BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Individuals living in malaria endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status. However, whether this is good or bad for the development of immunity to malaria, is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the MOI in asymptomatic children between two and ten years of age and to relate it to erythrocyte variants, clinical attacks, transmission levels and other parasitological indexes. METHODS:Study took place in Niakhar area in Senegal, where malaria is mesoendemic and seasonal. Three hundred and seventy two asymptomatic children were included. Sickle-cell trait, G6PD deficiency (A- and Santamaria) and alpha+-thalassaemia (-alpha3.7 type) were determined using PCR. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection, i.e. number of concurrent clones, was defined by PCR-based genotyping of the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2), before and at the end of the malaria transmission season. The chi2-test, ANOVA, multivariate linear regression and logistic regression statistical tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS:MOI was significantly higher at the end of transmission season. The majority of PCR positive subjects had multiple infections at both time points (64% before and 87% after the transmission season). MOI did not increase in alpha-thalassaemic and G6PD mutated children. The ABO system and HbAS did not affect MOI at any time points. No association between MOI and clinical attack was observed. MOI did not vary over age at any time points. There was a significant correlation between MOI and parasite density, as the higher parasite counts increases the probability of having multiple infections. CONCLUSION:Taken together our data revealed that alpha-thalassaemia may have a role in protection against certain parasite strains. The protection against the increase in MOI after the transmission season conferred by G6PD deficiency is probably due to clearance of the malaria parasite at early stages of infection. The ABO system and HbAS are involved in the severity of the disease but do not affect asymptomatic infections. MOI was not age-dependent, in the range of two to ten years, but was correlated with parasite density. However some of these observations need to be confirmed including larger sample size with broader age range and using other msp2 genotyping method.

背景与目标： 背景：生活在疟疾流行地区的人们通常会携带多种寄生虫菌株。感染复数（MOI）可以指示免疫状态。但是，这对发展抗疟疾免疫力的好坏仍然是一个有争议的问题。这项研究旨在检查2至10岁无症状儿童的MOI，并将其与红细胞变异，临床发作，传播水平和其他寄生虫学指标相关联。
方法：研究在塞内加尔的尼亚卡（Niakhar）地区进行，那里的疟疾是中流行和季节性的。包括372例无症状儿童。使用PCR确定镰刀状细胞性状，G6PD缺乏症（A型和桑塔马里亚）和α地中海贫血（α3.7型）。在疟疾传播季节之前和结束时，通过基于PCR的裂殖子表面蛋白2（msp2）的基因分型来确定恶性疟原虫感染的多样性，即同时发生的克隆数。使用chi2-test，ANOVA，多元线性回归和logistic回归统计检验进行数据分析。
结果：在传播季节结束时，MOI明显更高。大多数PCR阳性受试者在两个时间点都有多重感染（传播季节之前为64％，传播季节之后为87％）。在地中海贫血和G6PD突变的儿童中，MOI没有增加。 ABO系统和HbAS在任何时候都不会影响MOI。没有观察到MOI与临床发作之间的关联。 MOI在任何时候都不会随年龄而变化。 MOI与寄生虫密度之间存在显着相关性，因为更高的寄生虫计数会增加发生多次感染的可能性。
结论：汇总我们的数据表明，α地中海贫血可能在预防某些寄生虫菌株中起作用。 G6PD缺乏导致的传播季节后，防止MOI升高的保护措施可能是由于在感染早期清除了疟原虫所致。 ABO系统和HbAS与疾病的严重程度有关，但不影响无症状感染。 MOI不受年龄限制，范围为2至10年，但与寄生虫密度相关。但是，其中一些观察结果需要确认，包括更大的样本量，更宽的年龄范围以及使用其他msp2基因分型方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the potential for domestic and wild populations of Aedes aegypti from Dakar and Kedougou to develop a disseminated infection after exposure to DENV-3 and DENV-1. METHODS:We have exposed sylvatic and urban population of Ae. aegypti from Senegal to bloomeals containing dengue serotype 1 and 3. At different incubation period, individual mosquito legs/wings and bodies were tested for virus presence using real time RT-PCR to estimate the infection and dissemination rates. RESULTS:The data indicated low susceptibility to DENV-3 (infection: 2.4-15.2%, and dissemination rates: 0-8.3%) and higher susceptibility to DENV-1 (infection and dissemination rates up to 50%). CONCLUSION:Aedes aegypti from Senegal seem able to develop a disseminated infection of DENV-1 and DENV-3. Further studies are needed to test their ability to transmit the two serotypes.

