BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effect of saponins isolated from soya bean flour on the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in the colonic wall of CF1 mice was investigated. Four weekly injections of AOM, a known colon carcinogen, were administered to mice. One week after the last injection, mice were placed on an AIN-76 diet supplemented with 3% soya bean saponins or continued on the basal AIN-76 diet. Another group of mice was placed on the saponin diet without AOM initiation to observe the effect of saponins on the growth characteristics of mice. Dietary intake of soya saponins significantly reduced the incidence of ACF at the end of 14 weeks (postinitiation). Noninitiated mice maintained on a similar soya bean saponin-supplemented diet did not show any adverse effects on the growth and overall health of the animals. These findings suggest that soya bean saponins can play an important role in inhibiting the incidence of ACF in the colon of mice.

背景与目标： 研究了从大豆粉中分离得到的皂苷对CF1小鼠结肠壁中由甲氧甲烷（AOM）诱导的异常隐窝病灶（ACF）发生率的影响。对小鼠进行每周四次的AOM注射，AOM是一种已知的结肠致癌物。在最后一次注射后一周，将小鼠置于补充有3％大豆皂苷的AIN-76日粮中，或继续接受基础AIN-76日粮。将另一组小鼠置于没有AOM引发的皂素饮食上，以观察皂素对小鼠生长特性的影响。在第14周结束时（开始后），饮食中摄入大豆皂苷的剂量可显着降低ACF的发生率。维持以相似的大豆皂素补充饮食的未启动小鼠对动物的生长和整体健康没有显示出任何不利影响。这些发现表明，大豆皂苷可以在抑制小鼠结肠中ACF的发生中发挥重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To explore the mechanism of altered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression by peritoneal macrophages (PMPhi) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) modulation in light of NF-kappaB signal transduction in severely scalded mice. METHODS:Eighteen percent total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness scalded mice were used. PMPhi was collected at different time intervals (0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 post-burn hour (PBH)) separately. The following parameters were measured: TNF-alpha mRNA and IL-10 mRNA expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR), protein kinase C (PKC) activity (isotope incorporation analysis), NF-kappaB activity (electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA), IkappaB-alpha expression (Western blot). RESULTS:After scald, increased expression of TNF-alpha mRNA of PMPhi peaked at 12 PBH. Meanwhile, expression of IL-10 mRNA dropped to the lowest level at 12 PBH. NF-kappaB activity was markedly activated and reached its peak at 2 PBH. Membrane PKC activity was up-regulated after scald and showed a positive correlation with the change of TNF-alpha mRNA. Expression of IkappaB-alpha first decreased at 2 PBH and then increased to high level at 24 PBH. When 12 PBH was chosen as the time point for in vitro intervention with the application of specific NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), PKC inhibitor H-7 and PNS, both TNF-alpha mRNA expression and NF-kappaB activity decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that abnormal expression of TNF-alpha mRNA of macrophages might be regulated by PKC-NF-kappaB signaling following severe burn. PNS might play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha mRNA expression.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨严重烫伤小鼠的腹膜巨噬细胞（PMPhi）和三七总皂苷（PNS）调节改变肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）表达的机制。
方法：使用百分之十八的全身表面积（TBSA）全层烫伤小鼠。在不同的时间间隔（燃烧后小时（PBH）分别为0、2、6、12、24和48）收集PMPhi。测量以下参数：TNF-αmRNA和IL-10 mRNA表达（逆转录-聚合酶链反应，RT-PCR），蛋白激酶C（PKC）活性（同位素掺入分析），NF-κB活性（电泳迁移率变化）分析，EMSA），IkappaB-alpha表达（蛋白质印迹）。
结果：烫伤后，PMPhi的TNF-αmRNA表达增加，在12 PBH时达到峰值。同时，IL-10 mRNA的表达在12 PBH时降至最低水平。 NF-κB活性被明显激活，并在2 PBH达到峰值。结垢后膜PKC活性上调，并与TNF-αmRNA的变化呈正相关。 IkappaB-α的表达首先在2 PBH时降低，然后在24 PBH时升高至高水平。当12 PBH在体外干预选择作为时间点与特定NF-κB的抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸的应用（PDTC），PKC抑制剂H-7和PNS，二者的TNF-αmRNA的表达和NF-κB活性显著降低。
结论：这些结果表明，严重烧伤后巨噬细胞TNF-αmRNA的异常表达可能受到PKC-NF-κB信号传导的调节。 PNS可能通过抑制NF-κB活性和TNF-αmRNA表达发挥抗炎作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cisplatin‑induced cytotoxicity, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and ototoxicity, restricts the clinical application of this compound. Panax notoginseng Saponins (PNS) exhibit potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. PNS have been demonstrated to reduce cisplatin‑induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The present study investigated the ability of PNS to protect the auditory HEI‑OC1 cell line against ototoxicity induced by cisplatin. PNS induced activation of the AKT/nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Following pretreatment with PNS, HEI‑OC1 cells were treated with cisplatin and cultured for 24 h. The viability of HEI‑OC1 cells was examined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay. Double staining analysis was used to measure cell apoptosis. The ability of PNS to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of phosphorylated (p)‑AKT, heme oxygenase 1 (HO‑1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), glutamate‑cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and Nrf2 were measured by western blotting. HEI‑OC1 cells that were pretreated with PNS exhibited significantly increased cell viability compared with that noted in cells treated only with cisplatin. In addition, PNS suppressed the induction of apoptosis and ROS production following cisplatin treatment. The upregulation of NQO1, HO‑1 and GCLC expression in PNS‑pretreated cells was associated with p‑AKT levels and the activation of Nrf2. These findings suggested that PNS protected auditory cells against ototoxicity induced by cisplatin by activating AKT/Nrf2 signaling. PNS may serve as a potential candidate in regulating cisplatin‑induced cytotoxicity.

