gene repertoire expression.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，确定了CD5 B细胞对发育早期观察到的VH 7183和Q52优先表达的贡献。通过荧光激活细胞分选仪分离来自BALB / c小鼠的CD5和CD5-B细胞，并通过原位杂交直接确定特定VH基因家族的表达。结果表明，与CD5-B细胞相比，从成年和新生动物身上获得的CD5 B细胞表达的Q52含量都增加了。仅在新生儿CD5-B细胞亚群中观察到VH 7183的优先表达。因此，VH 7183在发育早期的表达增加是由CD5-亚群引起的，而Q52表达的增加是由CD5亚群引起的。这些结果表明，就Ig基因全集表达而言，胎儿/新生儿常规B细胞与常规成人B细胞是不同的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The exact mechanism for the decrease in intestinal calcium absorption with age is not yet understood. A decrease with age in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) or a decrease in the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein concentration are possible causes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of age on these factors. Fifty-nine young women age 25-35 years were compared with 41 elderly women age 65-83 years who underwent measurements of VDR, calcium absorption using a 20 mg and 100 mg calcium carrier, and calciotropic hormones. Calcium absorption by both tests was lower in the elderly women compared with the young women (p < 0.05). Serum 1,25(OH)2D and duodenal VDR protein concentration were not significantly different between the two age groups. Serum 1,25(OH)2D correlated with the 20 mg calcium absorption test in both young (r = 0.35, p < 0.007) and elderly women (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001) and with the 100 mg calcium absorption in the elderly (r = 0.32; p < 0.05). VDR did not correlate with calcium absorption in young women or elderly women, nor did VDR correlate with serum 1,25(OH)2D and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In summary, the decrease in calcium absorption cannot be explained by a decrease in intestinal VDR. The correlation between serum 1,25(OH)2D and both calcium absorption tests only accounts for 12-30% of the variance in the age-related change in the calcium absorption tests. Other factors, not yet understood, are responsible for the decline in calcium absorption with age.

背景与目标： 随着年龄的增长，肠道钙吸收减少的确切机制尚不清楚。血清1,25-二羟基维生素D（1,25（OH）2D）随着年龄的增长而减少或肠道维生素D受体（VDR）蛋白质的浓度降低是可能的原因。这项研究的目的是研究年龄对这些因素的影响。比较了59名年龄在25-35岁之间的年轻女性与41位年龄在65-83岁之间的女性，这些女性进行了VDR测量，使用20 mg和100 mg钙载体的钙吸收量以及亲钙性激素。与年轻女性相比，老年女性的两种测试中的钙吸收均较低（p <0.05）。在两个年龄组之间，血清1,25（OH）2D和十二指肠VDR蛋白浓度无显着差异。血清1,25（OH）2D与年轻（r = 0.35，p <0.007）和老年妇女（r = 0.58，p <0.0001）的20 mg钙吸收测试以及老年人的100 mg钙吸收相关（r ＝ 0.32； p ＜0.05）。 VDR与年轻妇女或老年妇女的钙吸收无关，也不与血清1,25（OH）2D和血清25-羟维生素D相关。 VDR。血清1,25（OH）2D与两种钙吸收测试之间的相关性仅占钙吸收测试中与年龄相关的变化方差的12％至30％。钙吸收随着年龄的增长而下降的其他原因尚不明确。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pseudomonas putida U does not degrade D-glucose through the glycolytic pathway but requires (i) its oxidation to D-gluconic acid by a peripherally located constitutive glucose dehydrogenase (insensitive to osmotic shock), (ii) accumulation of D-gluconic acid in the extracellular medium, and (iii) the induction of a specific energy-dependent transport system responsible for the uptake of D-gluconic acid. This uptake system showed maximal rates of transport at 30 degrees C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Under these conditions the K(m) calculated for D-gluconic acid was 6.7 microM. Furthermore, a different transport system, specific for the uptake of glucose, was also identified. It is active and shows maximal uptake rates at 35 degrees C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, with a K(m) value of 8.3 microM.

