BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the context of rising seawater temperatures associated with climate change, the issue of whether coral holobionts deal with this challenge by shuffling their associations with stress- and/or heat-tolerant Symbiodinium, by generating heat-resistant host genotypes, or both is important for coral survival. In this study, the composition of communities of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium and the population genetics of the coral host Platygyra verweyi were examined in a reef impacted by hot-water discharged from the outlet of a nuclear power plant in operation in Kenting, Southern Taiwan since 1984. The water at this site is 2.0-3.0 °C warmer than adjacent reefs in summer, which have an average seawater temperature of 29.0 °C. The data were compared with those for the same species at other sites within 12 km of the outlet site. Platygyra verwyei was associated with one or both of Symbiodinium types C3 (heat sensitive) and D1a (heat tolerant) at all sites with the latter being the dominant at the nuclear power plant outlet. The proportion of C3 in populations increased gradually with increasing distance from the hot-water discharge. Genetic analysis of the Platygyra verweyi host using mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed no genetic differentiation among sites. Changes in the composition of Symbiodinium types associated with P. verweyi among closely located sites in Kenting suggested that this coral might have acclimatized to the constant thermal stress by selective association with heat-tolerant Symbiodinium types, whereas the role of the host in adaptation was inconclusive.

背景与目标： : 在与气候变化相关的海水温度上升的背景下，珊瑚全生物是否通过改组其与耐压力和/或耐热共生体的关联，通过产生耐热宿主基因型或两者来应对这一挑战的问题对珊瑚生存很重要。在这项研究中，在台湾南部垦丁1984年运行中的核电站出口排出的热水影响的礁石中，研究了共生共生体群落的组成和珊瑚寄主Platygyra verweyi的种群遗传学。夏季，该地点的水比邻近的珊瑚礁高2.0-3.0 °C，后者的平均海水温度为29.0 °C。将数据与出口站点12千米内其他站点的相同物种的数据进行比较。Platygyra verwyii在所有地点均与Symbiodinium类型C3 (热敏性) 和D1a (耐热性) 中的一种或两种相关，后者在核电站出口占主导地位。随着距热水排放距离的增加，C3在种群中的比例逐渐增加。使用线粒体和核标记对Platygyra verweyi宿主进行的遗传分析表明，位点之间没有遗传分化。垦丁附近位置与P. verweyi相关的共生体类型组成的变化表明，这种珊瑚可能通过与耐热共生体类型的选择性结合而适应了恒定的热应力，而寄主在适应中的作用尚无定论。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Power for time-to-event analyses is usually assessed under continuous-time models. Often, however, times are discrete or grouped, as when the event is only observed when a procedure is performed. Wallenstein and Wittes (Biometrics, 1993) describe the power of the Mantel-Haenszel test for discrete lifetables under their chained binomial model for specified vectors of event probabilities over intervals of time. Herein, the expressions for these probabilities are derived under a piecewise exponential model allowing for staggered entry and losses to follow-up. Radhakrishna (Biometrics, 1965) showed that the Mantel-Haenszel test is maximally efficient under the alternative of a constant odds ratio and derived the optimal weighted test under other alternatives. Lachin (Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks, 2011) described the power function of this family of weighted Mantel-Haenszel tests. Prentice and Gloeckler (Biometrics, 1978) described a generalization of the proportional hazards model for grouped time data and the corresponding maximally efficient score test. Their test is also shown to be a weighted Mantel-Haenszel test, and its power function is likewise obtained. There is trivial loss in power under the discrete chained binomial model relative to the continuous-time case provided that there is a modest number of periodic evaluations. Relative to the case of homogeneity of odds ratios, there can be substantial loss in power when there is substantial heterogeneity of odds ratios, especially when heterogeneity occurs early in a study when most subjects are at risk, but little loss in power when there is heterogeneity late in a study.