背景与目标： ：顺铂诱导的细胞毒性，例如肾毒性，神经毒性和耳毒性，限制了该化合物的临床应用。三七总皂甙（PNS）具有很强的清除自由基和抗氧化的作用。已证明PNS可以减少顺铂引起的肾毒性和神经毒性。本研究调查了PNS保护听觉HEI-OC1细胞系免受顺铂诱导的耳毒性的能力。 PNS诱导AKT /核因子红系2相关因子2（Nrf2）信号通路的激活。用PNS预处理后，用顺铂处理HEI-OC1细胞并培养24小时。使用Cell Counting Kit-8分析法检查了HEI‑OC1细胞的生存能力。双重染色分析用于测量细胞凋亡。通过流式细胞仪评估PNS降低活性氧（ROS）水平的能力。通过蛋白质印迹法测量了磷酸化（p）-AKT，血红素加氧酶1（HO-1），NAD（P）H醌脱氢酶1（NQO1），谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化（GCLC）和Nrf2的水平。与仅用顺铂处理的细胞相比，经PNS预处理的HEI‑OC1细胞显示出明显提高的细胞活力。此外，PNS抑制顺铂治疗后细胞凋亡的诱导和ROS的产生。 PNS预处理的细胞中NQO1，HO-1和GCLC表达的上调与p-AKT水平和Nrf2的激活有关。这些发现表明，PNS通过激活AKT / Nrf2信号传导保护听觉细胞免受顺铂诱导的耳毒性。 PNS可能是调节顺铂诱导的细胞毒性的潜在候选药物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this present study we investigated the effects of a saponin fraction prepared from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burt.) F. H. Chen (Family Araliaceae), on human sperm motility and progression in vitro. Fifteeen human semen samples were collected and qualified according to the criteria of W.H.O. The saponin fraction was evaluated at 1.0 mg/ml and 2.0 mg/ml respectively. The results demonstrate that the fraction increased motility as well as progression of sperm at the 60(th) minute or the 120(th) minute.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，我们调查了由三七（Burax。F. H. Chen）（五加科）的根制备的皂苷组分对人精子运动性和体外生长的影响。根据W.H.O.的标准收集50种人类精液样品并进行鉴定。皂苷分数分别评估为1.0 mg / ml和2.0 mg / ml。结果表明，该分数在60（th）分钟或120（th）分钟时增加了活力以及精子的进程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :ISCOMs have received much attention as vaccine adjuvants due to their immunostimulatory effects. They are colloidal particles typically comprised of phospholipids, cholesterol and Quil A, a crude mixture of saponins extracted from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina. We have previously shown that ISCOMs can be prepared by ether injection wherein an ether solution of phospholipids and cholesterol in a mass ratio of 5:2 is injected into a solution of Quil A at a mass ratio of 7 lipids: 3 Quil A. The aim of this study was firstly to isolate and characterise discrete fractions of Quil A and secondly to investigate which of these fractions were able to form ISCOMs by the method of ether injection. Six fractions of Quil A were isolated by semi-preparative reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and characterised by analytical HPLC, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the qualitative Liebermann-Burchard and Molisch tests for triterpenoids and carbohydrates respectively. ISCOMs were subsequently prepared from the isolated fractions by the method of ether injection and the resulting preparations characterized by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The molecular weights of the major compounds in the fractions ranged from approximately 1200 to approximately 2300 Da; all fractions tested positive for triterpenoids and saccharides and four of the fractions were identified as QS-7, QS-17, QS-18 and QS-21 by analysis (LC-MS and analytical HPLC). Injection of ether solutions of lipids into aqueous solutions of QS-17, QS-18 or QS-21 all resulted in homogeneous ISCOM dispersions. The combination of lipids and QS-7 by ether injection produced lamellae and liposomes as the prominent structures and a minor amount of ISCOMs. The remaining two hydrophilic, low molecular weight fractions of Quil A did not produce ISCOMs, instead liposomes and helical structures predominated in the samples.

