BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article sets out the findings from research on the impact of a, UK based, chefs in schools teaching programme on food, health, nutrition and cookery. Professional chefs link with local schools, where they deliver up to three sessions to one class over a year. The research measured the impact of a standardised intervention package and changes in food preparation and consumption as well as measuring cooking confidence. The target group was 9-11year olds in four schools. The main data collection method was a questionnaire delivered 2weeks before the intervention and 2weeks afterwards. There was a group of four matched control schools. Those taking part in the intervention were enthused and engaged by the sessions and the impact measures indicated an intention to change. There were gains in skills and confidence to prepare and ask for the ingredients to be purchased for use in the home. Following the session with the chef, the average reported cooking confidence score increased from 3.09 to 3.35 (by 0.26 points) in the intervention group - a statistically significant improvement. In the control group this change was not statistically significant. Children's average reported vegetable consumption increased after the session with the chef, with the consumption score increasing from 2.24 to 2.46 points (0.22 points) again, a statistically significant increase with no significant changes in the control group. The research highlights the need to incorporate evaluation into school cooking initiatives as the findings can provide valuable information necessary to fine-tune interventions and to ensure consistency of the healthy eating messages.

背景与目标： ：本文列出了英国某位厨师在学校教学计划中对食品，健康，营养和烹饪产生的影响方面的研究结果。专业厨师与当地学校建立了联系，在当地学校，一年中最多可为一个班级提供三节课程。该研究测量了标准化干预措施的影响以及食品制备和食用变化以及对烹饪信心的衡量。目标人群是四所学校的9-11岁儿童。主要数据收集方法是在干预前2周和干预后2周发送问卷。有四所匹配的对照学校。参加会议的人热情而参与，影响措施表明有改变的意向。准备和要求购买在家中使用的食材时，技巧和信心得到了提高。与厨师会面后，干预组的平均报告烹饪信心评分从3.09提高到3.35（增加0.26分），具有统计学意义。在对照组中，这种变化没有统计学意义。与厨师开会后，儿童的平均报告蔬菜摄入量有所增加，其食用分数再次从2.24分提高到2.46分（0.22分），在统计学上有显着增加，而对照组没有显着变化。这项研究强调了将评估纳入学校烹饪计划的必要性，因为研究结果可以提供必要的有价值的信息，以微调干预措施并确保健康饮食信息的一致性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent evidence suggests that between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions may have important health consequences in adults. The early life development of between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions has not been studied, and the physiological consequences of such variations in childhood are unknown, largely because of the absence of objective methods for measuring posture and posture transitions in young children. This study aimed to examine the objective measurement of posture transitions in pre-school children with the activPAL™ monitor (PAL Technologies, Glasgow). Single-unit activity monitors such as the activPAL™ have a limited output, with data categorized as 'sit/lie', 'stand' or 'walk' and the consequences of this for measurement of posture transitions in young children are unknown. Thirty children (mean age 4.1 years) were videoed for 1 h in nursery while wearing an activPAL™. Video was analysed on a second-by-second basis, with all postures categorized. From direct observation, time spent was sit/lie 46%; stand 35%; walk/run 16%; 3% was spent in heterogeneous non-sit/lie/upright postures (crawl, crouch, and kneel up). Despite these 'non-standard' postures being responsible for a low proportion of time, posture transitions involving them contributed to 34% of total transitions. There was a significant rank-order correlation (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) between the number of posture transitions measured by activPAL™ and by direct observation. 'Non-standard' postures in young children are probably not a problem if the aim is to measure total time sedentary or active, and the activPAL™ may measure between-individual variation in transitions adequately in young children. However, non-standard postures may present problems for the detailed characterization of posture transitions in early childhood.