背景与目标： : 事件时间分析的能力通常在连续时间模型下进行评估。但是，时间通常是离散的或分组的，例如仅在执行过程时才观察到事件。Wallenstein和Wittes (生物计量学，1993) 描述了Mantel-Haenszel测试在其链式二项式模型下离散生命表的功能，该模型针对指定的事件概率向量在时间间隔内。在此，这些概率的表达式是在分段指数模型下得出的，该模型允许交错进入和损失进行跟踪。Radhakrishna (Biometrics，1965) 表明，Mantel-Haenszel测试在恒定比值比的替代方案下是最大效率的，并在其他替代方案下得出了最佳加权测试。Lachin (生物统计学方法: 相对风险评估，2011) 描述了该家族加权Mantel-Haenszel检验的幂函数。Prentice和Gloeckler (Biometrics，1978) 描述了分组时间数据的比例风险模型的推广以及相应的最大有效分数测试。他们的检验也被证明是加权的Mantel-Haenszel检验，并且同样获得了其幂函数。与连续时间情况相比，离散链式二项式模型下的功率损失很小，前提是定期评估数量适中。相对于优势比同质性的情况，当优势比存在实质性异质性时，功率可能会出现实质性损失，尤其是当大多数受试者处于危险中的研究早期出现异质性时，但当研究后期存在异质性时，功率损失很小。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There has been some debate over the question of which types of DNA variation are most appropriate to accurately reconstruct evolutionary events. We compared the capacity of microsatellites (STRs) and various types of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in the chicken genome. The SNP types differ in their location: in exons, introns and promoters. Genetic distances between all possible pairs of 10 populations were calculated for each marker type. STR loci, which are much more polymorphic than are SNPs, are considered to have occurred at recent time compared with old evolutionary events of SNPs. Using structure software, STR loci assigned individuals to their population much more correctly than did any other marker types, whereas SNPs at promoter regions gave the poorest ascription. Furthermore, 29 STR markers were even better than all 152 SNPs together. Ancient evolutionary events that produced genetic differences between the most distant populations such as Red Jungle Fowl and domestic chicken were detected better by exons and introns than by STR loci and promoters. The significant interactions found between marker types and populations suggest that marker types had different phylogenetic histories, possibly related to a different timescale.

背景与目标： : 关于哪种类型的DNA变异最适合准确重建进化事件的问题，一直存在一些争论。我们比较了鸡基因组中微卫星 (str) 和各种类型的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 基因座的能力。SNP类型的位置不同: 外显子，内含子和启动子。计算每种标记类型的所有可能对10个种群之间的遗传距离。与SNPs的旧进化事件相比，STR基因座比SNPs更具多态性，被认为是最近发生的。使用结构软件，STR基因座将个体分配给他们的种群比任何其他标记类型都要正确得多，而启动子区域的snp的归属最差。此外，29个STR标记甚至优于所有152个snp。外显子和内含子比STR基因座和启动子更好地检测到在最遥远的种群 (例如红色丛林鸡和家鸡) 之间产生遗传差异的古代进化事件。标记类型与种群之间发现的显着相互作用表明，标记类型具有不同的系统发育历史，可能与不同的时间尺度有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A miniaturized, telemetric, photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensor for long-term, continuous monitoring is presented in this paper. The sensor, called a "ring sensor," is attached to a finger base for monitoring beat-to-beat pulsation, and the data is sent to a host computer via a radio-frequency transmitter. Two major design issues are addressed: one is to minimize motion artifact and the other is to minimize the consumption of battery power. An efficient double ring design is developed to lower the influence of external force, acceleration, and ambient light, and to hold the sensor gently and securely on the skin, so that the circulation at the finger may not be obstructed. Total power consumption is analyzed in relation to characteristics of individual components, sampling rate, and CPU clock speed. Optimal operating conditions are obtained for minimizing the power budget. A prototype ring sensor is designed and built based on the power budget analysis and the artifact-resistive attachment method. It is verified through experiments that the ring sensor is resistant to interfering forces and acceleration acting on the ring body. Benchmarking tests with FDA-approved PPG and electrocardiogram reveal that the ring sensor is comparable to those devices in detecting beat-to-beat pulsation despite disturbances.