背景与目标： 恶臭假单胞菌U不会通过糖酵解途径降解D-葡萄糖，但需要（i）通过位于外围的组成型葡萄糖脱氢酶（对渗透压不敏感）将其氧化为D-葡萄糖酸，（ii）D-葡萄糖酸在D葡萄糖中的积累（iii）诱导负责摄取D-葡萄糖酸的特定能量依赖性转运系统。该摄取系统显示了在30 mC，pH 7.0的50 mM磷酸钾缓冲液中的最大运输速率。在这些条件下，D-葡萄糖酸的K（m）计算值为6.7 microM。此外，还发现了一个专门针对葡萄糖吸收的不同转运系统。它是有活性的，在35 m的50 mM磷酸钾缓冲液（pH 6.0）中显示最大吸收速率，K（m）值为8.3 microM。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Concern has been raised about the safety of assisted reproduction techniques for the offspring. OBJECTIVES:The objective of the study was to investigate postnatal growth and growth factors in children born after intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). DESIGN:The study had two cohorts: a population-based longitudinal infant cohort 0-36 months [236 ICSI, 173 IVF, 1530 naturally conceived (NC)], and a cross-sectional child cohort at 5 yr (68 ICSI, 67 IVF, 70 NC). INTERVENTION:Anthropometrical measurements were made at birth, 3, 18, 36 (infant cohort), and 60 months (child cohort), and blood samples were collected at 3 or 60 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, height, weight, head and abdominal circumference, body mass index, and fat folds were the main outcome measures. RESULTS:Anthropometrical measurements showed no significant differences between ICSI and IVF children and controls in either cohort. However, singleton ICSI girls [3.4 (0.6) kg, P = 0.008] had a slightly lower birth weight than IVF [3.5 (0.5) kg] and NC girls [3.5 (0.5) kg]. Birth weights of singleton boys [3.6 (0.5) kg], twin boys [2.6 (0.6) kg], and twin girls [2.4 (0.5) kg] did not differ between types of conception. In the infant cohort in 3-month-old singletons, serum IGF-I was lower in ICSI [78 (26) ng/ml] than NC boys [94 (27) ng/ml, P < 0.001] and IVF [74 (34) ng/ml], compared with NC girls [93 (43) ng/ml, P = 0.011]. ICSI children were also smaller than their target height (sd score) at 3 yr of age [mean -0.91 (1.2)], compared with NC children [-0.61 (0.9), P = 0.033]. In the child cohort, target height attainment (sd score) and growth factors did not differ among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS:The overall growth pattern of ICSI and IVF children in both cohorts was normal. Our findings of subtle differences in target height attainment and serum IGF-I levels between infants born after assisted reproduction techniques and controls may not be clinically significant. However, these observations indicate that further systematic follow-up of growth and puberty in these children is needed.