背景与目标： 目的：研究达喀尔和克杜古的埃及伊蚊的家养和野生种群在接触DENV-3和DENV-1后发展为传播性感染的潜力。
方法：我们暴露了Ae的动荡的城市人口。从塞内加尔到包括登革热血清型1和3的大片埃及埃及蚊。在不同的潜伏期，使用实时RT-PCR检测单个蚊子的腿/翼和尸体是否存在病毒，以评估感染和传播率。
结果：数据表明对DENV-3的敏感性较低（感染：2.4-15.2％，传播率：0-8.3％），对DENV-1的敏感性较高（感染和传播率高达50％）。
结论：塞内加尔的埃及伊蚊似乎能够传播DENV-1和DENV-3的传播感染。需要进一步研究以测试其传播两种血清型的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Prostate cancer is a common disease, which continues to be discovered at advanced stages in Africa, despite improved diagnostic tools. AIM:The authors report the experience of the Department of Urology, General Hospital of Grand Yoff Dakar in the diagnostic of advanced prostate cancer. MATERIAL:This was a retrospective descriptive study on patients followed for advanced prostate cancer during the period from January 1st, 2004 to May 31st, 2010. RESULTS:There were 102 people aged from 51 to 96 years with an average of 71 ± 9 years. A comorbid condition was associated in 24.5 % of cases. The circumstances of discovery were pain (32 cases), neurological signs (17 cases), and urinary disorders. DRE had objectified an abnormality in all patients. The serum levels of prostate specific antigen ranged from 5.88 ng/mL to 21,660 ng/mL, with an average of 1447.57 ± 812 ng/mL. A prostate biopsy was performed in 44 patients and prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 97.7 % of cases with Gleason scores greater than 7 (33 cases). We found different metastatic sites at vertebral column (23 cases), at lung (14 cases), and on pelvic bones (11 cases). CONCLUSION:The prostate cancer is a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis is not made early in developing countries. We need a strategic plan to improve the early screening and we should develop supportive care too because of the high number of advanced cases diagnosed in our context.

背景与目标： 前列腺癌是一种常见疾病，尽管诊断工具得到了改进，但在非洲的晚期仍继续发现。
目的：作者报告了大雅夫达喀尔总医院泌尿外科在诊断晚期前列腺癌方面的经验。
材料：这是一项回顾性描述性研究，研究对象为2004年1月1日至2010年5月31日期间晚期前列腺癌患者。
结果：102人的年龄从51岁到96岁，平均71±9岁。 24.5％的病例合并有合并症。发现的情况为疼痛（32例），神经系统症状（17例）和泌尿系统疾病。 DRE认为所有患者均异常。前列腺特异性抗原的血清水平范围为5.88 ng / mL至21,660 ng / mL，平均为1447.57±812 ng / mL。 Gleason评分大于7（33例）的44例患者进行了前列腺活检，发现97.7％的前列腺腺癌。我们在椎骨柱（23例），肺部（14例）和骨盆骨头（11例）上发现了不同的转移部位。
结论：前列腺癌是一种严重的疾病，发病率高，死亡率高。在发展中国家并没有早期作出诊断。我们需要一项战略计划来改善早期筛查，并且由于在我们的情况下诊断出的大量晚期病例，我们也应该开发支持性护理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 2003, the high level of chloroquine (CQ) treatment failure for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases has led Senegal to adopt a new combination therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine (SP-AQ). From September through November 2004, we used the 14-day World Health Organization follow-up protocol to assess the therapeutic response in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in an area of high prevalence of pfcrt T76 mutant allele and SP resistance mutations. Of the 82 patients who were recruited, 68 (82.9%) completed follow-up. The response of the patients to treatment was adequate clinical response for 63 out of 68 patients (92.6%), while five (7.4%) clinical failures were recorded, four early treatment failures, and one late treatment failure. The prevalence of the pfcrt T76 allele at day 0 was 59.5%. The two-sided Fisher's exact test did not show an association between pfcrt T76 allele and treatment failure (p=0.167). The transitory treatment is effective and safe. However, the presence of high levels of mutant alleles points out the need to closely monitor the new therapeutic regimen.