背景与目标： ：最近的证据表明，个体之间的姿势变化和姿势转变可能对成年人产生重要的健康后果。尚未研究个体之间姿势和姿势转变之间的早期变化，并且这种变化对儿童的生理后果尚不清楚，这在很大程度上是由于缺乏测量幼儿姿势和姿势转变的客观方法。这项研究旨在通过activPAL™监测器（PAL Technologies，格拉斯哥）检查学龄前儿童姿势转变的客观测量。诸如activPAL™之类的单单元活动监视器的输出有限，其数据分为“坐/躺”，“站立”或“步行”，其对于测量幼儿姿势转变的后果尚不清楚。戴着activPAL™的30名儿童（平均年龄4.1岁）在托儿所接受了1小时的录像。每秒对视频进行分析，并对所有姿势进行分类。根据直接观察，花费的时间为坐下/躺下46％；站立35％;步行/跑步16％； 3％的人花费在不同的不坐/躺/直立姿势（爬行，蹲下和跪着）上。尽管这些“非标准”姿势只占很短的时间比例，但涉及它们的姿势转换却占了总转换的34％。通过activPAL™和直接观察测得的姿势转换次数之间存在显着的等级相关性（r = 0.79，p <0.0001）。如果目的是测量久坐或活动的总时间，则幼儿的“非标准”姿势可能不是问题，而activPAL™可以适当地测量幼儿的个体间转换差异。但是，非标准的姿势可能会给幼儿早期姿势过渡的详细表征带来问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our objective was to evaluate changes in curriculum and culture within a research non-intensive dental school after implementation of programs supported by the NIH-NIDCR R25 Oral Health Research Curriculum Grant. We designed new curricular elements to foster an appreciation of research/discovery, an interest in academic/research careers, and application of biomedical/clinical advances to patient care. Funding was utilized to develop, implement, and assess a dedicated curricular track of continuous student research/scholarly activity throughout the four years of dental education. This track represented mandatory hours of didactic time exposing students to topics not traditionally included in dental curricula. Additionally, students were provided with customized flexible schedules to participate in elective "hands-on" mentored research/scholarly experiences at local, national, and international sites, including linkages to certificate, MS, and PhD programs. Funding was also used to support a wide array of faculty development activities that provided skill sets required to deliver integrated biomedical/clinical content, research-oriented evidence-based approaches to dental education, and translational case-based teaching methods emphasizing the application of new science/technologies to patient care. We measured changes in student, faculty, and institutional profiles/attitudes using traditional benchmarks, surveys, and focus groups. Comparisons were made between baseline data prior to R25 program initiation and data collected after years 3-4 of program implementation. Significant increases were demonstrated in: (1) student participation in research/scholarship, attendance at national meetings, research awards, publication of manuscripts, pursuit of advanced training/degrees, and expressions of interest in academic/research careers; (2) faculty participation in development activities, publication of manuscripts, and mentoring of students; and (3) increased institutional credibility within the university, supportive infrastructure for research/scholarship, and cultural expectations for academic excellence. Thus, we believe that the R25 programming changed the culture of our dental school, creating a supportive environment for research/scholarship, increasing academic productivity, and altering the attitudes of faculty/students.

背景与目标： ：我们的目标是评估由NIH-NIDCR R25口腔健康研究课程补助金支持的计划实施后，在一家非研究型牙科学校中课程和文化的变化。我们设计了新的课程元素，以促进对研究/发现的欣赏，对学术/研究职业的兴趣以及将生物医学/临床进展应用于患者护理的兴趣。资金用于在整个牙科教育的四年中，开发，实施和评估专门的课程，以持续进行学生研究/学术活动。该课程代表了强制性的教学时间，使学生接触到传统上不包含在牙科课程中的主题。此外，还为学生提供了定制的灵活时间表，以参加在本地，国家和国际站点进行的选修式“动手实践”指导的研究/学术经验，包括与证书，MS和PhD计划的链接。资金还用于支持各种各样的教师发展活动，这些活动提供了提供整合的生物医学/临床内容所需的技能集，以研究为导向的基于证据的牙科教育方法以及基于转化案例的教学方法（强调了新科学的应用） /病人护理技术。我们使用传统的基准，调查和焦点小组来衡量学生，教师和机构概况/态度的变化。在R25计划启动之前的基线数据与计划实施3-4年之后收集的数据之间进行了比较。显着增加体现在：（1）学生参与研究/奖学金，参加国家会议，研究奖，手稿出版，追求高级培训/学位以及对学术/研究职业的兴趣表达； （2）教师参与发展活动，出版手稿和指导学生； （3）提高大学内部的机构信誉，研究/奖学金的支持性基础设施以及对学术卓越的文化期望。因此，我们相信R25编程改变了我们牙科学校的文化，为研究/奖学金提供了支持性环境，提高了学术生产力，并改变了教师/学生的态度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A retrospective review was undertaken of 90 patients admitted to the cardiothoracic intensive care unit and who comprised 47% of all transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator operations performed between March 1991 and August 1995. The review aimed to evaluate the necessity for routine postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission after implantable cardioverter defibrillator operation. Pre-, intra- and postoperative data were analysed. Eight of 90 patients (9%) subsequently required care unique to the ICU. None of the variables examined, including the Acute Physiology Score (APACHE II system), was helpful in identifying patients who required unique ICU services. Patients undergoing transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator surgery are identified as a low risk group requiring in over 90% of cases monitoring services rather than active therapy in an ICU. As no reliable predictors seem to exist to identify the necessity for postoperative ICU admission, cardioverter defibrillator implantations should only be performed in hospitals where adequate facilities are readily available.