背景与目标： 背景：人们对后代辅助生殖技术的安全性表示关注。
目的：本研究的目的是调查胞浆内精子注射（ICSI）和体外受精（IVF）后出生的儿童的出生后生长和生长因子。
设计：该研究有两个队列：一个基于人群的纵向婴儿队列0-36个月[236 ICSI，173 IVF，1530自然受孕（NC）]，以及一个横断面儿童队列，在5年时（68 ICSI，67 IVF ，70 NC）。
干预措施：分别在出生时，3、18、36（婴儿队列）和60个月（儿童队列）进行人体测量，并在3或60个月时采集血样。
主要观察指标：血清IGF-I，IGFBP-3，身高，体重，头围和腹围，体重指数和脂肪褶皱是主要的观察指标。
结果：人体测量结果显示，ICSI和IVF儿童与对照组之间均无显着差异。但是，单身ICSI女孩[3.4（0.6）千克，P = 0.008]的出生体重略低于IVF [3.5（0.5）千克]和NC女孩[3.5（0.5）千克]。单胎男孩[3.6（0.5）千克]，双胞胎男孩[2.6（0.6）千克]和双胞胎女孩[2.4（0.5）千克]的出生体重在不同的受孕类型之间没有差异。在3个月大的单胎婴儿队列中，ICSI的血清IGF-I低于NC男孩[94（27）ng / ml，P <0.001]和IVF [74（ 34）ng / ml]，而NC女生则为[93（43）ng / ml，P = 0.011]。与3岁儿童相比，ICSI儿童在3岁时也小于其目标身高（sd评分）[平均-0.91（1.2）]，而NC儿童则为[-0.61（0.9），P = 0.033]。在儿童队列中，三组之间的目标身高获得（sd得分）和生长因子没有差异。
结论：两组人群ICSI和IVF儿童的总体生长方式均正常。我们在辅助生殖技术和对照后出生的婴儿之间的目标高度获得和血清IGF-I水平细微差异的发现可能在临床上并不重要。但是，这些观察结果表明，需要对这些儿童的生长和青春期进行进一步的系统随访。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:There are no direct comparisons of blood glucose values in samples collected with barrier serum tubes (SST) and NaF/potassium oxalate (NaF/KOx) plasma tubes. Collection of samples in SST tubes can offer considerable savings and specimen processing advantages for national level surveys. DESIGN AND METHODS:Serum and plasma samples were collected under 'field conditions' from a single draw of 3692 individuals participating in the Canadian Health Measures Survey. The samples were analyzed retrospectively using the VITROS GLU Slide method (glucose oxidase-based). RESULTS:There was a high rate of hemolysis in the NaF/KOx tubes (86.2%) while hemolysis was infrequently observed with the SST tubes (2%). Comparing only blood draws where no hemolysis was observed in both tubes (n=495; paired t-test) showed no effect of tube type on serum/plasma glucose concentrations. This was also observed when data was restricted to cases when only SST samples were not hemolyzed (n=3546; paired t-test). CONCLUSIONS:These data show that both collection tubes can be used under survey collection and processing conditions to measure glucose with our assay system with no difference in reported results.

背景与目标： 目的：尚无直接比较采用屏障血清试管（SST）和NaF /草酸钾（NaF / KOx）血浆试管收集的样本中血糖值的方法。在SST管中收集样品可以为国家级调查提供大量的节省和样品处理的优势。
设计与方法：在“现场条件”下从参加加拿大卫生措施调查的3692个人中抽取了血清和血浆样品。使用VITROS GLU Slide方法（基于葡萄糖氧化酶）对样品进行回顾性分析。
结果：NaF / KOx管的溶血率很高（86.2％），而SST管的溶血率很少（2％）。仅比较在两个试管中均未观察到溶血的抽血情况（n = 495；配对t检验）显示试管类型对血清/血浆葡萄糖浓度无影响。当数据仅限于仅不对SST样品进行溶血的情况时（n = 3546；配对t检验），也可以观察到这一点。
结论：这些数据表明，在我们的测定系统中，两个收集管均可在调查收集和处理条件下用于测量葡萄糖，报道的结果没有差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:To investigate the relationship between the levels of serum complement C1q and the risk and severity of acute ischemic stroke, a total of 154 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 42 healthy volunteers as normal controls were enrolled in the present study. METHODS:According to the onset time of stroke, patients were divided into three groups. Using an immune transmission turbidity method, the levels of serum complement C1q were detected to investigate the relationship between the level of serum complement C1q and the incidence and severity of acute ischemic stroke. The risk factors of these groups were calculated using a conditional logistic regression model. The assessment of neurological function impairment was carried out according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Then correlation anal- ysis was carried out between the level of serum complement C1q among patients with acute ischemic stroke and the degree of neurological function impairment. RESULTS:The results showed that the level of serum complement C1q was higher in the ischemic stroke group than in the control group. Using a conditional logistic regression model it was discovered that serum complement C1q was the independent pathogenic factor of cerebral infarction. There also was a decreasing trend in the level of serum complement C1q with the extension of the onset time and an increasing trend in the level of serum complement C1q with the increase in the maximum diameter of infarction volume. CONCLUSIONS:Serum complement C1q is an independent risk factor for acute outbreak of ischemic stroke, whose level is closely related to the outbreak and infarct size and neurological function impairment.