背景与目标： ：2003年，高氯氯喹（CQ）疗法在无并发症恶性疟原虫疟疾病例中的失败导致塞内加尔采用磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶和阿莫地喹（SP-AQ）的新联合疗法。从2004年9月到2004年11月，我们使用了为期14天的世界卫生组织随访方案来评估pfcrt T76突变等位基因和SP抗性突变高发地区的单纯性恶性疟原虫疟疾的治疗效果。在新招募的82位患者中，有68位（82.9％）完成了随访。 68例患者中有63例（92.6％）的患者对治疗的反应是足够的临床反应，而记录到5例（7.4％）临床失败，4例早期治疗失败和1例晚期治疗失败。 pfcrt T76等位基因在第0天的患病率为59.5％。双面Fisher精确检验未显示pfcrt T76等位基因与治疗失败之间的相关性（p = 0.167）。临时治疗是有效和安全的。然而，高水平的突变等位基因的存在表明需要密切监测新的治疗方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Periodicity of repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia (rLEH) in apes from high latitudes with single wet and dry seasons annually has not been described. We reconstruct periodicity and duration of rLEH in canine teeth from three recently deceased chimpanzees from Fongoli, Senegal with a marked seven-month dry season. High-resolution dental molds were taken in the field for magnified imaging with digital microscopy. Photomontages allowed counting of perikymata between episodes of rLEH for reconstruction of periodicity and duration of physiological stress. Where rLEH spans the imbricational enamel, the number of events is consistent with years required to form canine imbricational enamel; i.e., periodicity of rLEH seems circannual. We predicted perikymata counts between rLEH events ranging from 52 to 61 based on reported "long counts" of 7-6 days. Counts ranged from 29.5 to 44, individual mean of 36.7. This discrepancy could be explained by recurrent stress with a periodicity of 7.2-8.4 months, or by long counts of 10 days per stria. Neither is supported in the literature. Since we find evidence of rLEH with circannual periodicity, we postulate the existence of non-emergent imbricational striae. Based on evidence that stress at Fongoli recurs annually, we reconstruct stress duration of 2-3 months, longer than reported for chimpanzees living in other habitats, which we attribute to heat stress and food shortage near shrinking waterholes. We conclude that canine teeth from a small mortality cohort of chimpanzees at Fongoli preserve a faithful record of dry season stress in an extreme environment.

背景与目标： ：没有描述高纬度地区的猿类每年反复出现干湿季节的周期性线性釉质发育不全（rLEH）的周期性。我们从塞内加尔丰戈里最近死去的三只黑猩猩重建了犬齿中rLEH的周期性和持续时间，旱季明显达到七个月。在现场拍摄高分辨率牙科模具，用数字显微镜放大成像。蒙太奇可以计数rLEH发作之间的周膜生瘤，以重建生理应激的周期性和持续时间。如果rLEH跨越了釉质搪瓷，则事件的数量与形成犬类釉质搪瓷所需的年数一致；即，rLEH的周期性似乎是周期性的。我们根据报告的7-6天的“长计数”，预测了rLEH事件之间的周膜计数在52到61之间。计数范围从29.5到44，单个平均值为36.7。这种差异可以通过周期性压力为7.2-8.4个月的周期性压力或每个条纹10天的长时间计数来解释。文献均未对此提供支持。由于我们发现rLEH具有周期性周期性的证据，因此我们假定存在非紧急性的纹状体。基于Fongoli的压力每年再次发生的证据，我们将压力持续时间重构为2-3个月，比生活在其他栖息地的黑猩猩报告的时间更长，这归因于热压力和缩小的水坑附近的食物短缺。我们得出的结论是，来自Fongoli的一小群黑猩猩的死亡队列中的犬齿在极端环境下保持了旱季压力的真实记录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mosquito net ownership is rising in sub-Saharan Africa but will substantially reduce malaria only if nets are used and the most vulnerable household members sleep under them. We used data from 9 large-scale household surveys conducted in 6 African countries from 2000 to 2004 that enumerated all household members and nets owned, analyzing only net-owning households. Across countries, women of reproductive age and children under 5 (without gender bias) were most likely to use the net; least likely were children of age 5-14 and adult males. Nets commonly covered 2-3 people. If a baby net was used, fewer people used the family net. Pregnant women were more likely to use a net in 2004 than in 2000. In several countries, a sizable minority of nets owned were not used. Understanding intra-household net-use patterns helps malaria control programs more effectively direct their efforts to increase their public health impact.