背景与目标： 回顾性分析了90例进入心胸重症监护室的患者，这些患者占1991年3月至1995年8月间所有静脉植入式心脏复律除颤器手术的47％。该评估旨在评估术后常规重症监护室（ICU） ）植入式心脏复律除颤器手术后入院。分析术前，术中和术后数据。 90名患者中有8名（9％）随后需要ICU特有的护理。包括急性生理学评分（APACHE II系统）在内的所有检查变量均无助于识别需要独特ICU服务的患者。经静脉植入式心脏复律除颤器手术的患者被确定为低危人群，在90％以上的病例中需要监护服务而不是ICU中的积极治疗。由于似乎尚无可靠的预测因素来确定术后ICU入院的必要性，因此仅在有足够设施的医院中进行心脏复律除颤器植入术。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A pilot study was conducted to determine changes in Native American high school students' knowledge and opinions about nursing after attending a 6-day residential summer nursing institute. To date, Native American high school students, particularly those interested in nursing, have not been well researched. Seventeen high school students affiliated with nine Northwest tribes participated in this study. A 66-item, investigator-constructed, pretest-posttest survey included 38 scaled (4-point Likert type) and 20 dichotomous items. Reliability estimates (Cronbach's alpha) were 0.72 and 0.85 for the pretest and posttest, respectively. This pilot study showed an increase in students' knowledge and opinions of professionalism, autonomy, and role importance in nursing after attending the summer nursing institute. A salient and culturally related reason for choosing nursing was to be important to one's tribe. Although the sample was small, the findings provide initial evidence supporting the effectiveness of a nursing education intervention with Native American high school students and an instrument that can measure its success.

背景与目标： ：在进入为期6天的夏季暑期护理院后，进行了一项初步研究，以确定美国原住民高中生对护理的知识和见解的变化。迄今为止，尚未对美国原住民的高中生，特别是对护理感兴趣的高中生进行充分的研究。隶属于西北九个部落的十七名高中生参加了这项研究。由研究人员构建的一项66个项目，由前测后测构成，包括38项定标（4点李克特类型）和20项二分项。前测和后测的可靠性估计值（Cronbach's alpha）分别为0.72和0.85。这项初步研究显示，就读于夏季护理学院后，学生对专业知识，自主性以及在护理中的角色重要性的知识和见解有所增加。选择护理的一个突出且与文化相关的原因对一个人的部落很重要。尽管样本量很小，但研究结果提供了初步证据，证明了对美国原住民高中生进行护理教育干预措施的有效性以及可以衡量其成功程度的工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To validate the SAPS 3 admission prognostic model in patients with cancer admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN:Cohort study. SETTING:Ten-bed medical-surgical oncologic ICU. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS:Nine hundred and fifty-two consecutive patients admitted over a 3-year period. INTERVENTIONS:None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS:Data were prospectively collected at admission of ICU. SAPS II and SAPS 3 scores with respective estimated mortality rates were calculated. Discrimination was assessed by area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves and calibration by Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The mean age was 58.3+/-23.1 years; there were 471 (49%) scheduled surgical, 348 (37%) medical and 133 (14%) emergency surgical patients. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 24.6% and 33.5%, respectively. The mean SAPS 3 and SAPS II scores were 52.3+/-18.5 points and 35.3+/-20.7 points, respectively. All prognostic models showed excellent discrimination (AUROC>or=0.8). The calibration of SAPS II was poor (p<0.001). However, the calibration of standard SAPS 3 and its customized equation for Central and South American (CSA) countries were appropriate (p>0.05). SAPS II and standard SAPS 3 prognostic models tended somewhat to underestimate the observed mortality (SMR>1). However, when the customized equation was used, the estimated mortality was closer to the observed mortality [SMR=0.95 (95% CI=0.84-1.07)]. Similar results were observed when scheduled surgical patients were excluded. CONCLUSIONS:The SAPS 3 admission prognostic model at ICU admission, in particular its customized equation for CSA, was accurate in our cohort of critically ill patients with cancer.