背景与目标： 背景：为了研究血清补体C1q水平与急性缺血性中风的风险和严重程度之间的关系，本研究共纳入154例急性缺血性中风患者和42名健康志愿者作为正常对照。
方法：根据中风的发作时间，将患者分为三组。采用免疫传递浊度法检测血清补体C1q水平，以探讨血清补体C1q水平与急性缺血性脑卒中的发生率和严重程度之间的关系。使用条件逻辑回归模型计算这些组的危险因素。根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表对神经功能损害进行评估。然后在急性缺血性卒中患者的血清补体C1q水平与神经功能损害程度之间进行相关分析。
结果：缺血性中风组血清补体C1q水平高于对照组。使用条件逻辑回归模型，发现血清补体C1q是脑梗死的独立致病因素。随着发作时间的延长，血清补体C1q的水平也有降低的趋势，并且随着梗死体积的最大直径的增加，血清补体C1q的水平也有增加的趋势。
结论：血清补体C1q是缺血性卒中急性发作的独立危险因素，其水平与发作，梗死面积和神经功能损害密切相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, growing interest in vitamin D has emerged from findings that demonstrate a low vitamin D status in populations. Similarly, much interest has been shown in the role that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) plays in reproductive physiology. Considerable confusion as to whether vitamin D status is related to ovarian function can be found in the literature. Our retrospective study was performed from June 2014 to April 2015. Oocyte donors were recruited and stimulated under the antagonist protocol with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to trigger ovulation. In 851 stimulation cycles, we determined the association among serum total and bioavailable vitamin D levels, ovarian reserve and response to ovarian stimulation and the reproductive outcome in their recipients. We showed that vitamin D levels were unrelated to ovarian reserve or ovarian response after ovarian stimulation; in oocyte recipients, gestational outcome did not differ according to a donor's vitamin D serum status. No correlation was observed between serum AMH and vitamin D. Bioavailable vitamin D was not related to recipients' ongoing pregnancy rate. Highly prevalent vitamin D insufficiency neither impaired ovarian reserve nor response or oocyte quality in egg donors. No evidence was found for recommending the analysis of vitamin D status in oocyte donors.

背景与目标： ：最近，发现维生素D的人群中维生素D含量低的发现已引起人们对维生素D的日益增长的兴趣。同样，人们已经对抗苗勒氏管激素（AMH）在生殖生理中的作用表现出了极大的兴趣。关于维生素D状态是否与卵巢功能有关的大量混淆可以在文献中找到。我们的回顾性研究于2014年6月至2015年4月进行。在促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）激动剂的拮抗方案下，募集卵母细胞供体并对其进行刺激以触发排卵。在851个刺激周期中，我们确定了血清总维生素D和生物有效性维生素D水平，卵巢储备以及对卵巢刺激的反应以及其受体的生殖结局之间的关联。我们发现维生素D水平与卵巢刺激后的卵巢储备或卵巢反应无关。在卵母细胞受体中，妊娠结果根据供体的维生素D血清状态而不同。血清AMH与维生素D之间没有相关性。可利用的维生素D与接受者的持续妊娠率无关。高度普遍的维生素D缺乏症既不损害卵子捐献者的卵巢储备，也不损害其反应或卵母细胞质量。没有证据表明建议对卵母细胞供体中的维生素D状况进行分析。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Interleukin-17 (IL-17), which is secreted by Th17 cells, is a proinflammatory cytokine that is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and plays a role in nonresponse of MS patients to interferon-β (IFN-β) therapy. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to establish a correlation between nonresponders (NR) and IL-17A serum titers and binding antibodies (BAbs) to IFN-β, as well as to find a correlation between IL-17A serum levels and other features of MS patients. METHODS:Our prospective study included 72 inactive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients that had been treated for at least 18 months with IFN-β and 15 healthy subjects. We determined the serum levels of IL-17A and of BAbs. IL-17A levels were considered elevated (IL-17A+) if the recorded value was greater than 1.6 pg/ml. RESULTS:Twenty-seven patients (37.5%) were NR and had a significantly higher serum IL-17A level compared to the responders group. Nineteen patients (26.4%) were IL-17A+ and had had a significantly higher number of relapses in the previous year and a higher Expanded Disability Status Score. The majority of IL-17A+ patients were NR and had a shorter MS duration. CONCLUSIONS:RRMS patients with high serum IL-17A levels do not respond well to IFN-β therapy and have shorter MS duration compared to patients with low IL-17A levels. This response is not influenced by the presence of BAbs.