背景与目标： 由于其免疫刺激作用，ISCOM作为疫苗佐剂已受到广泛关注。它们是通常由磷脂，胆固醇和Quil A（一种从Quillaja saponaria Molina的树皮中提取的皂苷的粗混合物）组成的胶体颗粒。先前我们已经表明，可以通过醚注入制备ISCOM，其中将质量比为5：2的磷脂和胆固醇的醚溶液以质量比为7的脂质：3 Quil A注入到Quil A的溶液中。这项研究的目的是首先分离和表征Quil A的离散部分，其次研究通过醚注入的方法，其中哪些部分能够形成ISCOM。通过半制备反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）分离出六部分Quil A，并通过分析HPLC，液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS）以及定性的Liebermann-Burchard和Molisch试验对三萜类化合物和碳水化合物分别。随后通过醚注入法从分离的级分中制备ISCOM，并通过光子相关光谱（PCS）和负染色透射电子显微镜（TEM）对所得制剂进行表征。馏分中主要化合物的分子量为约1200至约2300Da；通过分析（LC-MS和分析型HPLC），所有三萜类和糖类呈阳性的所有馏分均被鉴定为QS-7，QS-17，QS-18和QS-21。将脂质的醚溶液注射到QS-17，QS-18或QS-21的水溶液中均产生均匀的ISCOM分散体。通过醚注射将脂质和QS-7结合在一起，可形成片状和脂质体，这是其主要结构和少量ISCOM。 Quil A的其余两个亲水性低分子量级分不产生ISCOM，而是在样品中占主导地位的脂质体和螺旋结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Here reports new conversions methods of tomato saponins, esculeoside A (1) and a mixture of esculeosides B-1 (2) and B-2 (3), (the latter two were obtained from tomato cans) into pregnane derivative (5) by an alkal treatment followed by acid treatment. Compound 1 or a mixture of 2 and 3 were each refluxed with 1 N KOH to afford a characteristic pyridine steroidal glycoside (4), which was then treated with 2 N HCl-MeOH to afford a pregnane derivative, 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregn-16-en-20-one (5). The results of the above two reactions indicated that tomato saponins are chemically closely related to pregnane hormones. We assume that the assimilated tomato saponins via the small intestine are metabolized into pregnane derivatives, demonstrating various bioactivities such as anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, and anti-menopausal disorder activities.