背景与目标： 目的：验证重症监护病房（ICU）癌症患者的SAPS 3入院预后模型。
设计：队列研究。
单位：十张内科肿瘤重症监护病房。
患者和参加者：连续3年内接受治疗的952例患者。
干预措施：无。
测量和结果：入院ICU前瞻性收集数据。计算SAPS II和SAPS 3分数以及各自的估计死亡率。通过在接收器工作特性（AUROC）曲线下的面积评估歧视，并通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验进行校准。平均年龄为58.3 /-23.1岁；有471名（49％）定期手术的患者，348名（37％）的医疗人员和133名（14％）的紧急手术患者。 ICU和医院死亡率分别为24.6％和33.5％。 SAPS 3和SAPS II的平均得分分别为52.3 /-18.5分和35.3 /-20.7分。所有的预后模型均显示出极好的区分度（AUROC>或= 0.8）。 SAPS II的校准很差（p <0.001）。但是，标准SAPS 3的校准及其针对中美洲和南美（CSA）国家的定制公式是适当的（p> 0.05）。 SAPS II和标准SAPS 3预后模型往往低估了观察到的死亡率（SMR> 1）。但是，当使用定制方程式时，估计的死亡率更接近于观察到的死亡率[SMR = 0.95（95％CI = 0.84-1.07）]。当排除计划的手术患者时，观察到相似的结果。
结论：ICU入院时的SAPS 3入院预后模型，特别是其针对CSA的定制方程，在我们的危重癌症患者队列中是准确的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study is a secondary data analysis from the National Health Morbidity Survey III, a population-based study conducted in 2006. A total of 7,749 children between 7 and 12 years old were recruited into the study. This study seeks to report the prevalence of overweight (including obesity) children in Malaysia using international cut-off point and identify its associated key social determinants. The results show that the overall prevalence of overweight children in Malaysia was 19.9%. The urban residents, males, Chinese, those who are wealthy, have overweight or educated guardians showed higher prevalence of overweight. In multivariable analysis, higher likelihood of being overweight was observed among those with advancing age (OR=1.15), urban residents (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.36), the Chinese (OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.19-1.77), boys (OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.08-1.41), and those who came from higher income family. In conclusion, one out of five of 7-12 year-old-children in Malaysia were overweight. Locality of residence, ethnicity, gender, guardian education, and overweight guardian were likely to be the predictors of this alarming issue. Societal and public health efforts are needed in order to reduce the burden of disease associated with obesity. :本研究採用2006 年馬來西亞全國第三次健康及疾病調查(National Health Morbidity Survey III)的二手資料，這個調查是根據人口抽樣的。共有 7,497 位，年齡介於7-12 歲的兒童納入研究。本研究目的在報告採用國際切 點時，馬來西亞過重(包括肥胖)兒童的盛行率，並確定其相關的主要社會決定 因素。結果顯示，馬來西亞整體兒童過重盛行率為19.9%。居住在城市、男 性、華裔、較富有的、家長為過重或受過教育的，這些兒童顯示有較高的過 重盛行率。在多元分析中發現， 過重的情況較可能發生在： 較年長 (OR=1.15)、居住在城市(OR= 1.16，95％CI: 1.01-1.36)、華裔(OR= 1.45，95％ CI: 1.19 -1.77)、男孩(OR= 1.23，95％CI: 1.08-1.41)、及來自高收入家庭的孩 童。結論是，馬來西亞7-12 歲的孩童中，5 位中就有1 位為體重過重。居住 地、種族、性別、家長教育程度和過重的家長，可能是此要提高警訊的議題 之預測因子。為了減少與肥胖相關的疾病負擔，社會和公共衛生的努力是必 要的。

背景与目标： ：本研究是2006年进行的一项基于人群的研究，即国家健康发病率调查III的辅助数据分析。该研究共招募了7749名7至12岁的儿童。本研究旨在使用国际临界点报告马来西亚超重（包括肥胖）儿童的患病率，并确定其相关的关键社会决定因素。结果显示，马来西亚超重儿童的整体患病率为19.9％。城镇居民，男性，华人，富裕人群，超重人士或受过良好教育的监护人的超重发生率更高。在多变量分析中，年龄在年龄段（OR = 1.15），城市居民（OR = 1.16，95％CI：1.01-1.36），中国人（OR = 1.45，95％CI：1.19）中，超重的可能性更高。 -1.77），男孩（OR = 1.23、95％CI：1.08-1.41）和来自高收入家庭的人。总之，马来西亚7-12岁的儿童中有五分之一超重。居住地，种族，性别，监护人的教育和超重监护人可能是这个令人担忧的问题的预测因素。为了减轻与肥胖有关的疾病负担，需要社会和公共卫生方面的努力。
：本研究采用2006年马来西亚国家第三次健康及疾病调查（National Health Morbidity Survey III）的二手资料，这个调查是根据人口抽样的。共有7,497位，年龄大约7-12岁的儿童替代研究。本研究目的在报告采用国际切点时，马来西亚过重（包括额外）儿童的盛行率，并确定其相关的主要社会决定因素。结果显示，马来西亚整体儿童过重盛行减少19.9％。居住在城市，男性，华裔美国人，较富有的，家长为过重或受过教育的，这些儿童显示有较高的过重盛行率。在多元分析中发现，过重的情况较可能发生在：较年长（OR = 1.15） ，居住在城市（OR = 1.16，95％CI：1.01-1.36），华裔（OR = 1.45，95％CI：1.19 -1.77），男孩（OR = 1.23，95％CI：1.08-1.41），及来自高收入家庭的孩童。。是，马来西亚7-12岁的孩童中，5位中就有1位为体重过重。