背景与目标： 背景：Th17细胞分泌的白细胞介素17（IL-17）是一种促炎细胞因子，与多发性硬化症（MS）的发病机制有关，并且在MS患者对干扰素-β（IFN-α）无反应中起作用β）疗法。
目的：本研究的目的是建立无应答者（NR）与IL-17A血清滴度和针对IFN-β的结合抗体（BAbs）之间的相关性，以及找出IL-17A血清水平与其他特征之间的相关性MS患者。
方法：我们的前瞻性研究包括72例接受IFN-β治疗至少18个月的非活动性复发缓解型多发性硬化症（RRMS）患者和15名健康受试者。我们确定了IL-17A和BAbs的血清水平。如果记录值大于1.6 pg / ml，则认为IL-17A水平升高（IL-17A）。
结果：27名患者（37.5％）为NR，与应答者组相比，血清IL-17A水平显着更高。 19名患者（26.4％）为IL-17A，在前一年中复发率明显更高，而“扩展残疾状态评分”更高。大多数IL-17A患者为NR，MS病程较短。
结论：与低IL-17A水平的患者相比，血清IL-17A水平高的RRMS患者对IFN-β治疗的反应不佳，MS病程较短。该反应不受BAbs的存在的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Differentiation-inducing factor-1 [1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one (DIF-1)] is an important regulator of cell differentiation and chemotaxis in the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum However, the entire signaling pathways downstream of DIF-1 remain to be elucidated. To characterize DIF-1 and its potential receptor(s), we synthesized two fluorescent derivatives of DIF-1, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-conjugated DIF-1 (DIF-1-BODIPY) and nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-conjugated DIF-1 (DIF-1-NBD), and investigated their biological activities and cellular localization. DIF-1-BODIPY (5 µM) and DIF-1 (2 nM) induced stalk cell differentiation in the DIF-deficient strain HM44 in the presence of cyclic adenosine monosphosphate (cAMP), whereas DIF-1-NBD (5 µM) hardly induced stalk cell differentiation under the same conditions. Microscopic analyses revealed that the biologically active derivative, DIF-1-BODIPY, was incorporated by stalk cells at late stages of differentiation and was localized to mitochondria. The mitochondrial uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), at 25-50 nM, and dinitrophenol (DNP), at 2.5-5 µM, induced partial stalk cell differentiation in HM44 in the presence of cAMP. DIF-1-BODIPY (1-2 µM) and DIF-1 (10 nM), as well as CCCP and DNP, suppressed chemotaxis in the wild-type strain Ax2 in shallow cAMP gradients. These results suggest that DIF-1-BODIPY and DIF-1 induce stalk cell differentiation and modulate chemotaxis, at least in part, by disturbing mitochondrial activity.