背景与目标： ：在撒哈拉以南非洲，蚊帐的所有权正在增加，但只有使用蚊帐并且最脆弱的家庭成员在蚊帐下面睡觉，才能大大减少疟疾。我们使用了2000年至2004年在6个非洲国家/地区进行的9项大规模家庭调查的数据，其中列举了所有家庭成员和所拥有的网，仅分析了拥有网的家庭。在各个国家/地区，育龄妇女和5岁以下儿童（无性别偏见）最有可能使用该网络；最不可能的是5-14岁的儿童和成年男性。蚊帐通常覆盖2-3人。如果使用婴儿网，则使用家庭网的人数会减少。与2000年相比，2004年孕妇使用网的可能性更高。在一些国家中，未使用相当数量的网。了解家庭内部的网络使用方式有助于疟疾控制计划更有效地指导其努力，以增加其对公共卫生的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We used the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method to evaluate the genetic diversity of 46 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from chickens and to determine the link between quinolone resistance and sequence type (ST). There were a total of 16 ST genotypes, and the majority of them belonged to seven clonal complexes previously identified by using isolates from human disease. The ST-353 complex was the most common complex, whereas the ST-21, ST-42, ST-52, and ST-257 complexes were less well represented. The resistance phenotype varied for each ST, and the Thr-86-Ile substitution in the GyrA protein was the predominant mechanism of resistance to quinolone. Nine of the 14 isolates having the Thr-86-Ile substitution belonged to the ST-353 complex. MLST showed that the emergence of quinolone resistance is not related to the diffusion of a unique clone and that there is no link between ST genotype and quinolone resistance. Based on silent mutations, different variants of the gyrA gene were shown to exist for the same ST. These data provide useful information for understanding the epidemiology of C. jejuni in Senegal.

背景与目标： ：我们使用多基因座序列分型（MLST）方法评估了鸡中46株空肠弯曲杆菌分离株的遗传多样性，并确定了喹诺酮耐药性与序列类型（ST）之间的联系。一共有16种ST基因型，其中大多数属于先前使用人类疾病分离株鉴定出的7种克隆复合体。 ST-353复合物是最常见的复合物，而ST-21，ST-42，ST-52和ST-257复合物的代表性较差。每个ST的抗性表型各不相同，GyrA蛋白中的Thr-86-Ile取代是对喹诺酮抗性的主要机制。具有Thr-86-Ile取代的14个分离株中有9个属于ST-353复合体。 MLST表明，喹诺酮耐药性的出现与独特克隆的扩散无关，并且ST基因型与喹诺酮耐药性之间没有联系。基于沉默突变，表明对于同一ST存在gyrA基因的不同变体。这些数据为了解塞内加尔空肠弯曲杆菌的流行病学提供了有用的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

背景与目标： ：已发布对本文的修订，可以通过原始文章访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The seroprevalence against heartwater for maure zebus coming from Mali and Mauritania is analysed by indirect ELISA using the major antigenic protein number 1-B (MAP1-B). Sero-epidemiological results realized on maure zebu cattle give a good adequation between the abundance or absence of the vector tick in the two countries for 98% of prevalence in Mali (infected area) and 0% of prevalence in Mauritania (non infected area).