居住地，种族，性别，家长教育程度和过重的家长，可能是此要提高减少与肥胖相关的疾病负担，社会和公共卫生的努力是必要的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To examine the trends of substance use and correlated variables in high-school students in Southern Thailand. METHODS:Surveys of high-school years 7, 9 and 11 and vocational school year 2 students in four provinces in Southern Thailand were conducted in 2002-2004 to examine lifetime substance use, use within 1 year and 30 days before the interview, using a self-completed questionnaire. RESULTS:The prevalence of lifetime use of any illicit substance was 5-7% overall (about 7%, 9% and 13% in boys and 2%, 1% and 3% in girls in 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively). Krathom, a local addictive plant, and cannabis were the most commonly used illicit substances on a lifetime basis with prevalences of 2.3%, 2.8%, 4.9% (p<0.01) and 2.6%, 2.3%, 3.4% (p>0.05) in the surveyed years. The rates of alcohol consumption in the past 30 days were 19.3%, 17.3% and 15.2% (p>0.05) while smoking rates were 14.6%, 8.8% and 10.8% (p<0.05). The significant correlates of current illicit substance use were surveyed year, male, vocational school, school level, and school performance. CONCLUSION:The problem of substance abuse is increasing among Thai adolescents. School-based interventions seem desirable, especially in boys, vocational and public school students.

背景与目标： 目的：研究泰国南部高中学生的物质使用趋势和相关变量。
方法：2002年至2004年在泰国南部四个省份进行的高中7、9、11和高中2年级学生的调查，调查了面试前1年内和30天内的终生药物使用情况，使用自我填写的问卷。
结果：一生中使用任何非法物质的普遍发生率总体为5-7％（2002年，2003年和2004年，男孩分别为7％，9％和13％，女孩分别为7％，9％和13％）。一生中最常见的非法物质是Krathom（一种当地成瘾性植物）和大麻，一生中的使用率分别为2.3％，2.8％，4.9％（p <0.01）和2.6％，2.3％，3.4％（p> 0.05）在调查的年份中。在过去30天中，饮酒率分别为19.3％，17.3％和15.2％（p> 0.05），而吸烟率分别为14.6％，8.8％和10.8％（p <0.05）。调查了当前的非法药物使用情况的重大相关因素，包括年份，男性，职业学校，学校水平和学校表现。
结论：泰国青少年滥用毒品的问题正在增加。以学校为基础的干预似乎是可取的，特别是对男孩，职业学校和公立学校的学生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Our knowledge of the risk factors involved in the process by which acute pain becomes chronic has improved. Psychological conceptualizations of chronic pain presently include (1) the pain-tension cycle, with special reference to a diathesis-stress model, (2) the operant conditioning model, and (3) the interrelationship between vulnerability to pain attacks on the one hand and body posture, gait and activities of daily living on the other. With reference to these conceptualizations and to psychological procedures for the enhancement of self-management strategies, a low back school was implemented at the worksite as a preventive measure. The target population is characterized by (1) rare but recurrent pain episodes, (2) mild pain that has had little impact on daily activities, and (3) pain contingent on particular activities or situations. LOW BACK SCHOOL: A low back school called "Turn your back on backache" consists of the following elements: (1) analysis of labour conditions and adaptation of the worksite to the person, (2) relaxation and stress management, (3) training of posture, gait, and activities of daily living, and (4) stretching and stengthening of the muscles involved. The programme comprises 12 2-h sessions and is conducted by a physiotherapist according to a manual, after an introduction to self-management procedures including behavioural training for working with groups. For homework, participants are asked to practise the exercises demonstrated. METHOD AND RESULTS:In a preventive context, pain ratings should be of minor importance as an outcome measure. Assuming that future pain is interrelated with present behaviour, changes in behaviour should be the predominant criteria applied to assess the effects of the training. Therefore, as well as assessments of pain episodes and wellbeing, a behavioural observation method based on video-taped behavioural assessment in a standardized situation was used. Course members had to demonstrate a sequence of different activities, including standing and walking, lifting and bending. Each sequence was rated on a four-point scale reflecting the degree to which adequate posture and gait were achieved. The final scale consists of 13 items with an inter-rater-reliability of 0.91 (Cronbach Alpha). The data for 283 persons attending in 31 courses in different industrial and administrative settings was used to evaluate the outcome. A marked decrease in pain episodes and an increase in health status and wellbeing were reported. Behaviour that was learned in the course