背景与目标： : 本文提出了一种用于长期连续监测的微型遥测光电容积描记仪 (PPG) 传感器。称为 “环形传感器” 的传感器连接到手指基座上，用于监视节拍脉动，然后将数据通过射频发射器发送到主机。解决了两个主要的设计问题: 一个是最小化运动伪影，另一个是最小化电池电量的消耗。开发了一种高效的双环设计，以降低外力，加速度和环境光的影响，并将传感器轻轻地牢固地固定在皮肤上，从而不会阻碍手指的循环。根据各个组件的特性，采样率和CPU时钟速度分析总功耗。获得最佳运行条件以最小化功率预算。基于功率预算分析和伪电阻附着方法，设计并构建了环形传感器原型。通过实验验证了环形传感器对作用在环形体上的干扰力和加速度具有抵抗力。使用FDA批准的PPG和心电图进行的基准测试表明，尽管存在干扰，但环形传感器在检测节拍脉动方面与那些设备相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the mid-regional portion of the pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) for heart failure (HF) in dyspnea patients. DESIGN AND METHODS:We performed a systematic review of English-language studies published during the past three decades. The performance characteristics (diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy) were pooled and examined by random-effects models. RESULTS:Five studies met the inclusion criteria, which included 1153 patients with HF and 1904 non-HF patients. The summary estimates for MR-proANP in HF diagnosis had a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88-0.92), a specificity of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.70), and a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 22.89 (95% CI, 12.54-41.77). The area under the curve (AUC) and Q value for the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were 0.88 and 0.81, respectively. CONCLUSION:MR-proANP showed a high diagnostic accuracy for HF in dyspnea patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The paper explains the most important parameters for the use of colour and power Doppler in rheumatology. Recommendations for machine settings are given. The commonly encountered artefacts and their importance for image interpretation are explained.

背景与目标： : 本文阐述了在风湿病学中使用彩色多普勒和功率多普勒的最重要参数。给出了机器设置的建议。解释了常见的人工制品及其对图像解释的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Visuospatial attention theories often propose hemispheric asymmetries underlying the control of attention. In general support of these theories, previous EEG/MEG studies have shown that spatial attention is associated with hemispheric modulation of posterior alpha power (gating by inhibition). However, since measures of alpha power are typically expressed as lateralization scores, or collapsed across left and right attention shifts, the individual hemispheric contribution to the attentional control mechanism remains unclear. This is, however, the most crucial and decisive aspect in which the currently competing attention theories continue to disagree. To resolve this long-standing conflict, we derived predictions regarding alpha power modulations from Heilman's hemispatial theory and Kinsbourne's interhemispheric competition theory and tested them empirically in an EEG experiment. We used an attention paradigm capable of isolating alpha power modulation in two attentional states, namely attentional bias in a neutral cue condition and spatial orienting following directional cues. Differential alpha modulations were found for both hemispheres across conditions. When anticipating peripheral visual targets without preceding directional cues (neutral condition), posterior alpha power in the left hemisphere was generally lower and more strongly modulated than in the right hemisphere, in line with the interhemispheric competition theory. Intriguingly, however, while alpha power in the right hemisphere was modulated by both, cue-directed leftward and rightward attention shifts, the left hemisphere only showed modulations by rightward shifts of spatial attention, in line with the hemispatial theory. This suggests that the two theories may not be mutually exclusive, but rather apply to different attentional states.

背景与目标： : 视觉空间注意力理论经常提出控制注意力的半球不对称。在这些理论的总体支持下，先前的EEG/MEG研究表明，空间注意力与后 α 功率的半球调制 (通过抑制进行门控) 有关。但是，由于alpha功效的度量通常表示为偏侧得分，或者在左右注意力转移时崩溃，因此单个半球对注意力控制机制的贡献仍不清楚。然而，这是目前相互竞争的注意力理论继续不同意的最关键和决定性的方面。为了解决这种长期存在的冲突，我们从Heilman的半球空间理论和Kinsbourne的半球竞争理论中得出了有关alpha功率调制的预测，并在EEG实验中对其进行了经验测试。我们使用了一种注意范例，该范例能够在两种注意状态下隔离alpha功率调制，即中性提示条件下的注意偏差和遵循方向提示的空间定向。在不同条件下，发现两个半球的差异 α 调制。根据半球间竞争理论，当预期没有先前的方向提示 (中性条件) 的周边视觉目标时，左半球的后 α 功率通常比右半球低，调制更强。然而，有趣的是，尽管右半球的alpha功率受到提示方向向左和向右的注意力转移的调节，但左半球仅显示出空间注意力向右移动的调节，这与半球空间理论一致。这表明这两种理论可能不是相互排斥的，而是适用于不同的注意状态。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ultra-intense, narrow-bandwidth, electromagnetic pulses have become important tools for exploring the characteristics of matter. Modern tuneable high-power light sources, such as free-electron lasers and vacuum tubes, rely on bunching of relativistic or near-relativistic electrons in vacuum. Here we present a fundamentally different method for producing narrow-bandwidth radiation from a broad spectral bandwidth current source, which takes advantage of the inflated radiation impedance close to cut-off in a medium with a plasma-like permittivity. We find that by embedding a current source in this cut-off region, more than an order of magnitude enhancement of the radiation intensity is obtained compared with emission directly into free space. The method suggests a simple and general way to flexibly use broadband current sources to produce broad or narrow bandwidth pulses. As an example, we demonstrate, using particle-in-cell simulations, enhanced monochromatic emission of terahertz radiation using a two-colour pumped current source enclosed by a tapered waveguide.