背景与目标： ：使用主要抗原蛋白编号1-B（MAP1-B），通过间接ELISA分析了来自马里和毛里塔尼亚的毛ure虫对心脏水的血清阳性率。在毛泽布牛身上获得的血清流行病学结果使两个国家的病媒数量丰富或不存在之间有充分的平衡，其中马里（感染地区）的患病率为98％，毛里塔尼亚（非感染地区）的患病率为0％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) enable point-of-care testing to be nearly as sensitive and specific as reference microscopy. The Senegal National Malaria Control Programme introduced RDTs in 2007, along with a case management algorithm for uncomplicated febrile illness, in which the first step stipulates that if a febrile patient of any age has symptoms indicative of febrile illness other than malaria (e.g., cough or rash), they would not be tested for malaria, but treated for the apparent illness and receive an RDT for malaria only if they returned in 48 h without improvement. METHODS:A year-long study in 16 health posts was conducted to determine the algorithm's capacity to identify patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection identifiable by RDT. Health post personnel enrolled patients of all ages with fever (≥37.5 °C) or history of fever in the previous 2 days. After clinical assessment, a nurse staffing the health post determined whether a patient should receive an RDT according to the diagnostic algorithm, but performed an RDT for all enrolled patients. RESULTS:Over 1 year, 6039 patients were enrolled and 58% (3483) were determined to require an RDT according to the algorithm. Overall, 23% (1373/6039) had a positive RDT, 34% (1130/3376) during rainy season and 9% (243/2661) during dry season. The first step of the algorithm identified only 78% of patients with a positive RDT, varying by transmission season (rainy 80%, dry 70%), malaria transmission zone (high 75%, low 95%), and age group (under 5 years 68%, 5 years and older 84%). CONCLUSIONS:In all but the lowest malaria transmission zone, use of the algorithm excludes an unacceptably large proportion of patients with malaria from receiving an RDT at their first visit, denying them timely diagnosis and treatment. While the algorithm was adopted within a context of malaria control and scarce resources, with the goal of treating patients with symptomatic malaria, Senegal has now adopted a policy of universal diagnosis of patients with fever or history of fever. In addition, in the current context of malaria elimination, the paradigm of case management needs to shift towards the identification and treatment of all patients with malaria infection.

背景与目标： 背景：疟疾快速诊断测试（RDT）使即时检验与参考显微镜一样灵敏，特异。塞内加尔国家疟疾控制计划于2007年引入了RDTs，并提供了一种针对非复杂性高热疾病的病例管理算法，其中第一步规定，如果任何年龄的高热患者都有除疟疾以外的其他指示高热疾病的症状（例如，咳嗽或咳嗽或其他疾病）。皮疹），将不会对他们进行疟疾测试，而是对明显的疾病进行治疗，并且只有在48小时内没有改善的情况下，他们才能接受针对疟疾的RDT。
方法：在16个卫生站进行了为期一年的研究，以确定该算法对RDT可识别的恶性疟原虫感染患者的识别能力。卫生岗位人员招募了所有年龄在过去2天内发烧（≥37.5°C）或有发烧史的患者。经过临床评估后，派驻卫生岗位的护士根据诊断算法确定患者是否应接受RDT，但对所有入组患者均进行了RDT。
结果：在1年多的时间里，共有6039例患者入组，并根据算法确定有58％（3483）需要进行RDT。总体而言，RDT值为23％（1373/6039），雨季为34％（1130/3376），旱季为9％（243/2661）。算法的第一步仅确定78％的RDT阳性患者，随传播季节（多雨80％，干燥70％），疟疾传播区（高75％，低95％）和年龄段（5岁以下）而异岁68％，5岁及以上84％）。
结论：在除疟疾传播最低的地区以外的所有地区，该算法的使用都将不可接受的很大比例的疟疾患者排除在首次就诊时接受RDT的治疗，从而拒绝了他们及时的诊断和治疗。尽管在控制疟疾和资源匮乏的情况下采用了该算法，但以治疗有症状疟疾的患者为目标，塞内加尔现已采取了对发热或发热史患者进行普遍诊断的政策。另外，在当前消除疟疾的背景下，病例管理的模式需要转向识别和治疗所有疟疾感染患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Malnutrition is responsible globally for 60% of deaths among children under 5 years and is often attributed to suboptimal feeding practices. In response, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. The objective of this study was to determine if an association exists between the early introduction of water and complementary foods (CFs) and the nutritional status of children in northern Senegal. DESIGN/SETTING/SUBJECTS:A cross-sectional study of 374 children in the Podor Health District between the ages of 6 and 23 months was conducted. Knowledge and behaviours of mothers regarding introduction of water and CFs were assessed via individual interviews. RESULTS:Water was introduced to about 85% of the children in the first 3 months of life and 62% were fed CFs before 6 months. Overall, 16% had clinically significant wasting (weight-for-length Z-score (WHZ) less than - 2) and 20% had stunting (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) less than - 2). There was no significant association between wasting or stunting and introduction of water before 3 months (WHZ: odds ratio = 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.46-2.14, P = 0.97; HAZ: 0.68, 0.34-1.36, P = 0.3) or introduction of CFs before 6 months (WHZ: 0.81, 0.46-1.42, P = 0.5; HAZ: 0.79, 0.46-1.35, P = 0.4). A significant association was found between wasting and male sex, age, living in Guede community, drinking river/pond water and large family size, while stunting was associated with age and drinking tap water. CONCLUSION:The results of the present study suggest that early introduction of water and CFs is frequent and is not associated with increased risk for malnutrition among children from this region of northern Senegal, but the possibility of reverse causality cannot be excluded.