had been incorporated into everyday activities at the worksite. The behavioural observation method was utilized in a subgroup of this sample who were on the staff of a university hospital. The study used a 2x2 repeated-measures design with the between-subject factor of treatment condition (training vs nontraining) and the within-subject factor of assessment period (pre-treatment=t1, post-treatment=12, 9-month follow-up=t3) allowing for analyses of variance (AN-OVA). Following a matched-pair design, for every person that participated in the training a control person was included in the study to allow control for gender, age, and occupation. This sample consists of 74 pairs and comprises nurses, administration personnel, physicians and physical therapists. Most (80%) are female. So far only 28 pairs have been reassessed at t3. A comparison of the overall scores obtained with the above items before and after treatment demonstrates an extremely significant interaction effect, indicating an increase of adequate behaviours in the treatment group. At the follow-up assessment, the observed effect was maintained. CONCLUSIONS:(1) A back school training for the worksite results in a decreased frequency of back pain episodes and an increase in reported health status and wellbeing. (2) The effects of behavioural training of posture, gait, and activities of daily living in hospital staff are clearly demonstrated by observational methods. (3) Assuming that present posture, gait, and daily activities are interrelated with future pain conditions, an increase in the exercise of adequate behaviours indicates a preventive effect of the back school programme.

背景与目标： 简介：我们对急性疼痛变为慢性的过程中涉及的危险因素的了解有所提高。目前，慢性疼痛的心理学概念化包括：（1）疼痛-紧张周期，特别是指素质-压力模型；（2）操作条件调节模型；（3）一方面容易遭受疼痛发作的相互关系，另一方面身体的姿势，步态和日常生活的其他活动有关。参照这些概念化和用于增强自我管理策略的心理程序，在工作场所实施了低腰学校作为预防措施。目标人群的特征是（1）罕见但反复发作的疼痛发作；（2）对日常活动影响不大的轻度疼痛；（3）视特定活动或情况而定的疼痛。腰背学校：称为“腰背痛”的腰背学校包括以下要素：（1）劳动条件分析和工作场所对人的适应性；（2）放松和压力管理；（3）培训姿势，步态和日常生活活动，以及（4）伸展和加强所涉及的肌肉。该程序包括12个2小时的课程，由理疗师根据手册进行，介绍了自我管理程序，包括与小组合作的行为训练。对于家庭作业，要求参与者练习演示的练习。
方法和结果：在预防性背景下，作为结果指标，疼痛等级应具有较小的重要性。假设未来的痛苦与当前的行为有关，那么行为的改变应该是评估培训效果的主要标准。因此，除了对疼痛发作和幸福感进行评估外，还使用了基于录像带行为评估的行为观察方法，该行为评估是在标准化情况下进行的。课程成员必须演示一系列不同的活动，包括站立和行走，举重和弯曲。对每个序列进行四点评估，以反映达到适当姿势和步态的程度。最终量表由13个项目组成，评分者之间的可靠性为0.91（Cronbach Alpha）。共有283人参加了不同工业和行政管理领域的31门课程的数据用于评估结果。据报告，疼痛发作明显减少，健康状况和幸福感增加。在课程中学习到的行为已被纳入工作场所的日常活动中。行为观察方法用于该样本的一个子集，这些子集在大学医院的工作人员中。该研究采用2x2重复测量设计，其中治疗条件的受试者间因素（训练与非训练）和评估期的受试者内因素（治疗前= t1，治疗后= 12，随访9个月- up = t3）允许进行方差分析（AN-OVA）。按照配对设计，对于参加培训的每个人，在研究中都包括一个对照人，以控制性别，年龄和职业。该样本由74对组成，包括护士，管理人员，医师和理疗师。大多数（80％）是女性。到目前为止，在t3时仅重新评估了28对。治疗前后通过上述各项获得的总分的比较显示出非常显着的交互作用，表明治疗组适当行为的增加。在随访评估中，观察到的效果得以维持。
结论：（1）对工作场所进行的返校培训减少了背痛发作的频率，并增加了所报告的健康状况和幸福感。 （2）通过观察方法清楚地证明了对医务人员的姿势，步态和日常生活活动进行行为训练的效果。 （3）假设当前的姿势，步态和日常活动与未来的疼痛状况相关，则增加适当行为的锻炼量可表明返校计划的预防作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To describe the changing role of school nurses in eight New Zealand (NZ) secondary schools from low socio-economic areas with high Pacific Island and Māori rolls. METHODS:An evaluation of a pilot addressing under-achievement in low-decile schools in Auckland, NZ (2002-05). Annual semi-structured school nurse interviews and analysis of routinely collected school health service data were undertaken. RESULTS:Two patterns of school nurse operation were identified: an embracing pattern, where nurses embraced the concept of providing school-based health services; and a Band-Aid pattern, where only the basics for student health care were provided by school nurses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:School nurses with an embracing pattern of practice provided more effective school-based health services. School health services are better served by nurses with structured postgraduate education that fosters the development of a nurse-practitioner role. Co-ordination of school nurses either at a regional or national level is required.