背景与目标： : 超强、窄带宽、电磁脉冲已成为探索物质特性的重要工具。现代可调谐大功率光源，如自由电子激光器和真空管，依赖于真空中相对论或近相对论电子的聚束。在这里，我们提出了一种从宽光谱带宽电流源产生窄带宽辐射的根本不同的方法，该方法利用了在具有类似等离子体的介电常数的介质中接近截止的膨胀的辐射阻抗。我们发现，通过将电流源嵌入该截止区域，与直接发射到自由空间相比，辐射强度的增强幅度超过一个数量级。该方法提出了一种简单而通用的方法，可以灵活地使用宽带电流源来产生宽或窄带宽脉冲。作为示例，我们使用单元内粒子模拟演示了使用由锥形波导包围的双色泵浦电流源增强的太赫兹辐射单色发射。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study investigates the link between power imbalance within the romantic couple and psychological, relational and physical adolescent dating aggression (ADA) perpetration, considering also the role of relationship duration as an indicator of the developmental stage of the relationship. This is the first investigation into whom is perceived to have power in the relationship (the partner or the subject him/herself) by distinguishing between male and female adolescents. Participants were 805 Italian adolescents (36.1% males; 63.9% females) aged 14-20 years (Mage  = 17.16 years, SDage  = 1.34), all reporting having been in a romantic relationship currently or within the past 6 months. Males perceiving a balanced relationship reported lower levels of psychological ADA perpetration, and they perpetrated more relational ADA in longer relationships where the partner is perceived to have the power. No significant findings emerged regarding physical ADA. Females perceiving themselves as having the power in the relationship reported higher levels of psychological and physical ADA perpetration. They perpetrated more relational ADA when they perceived the partner as having the power in the relationship. Also, females in longer relationships in which power was not perceived as equally shared between partners reported higher physical ADA perpetration. Finally, for both males and females, longer relationships were characterized by higher levels of ADA toward the partner. Findings highlight the importance of studying the interplay between power imbalance and relationship duration on ADA perpetration, and provide the way to understand possible functions of ADA within a romantic relationship.