背景与目标： ：这里报道了将番茄皂苷，七叶皂甙A（1）和七叶皂甙B-1（2）和B-2（3）的混合物（后两者是从番茄罐中获得）转化为孕烷衍生物的新方法（5）通过碱处理，然后进行酸处理。将化合物1或2和3的混合物分别与1 N KOH回流以提供特征性的吡啶甾体糖苷（4），然后将其用2 N HCl-MeOH处理以提供孕烷衍生物3β-羟基-5α-孕烯-16-en-20-one（5）。上述两个反应的结果表明，番茄皂苷在化学上与孕激素具有密切的关系。我们假设通过小肠吸收的番茄皂苷被代谢成孕烷衍生物，表现出各种生物活性，例如抗癌，抗骨质疏松和抗更年期疾病活动。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: New polyhydroxylated steroidal saponins (1, 2) were isolated from the tubers of Brodiaea californica. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The bisdesmosidic saponin (2) is unique in structure, and is the first representative of a steroidal saponin bearing 6-deoxy-D-gulopyranose among both the steroidal and triterpene saponins reported up to the present.

背景与目标： 从加州布鲁氏菌的块茎中分离出新的多羟基化甾体皂苷（1、2）。通过光谱分析和酸催化水解来确定结构。双糖苷皂苷（2）在结构上是独特的，并且是迄今为止报道的甾体和三萜烯皂苷中具有6-脱氧-D-葡糖醛酸的甾体皂苷的第一个代表。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To explore protective mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on rat hemorrhagic shock model in recovery stage. 72 Wistar rats were selected and divided into control group, model group and PNS group with 24 rats in each group. 200 mg/kg PNS was injected intravenously at 60 min of hemorrhagic shock stage in PNS groups. Changes of endotoxin, MPO, IL-6, SOD, MDA and TNF α were observed at 30 and 120 min of recovery stage by ELISA; water content of lung and intestine was detected; HE staining was applied to observe morphological change of intestinal mucosa, kidney, liver and lung; western blot was used to detect intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) level in lung tissue and intestine tissue. At 30 min and 120 min of recovery stage, MDA, MPO, endotoxin, TNF α and IL-6 levels significantly increased in model group compared with control group, however SOD level significantly decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); PNS dose-dependently decreased MDA, MPO, endotoxin, TNF α and IL-6 levels, and increased SOD level, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05); In results of water content detection, water content in lung tissue and intestine tissue was significantly higher than in control group, however, after being treated with PNS, the water content was significantly decreased; HE staining showed the morphologic change of lung tissue cells; Western blot showed that in lung tissue and intestine tissue, ICAM-1 level in model group was significantly higher than in control group, and it was lower in PNS group than in model group. PNS can increase SOD activity, decrease levels of MDA, endotoxin and MPO, decrease expression of TNF α and IL-6, and decrease water content in lung tissue and intestine tissue. Thus, PNS is protective to rat hemorrhagic shock model by anti oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory pathways, and ICAM-1 may play an important role in the mechanism.