背景与目标： 目的：描述来自太平洋经济岛和毛利人卷高的低社会经济地区的八所新西兰中学的学校护士的角色变化。
方法：一项针对新西兰奥克兰低等学校成绩欠佳的飞行员的评估（2002-05年）。进行了年度半结构化学校护士访谈，并对定期收集的学校卫生服务数据进行了分析。
结果：确定了两种学校护士操作模式：一种拥抱模式，其中护士接受了提供基于学校的医疗服务的概念；和创可贴模式，其中学校护士仅提供学生医疗保健的基础知识。
结论与启示：实践型拥抱的学校护士提供了更有效的校本卫生服务。护士应接受结构化的研究生教育，从而更好地促进护士从业人员的角色发展，从而更好地为学校提供保健服务。需要在地区或国家范围内协调学校护士。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:To (i) determine if the prevalence of asthma has altered in two previously studied communities and (ii) obtain baseline measures in two further communities in the Torres Strait region, Australia. METHODS:A population-based cross-sectional study of school-aged children was conducted. Five schools in four communities were selected: 361 children aged 5-17 years participated. The study used the same epidemiological tool that had been utilized to measure asthma prevalence (locally adapted International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire). RESULTS:The overall response rate was 30%; response rates in individual communities ranged from 23% to 100%. The prevalence of self-reported wheezing in the last 12 months decreased from 10.7% to 6.6% (P = 0.109) on Thursday Island and from 3.1% to zero (P = 0.358) on Warraber Island. The percentage of children with asthma symptoms was lower in this current study but changes were not statistically significant. Overall self-reported prevalence of ever wheezing was 12.5%; 5.4% reported wheezing in the previous 12 months, 5.9% reported wheezing after exercise and 12.2% reported ever having asthma. There was considerable inter-community variation in the prevalence of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:Asthma prevalence in school-aged children living in the Torres Strait region remains high but, as in mainstream Australian children, the prevalence is stable.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：（i）确定先前两个研究社区的哮喘患病率是否已改变，以及（ii）在澳大利亚托雷斯海峡地区的另外两个社区中获得基线测量值。
方法：对学龄儿童进行了基于人群的横断面研究。选择了四个社区中的五所学校：361名5-17岁的儿童参加了该活动。该研究使用的流行病学工具已用于衡量哮喘患病率（适用于儿童哮喘和变态反应的国际研究调查表）。
结果：总有效率30％。个别社区的回应率从23％到100％不等。在过去的12个月中，自我报告的喘​​息流行率在星期四岛从10.7％降至6.6％（P = 0.109），在Warraber岛从3.1％降至零（P = 0.358）。在本项研究中，患有哮喘症状的儿童所占的百分比较低，但变化无统计学意义。自我报告的总体哮喘患病率为12.5％；在过去的12个月中，有5.4％的人报告有喘息，在运动后有5.9％的人报告有喘息，有哮喘的人中有12.2％的人报告有哮喘。社区内的症状发生率存在很大差异。
结论：居住在托雷斯海峡地区的学龄儿童哮喘患病率仍然很高，但与澳大利亚主流儿童一样，哮喘患病率是稳定的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition and associated variables in low socioeconomic preschool children enrolled in public nursery schools in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Four public institutions were selected by geographic criteria (two in the central region and two in the peripheral region). The study population comprised 338 children (181 boys; 157 girls) aged 2-6 years old. Dental caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmf-t) index. Among the examined children, 50.6% were caries-free. The mean dmf-t index was 2.03. It was higher in the peripheral nursery schools (p<0.01). A trend towards a difference between sexes (p = 0.06) was observed. Logistic regression analysis selected a previous child's visit to dentist (p<0.001), geographic location of the public nursery school (p<0.01), and age (p<0.01) as predictive variables for the dmf-t index. The study showed the need for an oral health program for this population, including both curative and preventive measures in order to achieve the WHO/FDI goals for the year 2000, namely 50% of children free of caries at age 5-6 years.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州Juiz de Fora的公立托儿所就读的低社会经济学龄前儿童的龋齿患病率及其相关变量。