背景与目标： 目的：营养不良是造成5岁以下儿童死亡的60％的全球原因，通常归因于最佳的喂养方式。作为回应，世界卫生组织建议在生命的头6个月内纯母乳喂养。这项研究的目的是确定在塞内加尔北部儿童的早期饮水和补充食品（CFs）与儿童的营养状况之间是否存在关联。
设计/设置/主题：对Podor Health地区6至23个月大的374名儿童进行了横断面研究。通过个人访谈评估了母亲在引入水和CFs方面的知识和行为。
结果：在出生后的头三个月中，约有85％的孩子有水，并且有62％的孩子在6个月前喂了CF。总体而言，有16％的患者有临床上的显着消瘦（体重Z值（WHZ）小于-2），发育迟缓（年龄Z值（HAZ）小于-2）为20％。浪费或发育迟缓与3个月前的饮水之间没有显着关联（WHZ：比值比= 0.99，95％置信区间0.46-2.14，P = 0.97; HAZ：0.68，0.34-1.36，P = 0.3） 6个月前的CFs（WHZ：0.81，0.46-1.42，P = 0.5; HAZ：0.79，0.46-1.35，P = 0.4）。发现消瘦与男性，年龄，居住在Guede社区，饮用河水/池塘水和大家庭规模之间存在显着关联，而发育迟缓则与年龄和饮用自来水有关。
结论：本研究结果表明，塞内加尔北部该地区儿童早期饮水和CF的频率较高，与营养不良的风险增加无关，但不能排除因果关系逆转的可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The efficiency of bird-baited traps and collection heights for sampling potential West Nile mosquito vectors was studied during the 2006 rainy season (between September 27 and November 26) in Barkedji area situated in the sahelian area of Senegal (West Africa). Each night, two traps were set on the ground-level and two on the canopylevel (approximately 3 m) each containing either a chicken or a pigeon, the traps being rotated the following nights. A total of 1,030 mosquitoes were collected using 66 traps-nights. Culex species were predominant and represented 92.2% of the fauna of which 63% belonged to Cx. neavei group Theobald whereas 23.8% were Cx poicilipes (Theobald). The species of the Cx. neavei group were mainly collected by the pigeon-baited trap at canopy while Cx. poicilipes was captured similarly by pigeons and chickens placed at the canopy and ground. The implication of these results in West Nile vectors surveillance is discussed.