背景与目标： ：探讨三七总皂甙（PNS）对大鼠失血性休克恢复期的保护机制。选择Wistar大鼠72只，分为对照组，模型组和PNS组，每组24只。 PNS组在失血性休克60分钟时静脉注射200 mg / kg PNS。 ELISA法在恢复期30和120分钟观察到内毒素，MPO，IL-6，SOD，MDA和TNFα的变化;检测肺和肠中的水分； HE染色观察肠黏膜，肾脏，肝脏和肺的形态变化。免疫印迹用于检测肺组织和肠组织中的细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）水平。恢复期30min和120min，模型组MDA，MPO，内毒素，TNFα和IL-6水平较对照组明显升高，但SOD水平明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）； PNS剂量依赖性地降低MDA，MPO，内毒素，TNFα和IL-6水平，并增加SOD水平，这在统计学上具有统计学意义（P <0.05）；水分检测的结果是，肺组织和肠组织中的水分含量明显高于对照组，但是，经PNS处理后，水分含量显着降低。 HE染色可见肺组织细胞的形态变化。 Western blot检测显示，肺组织和肠组织中，模型组ICAM-1水平明显高于对照组，PNS组低于模型组。 PNS可以增加SOD活性，降低MDA，内毒素和MPO的水平，降低TNFα和IL-6的表达，并降低肺组织和肠组织的水分含量。因此，PNS通过抗氧化应激和抗炎途径对大鼠失血性休克模型具有保护作用，而ICAM-1可能在该机制中起重要作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rhizoma Paridis total saponins (RPTS) is an active substance isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Paridis, which possesses multiple biological activities. The aim of the present study was to explore the roles and mechanisms of RPTS in oxidative stress injury of ARPE‑19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis were determined by Cell Counting kit‑8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect the expression of oxidative stress markers. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the expression levels of related genes and proteins. The results revealed that RPTS enhanced cell viability and reduced H2O2‑induced oxidative stress of ARPE‑19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells. RPTS increased the MMP of ARPE‑19 cells compared with in H2O2‑treated ARPE‑19 cells. In addition, RPTS suppressed ROS production and apoptosis of H2O2‑treated ARPE‑19 cells. Additionally, RPTS modulated the expression levels of apoptosis‑associated proteins and the nuclear factor 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In conclusion, RPTS alleviated H2O2‑induced oxidative stress injury by upregulating the Nrf2 pathway. The potential effects of RPTS on protection against H2O2‑induced apoptosis of ARPE‑19 cells suggested that RPTS may be a potential therapeutic target for preventing age‑related macular degeneration.

背景与目标： ：Rhizoma Paridis Total Saponins（RPTS）是从中药Rhizoma Paridis分离的一种活性物质，具有多种生物活性。本研究的目的是探讨RPTS在ARPE‑19人视网膜色素上皮细胞氧化应激损伤中的作用和机制。细胞活力，活性氧（ROS）水平，线粒体膜电位（MMP）和细胞凋亡分别通过Cell Counting kit-8测定法和流式细胞仪测定。进行了酶联免疫吸附测定，以检测氧化应激标志物的表达。使用蛋白质印迹和逆转录定量聚合酶链反应来确定相关基因和蛋白质的表达水平。结果表明，RPTS增强了ARPE‑19人视网膜色素上皮细胞的细胞活力并降低了H2O2诱导的氧化应激。与H2O2处理过的ARPE‑19细胞相比，RPTS增加了ARPE‑19细胞的MMP。另外，RPTS抑制了H2O2处理的ARPE-19细胞的ROS生成和凋亡。此外，RPTS还调节凋亡相关蛋白和核因子2相关因子2（Nrf2）途径的表达水平。总之，RPTS通过上调Nrf2途径减轻了H2O2引起的氧化应激损伤。 RPTS对H2O2诱导的ARPE-19细胞凋亡的保护作用可能表明，RPTS可能是预防与年龄有关的黄斑变性的潜在治疗靶标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly called fenugreek, is a leguminous plant native to many Asian, Middle Eastern and European countries. Fenugreek oil is very effective in digestion. Identification of fenugreek genotype rich in saponins and fixed oil will be useful for pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, steroidal saponin and fixed oil content was analysed in 46 diverse fenugreek genotypes on dry weight basis. Significant differences were observed in the total saponin and fixed oil content among the genotypes. Saponin and fixed oil content ranged from 0.92 g to 1.68 g and 3.25 to 6.88 g with corresponding mean value of 1.34 g and 5.19 g/100 g dw, respectively.

背景与目标： ：Trigonella foenum-graecum，俗称胡芦巴，是一种豆科植物，原产于许多亚洲，中东和欧洲国家。胡芦巴油对消化非常有效。富含皂角苷和不挥发性油的胡芦巴基因型的鉴定将对制药业有用。在本研究中，以干重为基础分析了46种不同胡芦巴基因型中的甾体皂苷和不挥发油含量。在基因型之间，总皂苷和固定油含量存在显着差异。皂苷和不挥发性油的含量分别为0.92 g至1.68 g和3.25至6.88 g，相应的平均值分别为1.34 g和5.19 g / 100 g dw。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Telomere length is correlated with cell proliferation, and cancer cells are characterized by an uncontrolled cell cycle. Being apoptosis one of the checks and balances incorporated into cells cycle, due to its characteristics, cancer cells are able to overcome this process. In particular, the tumour suppressor protein p53 loss or inactivation can lead to activation of telomerase enzyme, which can make cells unable to detect DNA damages that spurs apoptosis. Some bioactive compounds, in particular phenolic compounds, saponins and alkaloids have revealed good abilities to affect p53 expression and indirectly control the telomere length. In this sense, this review gives a key emphasis to the ability of these compounds in blocking cancer progression by acting on p53 expression and controlling telomere length. As main findings, phenolic compounds, saponins and alkaloids interfere with cancer progression by stimulating p53 expression, which can cause pro-apoptotic onset and restrict the anti-apoptotic activity, in addition to preventing telomerase enzyme activity.