根据地理标准选择了四个公共机构（中部地区两个，外围地区两个）。研究人群包括2-6岁的338名儿童（181名男孩； 157名女孩）。使用龋齿，缺失齿和饱齿（dmf-t）指数记录龋齿。在接受检查的儿童中，有50.6％没有龋齿。平均dmf-t指数为2.03。在外围托儿所中该比例更高（p <0.01）。观察到性别差异的趋势（p = 0.06）。 Logistic回归分析选择了以前的孩子去过牙医（p <0.001），公立幼儿园的地理位置（p <0.01）和年龄（p <0.01）作为dmf-t指数的预测变量。研究表明，需要针对这一人群制定一项口腔保健计划，包括治疗和预防措施，以实现2000年的WHO / FDI目标，即50％5-6岁无龋齿的儿童。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eating disorders have a high rate of onset in school-aged children. School staff are in an excellent position to spot the early warning signs and offer support during recovery. This article explores the findings from focus groups conducted with 63 members of staff from 29 UK schools with the aims of (i) understanding whether they are in a good position to support students with eating disorders and (ii) to generate recommendations regarding school staff's training needs for spotting and supporting eating disorders. Participants took part in semi-structured focus groups. These were transcribed and analysed using content analysis principles. Five key themes emerged: (i) many staff do not have a basic understanding of eating disorders, (ii) eating disorders are taboo in the staffroom, (iii) staff do not feel comfortable talking to students about eating disorders, (iv) support is needed to ensure the teacher-parent relationship is a positive one and (v) school staff would welcome practical ideas for how they can best support students during the recovery period. The findings show that school staff currently feel ill-equipped to support students with eating disorders and endorse a need for focused training for school staff to better enable them to support students with eating disorders.

背景与目标： ：饮食失调在学龄儿童中发病率高。学校工作人员很容易发现预警信号，并在恢复期间提供支持。本文探讨了与29所英国学校的63名教职员工进行的焦点小组调查结果，目的是（i）了解他们是否有能力为饮食失调的学生提供支持，以及（ii）提出有关教职员工培训的建议发现和支持饮食失调的需求。参与者参加了半结构化焦点小组。使用内容分析原理对这些内容进行转录和分析。出现了五个关键主题：（i）许多教职员工对饮食失调没有基本的了解，（ii）饮食失调是员工禁忌的禁忌，（iii）职员对与学生谈论饮食失调感到不自在，（iv）支持有必要确保老师与父母之间的关系是积极的，并且（v）学校工作人员会欢迎在康复期间如何最好地支持学生的实用想法。调查结果表明，学校工作人员目前感觉不足以支持有饮食障碍的学生，并同意需要对学校工作人员进行有针对性的培训，以使他们更好地为有饮食障碍的学生提供支持。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Handwriting is a critical skill for school success. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) often present with fine motor and visual-motor impairments that can affect handwriting performance, yet handwriting skills have not been systematically investigated in this clinical group. This study aimed to comprehensively describe handwriting skills in 20 school-age children with FASD. Children were tested with the Process Assessment of the Learner, 2nd Edition (PAL-II), and the Visuomotor Precision subtest of NEPSY, a developmental neuropsychological assessment. Participants performed below average on PAL-II measures of handwriting legibility and speed and on NEPSY visual-motor precision tasks. In contrast, PAL-II measures of sensorimotor skills were broadly within the average range. Results provide evidence of functional handwriting challenges for children with FASD and suggest diminished visual-motor skills and increased difficulty as task complexity increases. Future research is needed to further describe the prevalence and nature of handwriting challenges in this population.

背景与目标： ：手写是学校成功的关键技能。胎儿酒精频谱障碍（FASD）的儿童经常表现出可能会影响笔迹表现的精细运动和视觉运动障碍，但尚未对该临床组进行系统的笔迹技巧研究。这项研究旨在全面描述20名FASD学龄儿童的手写技巧。对儿童进行了学习者过程评估第二版（PAL-II）以及发育性神经心理学评估NEPSY的Visuomotor Precision子测验。参与者在PAL-II笔迹清晰度和速度以及NEPSY视觉运动精度任务上的表现均低于平均水平。相比之下，感觉运动技能的PAL-II测度大致在平均范围内。结果为FASD儿童的功能手写挑战提供了证据，并表明视觉运动技能下降，并且随着任务复杂性的增加而增加了难度。需要进一步的研究来进一步描述这一人群中手写挑战的普遍性和性质。