背景与目标： ：在塞内加尔萨赫勒地区（西非）的Barkedji地区，研究了2006年雨季（9月27日至11月26日）期间用鸟饵诱捕器和收集高度对潜在的西尼罗河蚊媒进行采样的过程。每天晚上，在地面上设置两个陷阱，在树冠层（大约3 m）上设置两个陷阱，每个陷阱包含一只鸡或一只鸽子，然后在第二天晚上旋转陷阱。使用66个诱捕器之夜，共收集了1,030个蚊子。淡色库蚊种占主导地位，占动物区系的92.2％，其中63％属于Cx。 neavei组Theobald，而23.8％是Cx poicilipes（Theobald）。 Cx的种类。 neavei组主要是由Cx的鸽系诱捕器收集的。安置在冠层和地面上的鸽子和小鸡也类似地捕获到了鹅胆素。讨论了这些结果在西尼罗河病媒监测中的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major health problem in Africa. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not fully understood. Transcriptomic studies may provide new insights into molecular pathways involved in the severe form of the disease. METHODS:Blood transcriptional levels were assessed in patients with cerebral malaria, non-cerebral malaria, or mild malaria by using microarray technology to look for gene expression profiles associated with clinical status. Multi-way ANOVA was used to extract differentially expressed genes. Network and pathways analyses were used to detect enrichment for biological pathways. RESULTS:We identified a set of 443 genes that were differentially expressed in the three patient groups after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Since the cerebral patients displayed a particular transcriptional pattern, we focused our analysis on the differences between cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. We further found 842 differentially expressed genes after applying a false discovery rate of 10%. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of cerebral malaria-informative genes led to clustering of the cerebral malaria patients. The support vector machine method allowed us to correctly classify five out of six cerebral malaria patients and six of six mild malaria patients. Furthermore, the products of the differentially expressed genes were mapped onto a human protein-protein network. This led to the identification of the proteins with the highest number of interactions, including GSK3B, RELA, and APP. The enrichment analysis of the gene functional annotation indicates that genes involved in immune signalling pathways play a role in the occurrence of cerebral malaria. These include BCR-, TCR-, TLR-, cytokine-, FcεRI-, and FCGR- signalling pathways and natural killer cell cytotoxicity pathways, which are involved in the activation of immune cells. In addition, our results revealed an enrichment of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS:In the present study, we examine a set of genes whose expression differed in cerebral malaria patients and mild malaria patients. Moreover, our results provide new insights into the potential effect of the dysregulation of gene expression in immune pathways. Host genetic variation may partly explain such alteration of gene expression. Further studies are required to investigate this in African populations.

背景与目标： 背景：恶性疟原虫疟疾仍然是非洲的主要健康问题。发病机理尚不完全清楚。转录组学研究可能会为这种疾病的严重形式所涉及的分子途径提供新的见解。
方法：通过使用微阵列技术寻找与临床状况相关的基因表达谱，对脑疟疾，非脑疟疾或轻度疟疾患者的血液转录水平进行了评估。多向方差分析用于提取差异表达的基因。网络和途径分析用于检测生物途径的富集。
结果：我们鉴定出一组443个基因，在应用10％的错误发现率后，在三个患者组中差异表达。由于脑病患者表现出特定的转录方式，因此我们将分析重点放在脑疟疾患者和轻度疟疾患者之间的差异上。在应用10％的错误发现率之后，我们进一步发现了842个差异表达的基因。大脑信息信息基因的无监督分层聚类导致了脑疟患者的聚类。支持向量机方法使我们能够正确地对六名脑部疟疾患者中的五名和六名轻度疟疾患者中的六名进行分类。此外，差异表达基因的产物被定位到人蛋白质-蛋白质网络上。这导致鉴定出具有最高相互作用数的蛋白质，包括GSK3B，RELA和APP。基因功能注释的富集分析表明，参与免疫信号通路的基因在脑疟疾的发生中起作用。这些包括BCR-，TCR-，TLR-，细胞因子-，FcεRI-和FCGR-信号传导途径以及天然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性途径，它们参与免疫细胞的活化。此外，我们的研究结果揭示了与阿尔茨海默氏病有关的基因丰富。
结论：在本研究中，我们检查了一组基因，它们在脑型疟疾患者和轻度疟疾患者中的表达均不同。此外，我们的结果为免疫途径中基因表达失调的潜在影响提供了新的见解。宿主遗传变异可能部分解释了基因表达的这种改变。需要进一步的研究以调查非洲人口的情况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Scale-up of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa has stimulated interest to assess whether these programmes can indirectly affect other health priorities. This study assesses whether PMTCT programmes, or components of these programmes, are associated with better obstetrical quality of care and how PMTCT may reinforce existing maternal health programmes. DESIGN:Cross-sectional analysis of data from a cluster-randomized trial called QUARITE. SETTING:Mali and Senegal, West Africa. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-one referral hospitals and 612 obstetrical patients. INTERVENTION:The exposure of interest was PMTCT measured with a scale containing 10 components describing different prongs of a hospital PMTCT programme. Other variables of interest included: presence of a quality of care improvement programme, hospital resources and patient demographic characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Obstetrical quality of care measured through a validated chart abstraction tool. RESULTS:Of 45 points, the mean hospital PMTCT score was 26.1 (SD: 6.7). Total PMTCT score was not significantly associated with quality of care, but programme component scores were. After adjustment for known predictors of quality of care, staff training in PMTCT (P = 0.03) and complementary nutritional services (P = 0.03) were significantly associated with better quality obstetrical care. A point increase in scores for either of these components was associated with 40% greater odds of good obstetrical care. CONCLUSIONS:PMTCT training and nutritional components are significantly associated with better quality intrapartum care. Health professionals' training in maternal healthcare and PMTCT could be combined to improve the quality of obstetric care in the region.