背景与目标： : 本研究调查了浪漫夫妻内部权力失衡与心理，关系和身体青少年约会攻击 (ADA) 行为之间的联系，并考虑了关系持续时间作为关系发展阶段的指标的作用。这是第一次通过区分男性和女性青少年来调查谁被认为在关系中拥有权力 (伴侣或对象他/她自己)。参与者为805名意大利青少年 (36.1% 名男性; 63.9% 名女性)，年龄在14-20岁之间 (Mage   =   17.16岁，SDage   =   1.34)，所有这些人目前或过去6个月内都有恋爱关系。感知平衡关系的男性报告了较低的心理ADA实施水平，并且在伴侣被认为具有力量的较长关系中，他们实施了更多的关系ADA。没有关于身体ADA的重要发现。女性认为自己在关系中具有力量，因此报告了更高的心理和身体ADA行为。当他们认为伴侣在关系中拥有权力时，他们实施了更多的关系ADA。此外，处于较长关系中的女性在伴侣之间没有被视为平等分享权力的情况下，她们报告了更高的身体ADA行为。最后，对于男性和女性，更长的关系的特征是对伴侣的ADA水平更高。研究结果强调了研究ADA实施中权力失衡与关系持续时间之间相互作用的重要性，并提供了了解ADA在浪漫关系中可能发挥作用的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, we examined the effect of muscle temperature (Tm) on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine utilization in single muscle fibres during the development of maximal power output in humans. Six male participants performed a 6-s maximal sprint on a friction-braked cycle ergometer under both normal (Tm = 34.3 degrees C, s = 0.6) and elevated (T(m) = 37.3 degrees C, s = 0.2) muscle temperature conditions. During the elevated condition, muscle temperature of the legs was raised, passively, by hot water immersion followed by wrapping in electrically heated blankets. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and immediately after exercise. Freeze-dried single fibres were dissected, characterized according to myosin heavy chain composition, and analysed for ATP and phosphocreatine content. Single fibres were classified as: type I, IIA, IIAX25 (1 - 25% IIX isoform), IIAX50 (26 - 50% IIX), IIAX75 (51 - 75% IIX), or IIAX100 (76 - 100% IIX). Maximal power output and pedal rate were both greater (P < 0.05) during the elevated condition by 258 W (s = 110) and 22 rev . min(-1) (s = 6), respectively. In both conditions, phosphocreatine content decreased significantly in all fibre types, with a greater decrease during the elevated condition in type IIA fibres (P < 0.01). Adenosine triphosphate content was also reduced to a greater (P < 0.01) extent in type IIA fibres during the elevated condition. The results of the present study indicate that after passive elevation of muscle temperature, there was a greater decrease in ATP and phosphocreatine content in type IIA fibres than in the normal trial, which contributed to the higher maximal power output.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，我们研究了在人类产生最大功率输出的过程中，肌肉温度 (Tm) 对三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 和单根肌纤维中磷酸肌酸利用的影响。六名男性参与者在正常 (Tm = 34.3摄氏度，s = 0.6) 和升高 (T(m) = 37.3摄氏度，s = 0.2) 的肌肉温度条件下，在摩擦制动的自行车测功机上进行了6秒的最大冲刺。在升高的情况下，通过浸入热水，然后包裹在电加热的毯子中，被动地提高了腿部的肌肉温度。运动前和运动后立即从股外侧肌进行肌肉活检。解剖冷冻干燥的单纤维，根据肌球蛋白重链组成进行表征，并分析ATP和磷酸肌酸含量。单纤维分类为: I型、IIA型、IIAX25型 (1 - 25% IIX亚型) 、IIAX50型 (26 - 50% IIX) 、IIAX75型 (51 - 75% IIX) 或IIAX100型 (76 - 100% IIX)。在升高条件下，最大功率输出和踏板速率均较大 (P < 0.05) 258 W (s = 110) 和22 rev。分别为min(-1) (s = 6)。在这两种条件下，磷酸肌酸含量在所有纤维类型中显著降低，在IIA型纤维的升高条件下显著降低 (P <0.01)。在升高的条件下，IIA型纤维中的三磷酸腺苷含量也降低到更大程度 (P <0.01)。本研究的结果表明，被动升高肌肉温度后，IIA型纤维中ATP和磷酸肌酸含量的下降幅度比正常试验更大，这导致了更高的最大功率输出。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The radio-frequency breakdown due to ultrahigh electric field strength essentially limits power handling capability of an individual high power microwave (HPM) generator, and this issue becomes more challenging for high frequency bands. Coherent power combining therefore provides an alternative approach to achieve an equivalent peak power of the order of ∼100 GW, which consequently provides opportunities to explore microwave related physics at extremes. The triaxial klystron amplifier (TKA) is a promising candidate for coherent power combing in high frequency bands owing to its intrinsic merit of high power capacity, nevertheless phase-locked long pulse radiation from TKA has not yet been obtained experimentally as the coaxial structure of TKA can easily lead to self-excitation of parasitic modes. In this paper, we present investigations into an X-band TKA capable of producing 1.1 GW HPMs with pulse duration of about 103 ns at the frequency of 9.375 GHz in experiment. Furthermore, the shot-to-shot fluctuation standard deviation of the phase shifts between the input and output microwaves is demonstrated to be less than 10°. The reported achievements open up prospects for accomplishing coherent power combining of X-band HPMs in the near future, and might also excite new development interests concerning high frequency TKAs.

背景与目标： : 由于超高电场强度而导致的射频击穿基本上限制了单个高功率微波 (HPM) 发生器的功率处理能力，并且对于高频带而言，此问题变得更具挑战性。因此，相干功率组合提供了一种替代方法来实现约100  GW的等效峰值功率，因此提供了探索极端微波相关物理的机会。三轴速调管放大器 (TKA) 具有高功率容量的内在优点，因此是高频带相干功率组合的有希望的候选者。然而，由于TKA的同轴结构很容易导致寄生模式的自激，因此尚未通过实验获得来自TKA的锁相长脉冲辐射。在本文中，我们对在实验中能够在9.375 ghz ghz频率下产生1.1  GW HPMs的X波段TKA进行了研究，脉冲持续时间约为103 ns ns。此外，事实证明，输入和输出微波之间相移的镜头到镜头波动标准偏差小于10 °。所报道的成就为在不久的将来完成X波段hpm的相干功率组合开辟了前景，也可能激发有关高频tka的新发展兴趣。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in March 2011 affected not only the terrestrial environment of Fukushima prefecture and the surrounding area, but also the marine area facing the NPP. Our present study is focused on the concentrations of radionuclides in agricultural products of Fukushima and sea-foods collected off Fukushima after the accident. The regulation value for radiocesium in vegetables, meat and fish was revised from 500 Bq/kg-wet to 100 Bq/kg-wet on 1 April 2012. The overall activity of radiocesium in these products was found to be within the limit of tolerance in respect to Japanese and also international regulations, but there is still radiocesium found at activities greater than this level in edible wild plants, wild mushrooms and game such as boar meat. Although the activities of radionuclides exceeding the regulatory limits were not detected in marine products collected off Fukushima after April 2015, the commercial marine fishery has not received approval in the affected areas except for certain species. We learned from the Fukushima accident that long-term kinetic studies of radionuclides in terrestrial and marine environments is extremely important for prevention of internal contamination, since contamination with radionuclides occurs via the food chain in the environment.