背景与目标： ：端粒长度与细胞增殖有关，癌细胞的特征在于细胞周期不受控制。由于凋亡是细胞凋亡的一种制衡机制，由于其特性，癌细胞能够克服这一过程。特别是，肿瘤抑制蛋白p53的丢失或失活会导致端粒酶的激活，从而使细胞无法检测到引起细胞凋亡的DNA损伤。一些生物活性化合物，特别是酚类化合物，皂苷和生物碱已显示出良好的能力来影响p53的表达并间接控制端粒的长度。从这个意义上讲，本综述着重强调了这些化合物通过作用于p53表达和控制端粒长度来阻止癌症进展的能力。作为主要发现，酚类化合物，皂苷和生物碱可通过刺激p53表达来干扰癌症进展，p53表达可导致促凋亡发作并限制抗凋亡活性，此外还阻止端粒酶活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the seed cake of Camellia oleifera Abel.: camelliasaponin B1 and three new saponins, oleiferasaponin C1-C3 (1-3). Their structures were identified as 22-O-angeloyl-camelliagenin B 3-O-[β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (1); 22-O-angeloyl-camelliagenin A 3-O-[β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)]-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (2); and 28-O-cinnamoyl-camelliagenin B 3-O-[β-d-galactopyranosylz-(1→2)] [β-d-galactopyranosyl(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (3) through 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, as well as GC-MS spectroscopic methods. The anti-proliferative activities of these four compounds were investigated on five human tumor cell lines (BEL-7402, BGC-823, MCF-7, HL-60 and KB). Compounds 1 and 2 and camelliasaponin B1 showed significant cytotoxic activities.

背景与目标： ：从油茶的种子饼中分离出四个茄油型三萜皂苷：山茶皂苷B1和三个新的皂苷，油茶皂苷C1-C3（1-3）。它们的结构被鉴定为22-O-angelyl-camelliagenin B 3-O- [β-d-吡喃并吡喃糖基-（1→2）]-[β-d-吡喃并吡喃糖基-（1→2）-α-1-阿拉伯吡喃并吡喃糖基- （1→3）]-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷古糖醛酸甲酯（1）； 22-O-Angelyl-camelliagenin A 3-O- [β-d-吡喃半乳糖基-（1→2）]-[β-d-吡喃吡喃糖基-（1→2）-β-d-吡喃半乳糖基-（1→3） ]-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷神经醛酸甲酯（2）；和28-O-肉桂酰基-山茶黄素B 3-O- [β-d-吡喃半乳糖基-（1→2）] [β-d-吡喃半乳糖基（1→2）-α-1-阿拉伯吡喃糖基-（1→3）] -β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷葡萄糖醛酸甲酯（3）通过1D和2D NMR，HR-ESI-MS以及GC-MS光谱法进行。研究了这四种化合物在五种人类肿瘤细胞系（BEL-7402，BGC-823，MCF-7，HL-60和KB）上的抗增殖活性。化合物1和2和山茶皂甙B1表现出明显的细胞毒活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pseudorabies, a herpesvirus infection, is mainly controlled by using attenuated live vaccines. In this study, the effect of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with selenium (Se; in the form of sodium selenite) on vaccination against attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) was evaluated. It was found that GSLS and Se have an adjuvant effect and that a combination of GSLS and Se stimulates significantly enhanced immune responses than does GSLS or Se alone. Following oral administration of GSLS, mice immunized with an attenuated PrV vaccine diluted in Se-containing physiological saline solution (PSS) provoked a significantly stronger gB-specific serum antibodies response (IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a), enhanced lymphocyte proliferation and cytolytic activity of NK cells, along with higher production of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-5 and IL-10) by splenocytes. Notably, the combination of GSLS and Se conferred a much higher resistance to fPrV challenge after immunization of the mice with aPrV vaccine. This study offers convincing experimental evidence that an injection of Se with oral GSLS is a promising adjuvant combination that improves the efficacy of vaccination against PrV and deserves further study regarding improvement of responses to other animal vaccines.