背景与目标： ：诱导分化因子-1 [1-（3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxymethoxy）hexan-1-one（DIF-1）]是发育过程中细胞分化和趋化性的重要调节剂细胞粘液霉菌盘基网柄菌的形成，然而，DIF-1下游的整个信号传导途径仍有待阐明。为了表征DIF-1及其潜在的受体，我们合成了DIF-1的两种荧光衍生物，硼二吡咯亚甲基（BODIPY）偶联的DIF-1（DIF-1-BODIPY）和硝基苯并二唑（NBD）偶联的DIF- 1（DIF-1-NBD），并研究了它们的生物学活性和细胞定位。在存在环磷酸单磷酸腺苷（cAMP）的情况下，DIF-1-BODIPY（5μm）和DIF-1（2μm）在DIF缺陷菌株HM44中诱导茎细胞分化，而DIF-1-NBD（5μm）几乎没有在相同条件下诱导茎细胞分化。显微分析表明，具有生物活性的衍生物DIF-1-BODIPY在分化后期被茎细胞掺入并定位于线粒体。线粒体解偶联剂羰基氰化物间氯苯hydr（CCCP）（25-50nM）和二硝基苯酚（DNP）（2.5-5μm）在cAMP存在下诱导HM44部分茎细胞分化。 DIF-1-BODIPY（1-2μM）和DIF-1（10μnM）以及CCCP和DNP在浅cAMP梯度中抑制了野生型菌株Ax2的趋化性。这些结果表明，DIF-1-BODIPY和DIF-1至少部分地通过干扰线粒体活性来诱导茎细胞分化并调节趋化性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is the major target antigen in primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Previous studies have evaluated the diagnostic value of serum anti-PLA2R antibody. However, the correlation of serum anti-PLA2R antibody and glomerular PLA2R deposition, and their association with clinical characteristics need to be further evaluated.A total of 136 patients were involved as inception group because serum anti-PLA2R antibody and glomerular PLA2R antigen were simultaneously measured. We examined serum anti-PLA2R antibody by ELISA and glomerular PLA2R deposition by immunofluorescence assay.Positive serum anti-PLA2R antibody and glomerular PLA2R deposition were seen in 58.8% (80/136) and 95.6% (130/136) patients, respectively (P < .001). Proteinuria, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had significant differences between patients with serum anti-PLA2R antibody and those without. Serum anti-PLA2R antibody levels were correlated with serum albumin, serum creatinine, eGFR, and proteinuria. Glomerular PLA2R deposition intensities were weakly correlated with proteinuria. Unexpectedly, there was a positive correlation rather than a negative correlation between glomerular PLA2R deposition intensity and eGFR.In conclusion, serum anti-PLA2R antibody is more closely correlated with disease activity and renal function than glomerular PLA2R deposition.

背景与目标： ：M型磷脂酶A2受体（PLA2R）是原发性膜性肾病（PMN）的主要靶抗原。先前的研究已经评估了血清抗PLA2R抗体的诊断价值。然而，血清抗PLA2R抗体与肾小球PLA2R沉积的相关性及其与临床特征的相关性需要进一步评估。由于同时检测了血清抗PLA2R抗体和肾小球PLA2R抗原，因此共有136例患者入组。 。我们通过ELISA检测了血清抗PLA2R抗体，并通过免疫荧光法检测了肾小球PLA2R沉积。分别在58.8％（80/136）和95.6％（130/136）患者中观察到阳性血清抗PLA2R抗体和肾小球PLA2R沉积（P <.001）。蛋白尿，血清总蛋白，血清白蛋白，血清肌酐和估计的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）在有血清抗PLA2R抗体的患者和没有血清抗PLA2R抗体的患者之间有显着差异。血清抗PLA2R抗体水平与血清​​白蛋白，血清肌酐，eGFR和蛋白尿相关。肾小球PLA2R沉积强度与蛋白尿弱相关。出乎意料的是，肾小球PLA2R沉积强度与eGFR之间呈正相关而非负相关。总之，血清抗PLA2R抗体与肾小球PLA2R沉积与疾病活动性和肾功能之间的相关性更高。