背景与目标： 目的：在撒哈拉以南非洲扩大艾滋病毒预防计划的母婴传播（PMTCT）预防已经引起了人们对评估这些计划是否可以间接影响其他卫生优先事项的兴趣。这项研究评估了PMTCT计划或这些计划的组成部分是否与更好的产科护理质量相关，以及PMTCT如何加强现有的孕产妇保健计划。
设计：对来自名为QUARITE的聚类随机试验的数据进行横断面分析。
地点：西非马里和塞内加尔。
参加者：31所转诊医院和612例产科患者。
干预：感兴趣的暴露是用PMTCT测量的，该量表包含10种成分，描述了医院PMTCT计划的不同分支。其他感兴趣的变量包括：护理质量改善计划的存在，医院资源和患者人口统计学特征。
主要观察指标：通过经过验证的图表提取工具来评估产科护理质量。
结果：在45分中，医院PMTCT平均得分为26.1（标准差：6.7）。 PMTCT总分与护理质量没有显着相关，但计划组成分却与之相关。在调整了已知的护理质量预测因素后，对PMTCT进行的员工培训（P = 0.03）和补充营养服务（P = 0.03）与更好的产科护理质量显着相关。这些成分中任一个的得分增加与良好产科护理的机会增加40％相关。
结论：PMTCT培训和营养成分与更好的产期护理质量显着相关。可以将卫生专业人员在孕产妇保健和PMTCT方面的培训结合起来，以提高该地区的产科护理质量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 1998, circulation of the Rift Valley Fever (RVF) virus was revealed in Diawara by detection of IgM antibodies in sheep and isolation of the virus from mosquitoes caught outside a village. A seroprevalence study was carried out. Finger-prick blood samples, individual and collective details were obtained. One thousand five hundred twenty people (6 months - 83 years) were included. Overall prevalence in this group was approximately 5.2%. The prevalence in infants (6 months - 2 years) was 8.5%. Age, gender, contact with a pond, presence of sheep, and abortion among sheep, and individual or collective travel history were not statistically associated with prevalence. Prevalence increased significantly when the distance to a small ravine, located in the middle of the village, decreased. The results suggest a low, recent, not endemic circulation of the virus. Culex quinquefasciatus was captured near the ravine. This mosquito, similar to Culex pipiens, can play a similar role in human-to-human transmission of the RVF virus.

背景与目标： ：1998年，通过检测绵羊中的IgM抗体并从村庄外捕获的蚊子中分离出该病毒，在迪瓦瓦（Diawara）发现了裂谷热（RVF）病毒的传播。进行了血清阳性率研究。获得了手指刺血样，个人和集体的详细信息。其中包括1,520人（6个月至83岁）。该组的总体患病率约为5.2％。婴儿（6个月至2岁）的患病率为8.5％。年龄，性别，与池塘的接触，绵羊的存在以及绵羊间的人工流产以及个人或集体旅行史与患病率在统计上均无关联。当到位于村庄中间的小峡谷的距离减少时，患病率显着增加。结果表明该病毒的流行程度较低，最近才流行。在山沟附近捕获了库蚊。这种蚊子类似于淡色库蚊（Culex pipiens），可以在人与人之间传播RVF病毒时发挥类似的作用。