背景与目标： 伪狂犬病：疱疹病毒感染，主要是通过使用减毒活疫苗来控制的。在这项研究中，评估了人参茎叶皂苷（GSLS）与硒（硒；亚硒酸钠的形式）联合使用对减毒伪狂犬病病毒（aPrV）的疫苗接种的效果。发现GSLS和Se具有佐剂作用，并且GSLS和Se的组合比单独的GSLS或Se刺激显着增强的免疫反应。口服GSLS后，用在含硒的生理盐水溶液（PSS）中稀释的减毒PrV疫苗免疫的小鼠引起了明显更强的gB特异性血清抗体反应（IgG，IgG1和IgG2a），增强了淋巴细胞的增殖和NK的溶细胞活性脾细胞产生更高的细胞因子（IFN-γ，IL-12，IL-5和IL-10）。值得注意的是，用aPrV疫苗免疫小鼠后，GSLS和Se的组合赋予了对fPrV攻击的更高的抗性。这项研究提供了令人信服的实验证据，即口服GSLS注射硒是一种很有前途的佐剂组合，可提高针对PrV的疫苗接种效果，并应就改善对其他动物疫苗的反应进行进一步研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Numerous studies have shown that immunostimulatory complexes containing Quil-A saponin and various antigens are effective in stimulating the immune response and can be used as vaccine preparations for animals and humans. However, Quil-A saponin possesses toxicity and haemolytic activity. In the present work, a saponin-containing preparation named "Glabilox" was isolated from the roots of a Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that Glabilox has no toxicity or haemolytic activity and can form stable immunostimulatory complexes. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with an immunostimulating complex containing Glabilox and H7N1 influenza virus antigens stimulated high levels of humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination of chickens with the same immunostimulating complex protected 100% of the animals after experimental infection with a homologous virus. Comparative studies showed that the immunogenic and protective activity of immunostimulatory complexes containing Quil-A and immunostimulatory complexes containing Glabilox are comparable to each other. The results of these studies indicated that Glycyrrhiza glabra saponins show great promise as safe and effective adjuvants.

背景与目标： ：大量研究表明，含有Quil-A皂苷和各种抗原的免疫刺激复合物可有效刺激免疫反应，并可作为动物和人类的疫苗制剂。但是，Quil-A皂苷具有毒性和溶血活性。在本工作中，通过高效液相色谱法（HPLC）从甘草中的植物的根中分离出了一种名为“ Glabilox”的含皂苷的制剂。结果表明，Glabilox没有毒性或溶血活性，可以形成稳定的免疫刺激复合物。用含有Glabilox和H7N1流感病毒抗原的免疫刺激复合物对小鼠进行皮下免疫可刺激高水平的体液和细胞免疫。实验性感染同源病毒后，用相同的免疫刺激复合物对鸡进行疫苗接种可保护100％的动物。比较研究表明，包含Quil-A的免疫刺激复合物和包含Glabilox的免疫刺激复合物的免疫原性和保护活性彼此相当。这些研究结果表明甘草皂苷作为安全有效的佐剂具有广阔的前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new triterpene saponins, clinopodiside VI (1) and saikosaponin c (2), along with six known saikosaponins (3-8), were isolated from the plant of Clinopodium polycephalum. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibition against H9c2 cell damage induced by H2O2.

背景与目标： ：从多头斜柏（Clinopodium polycephalum）的植物中分离出了两种新的三萜皂苷，即clinopodiside VI（1）和saikosaponin c（2），以及六种已知的saikosaponins（3-8）。化合物1-3显示出对H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞损伤的中等抑制作用。