背景与目标： : 2011年3月福岛第一核电站 (NPP) 的事故不仅影响了福岛县及其周边地区的陆地环境，而且还影响了NPP面对的海洋区域。我们目前的研究重点是事故发生后福岛农产品和从福岛收集的海鲜中放射性核素的浓度。2012年4月1日将蔬菜，肉和鱼中放射性铯的调节值从500 Bq/kg-湿修订为100 Bq/kg-湿。就日本和国际法规而言，发现这些产品中放射性铯的总体活性在耐受性范围内，但在可食用的野生植物，野生蘑菇和野猪等野味中，仍发现放射性铯的活性大于此水平。肉。尽管2015年4月后在福岛附近收集的海产品中未检测到超过监管限值的放射性核素活动，但除某些物种外，受影响地区的商业海洋渔业尚未获得批准。我们从福岛事故中了解到，陆地和海洋环境中放射性核素的长期动力学研究对于预防内部污染极为重要，因为放射性核素的污染是通过环境中的食物链发生的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) including WS2, MoS2, WSe2 and WS2, are two-dimensional semiconductors with direct bandgap, providing an excellent field for exploration of many-body effects in 2-dimensions (2D) through optical measurements. To fully explore the physics of TMDCs, the prerequisite is preparation of high-quality samples to observe their intrinsic properties. For this purpose, we have focused on high-quality samples, WS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition method with hexagonal boron nitride as substrates. We observed sharp exciton emissions, whose linewidth is typically 22~23 meV, in photoluminescence spectra at room temperature, which result clearly demonstrates the high-quality of the current samples. We found that biexcitons formed with extremely low-excitation power (240 W/cm2) at 80 K, and this should originate from the minimal amount of localization centers in the present high-quality samples. The results clearly demonstrate that the present samples can provide an excellent field, where one can observe various excitonic states, offering possibility of exploring optical physics in 2D and finding new condensates.

背景与目标： : 包括WS2，MoS2，WSe2和WS2在内的单层过渡金属二卤化物 (TMDCs) 是具有直接带隙的二维半导体，为通过光学测量探索二维 (2D) 的多体效应提供了极好的领域。要充分探索TMDCs的物理原理，前提是准备高质量的样品以观察其固有特性。为此，我们专注于高质量的样品，WS2通过化学气相沉积法以六方氮化硼为基底生长。我们在室温下的光致发光光谱中观察到明显的激子发射，其线宽通常为22〜23  meV，结果清楚地表明了当前样品的高质量。我们发现双激子在80  K时具有极低的激发功率 (240  W/cm2)，这应该源于目前高质量样品中最小的定位中心。结果清楚地表明，本样品可以提供一个极好的领域，可以观察到各种激子态，为探索2D光学物理和寻找新的冷凝物提供了可能性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction. To identify biomarkers for the condition, we assessed serum levels of apolipoprotein (Apo)A and ApoE. We found a reduction of both lipoproteins in anaphylactic mice as well as in orally challenged food allergic patients. We then compared patients after acute anaphylaxis with several control groups (nonallergic, history of allergen-triggered anaphylaxis, acute cardiovascular/febrile reactions). In this unpaired setting, ApoE levels were unaltered, while ApoA1 was reduced in the anaphylactic group. Although unable to discriminate between anaphylaxis and cardiovascular/febrile reactions, ROC curve analysis revealed a reasonably high area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 for ApoA1. Serum 9α,11ß-PGF2 , recently identified as a suitable biomarker for anaphylaxis, outperformed ApoA1 with AUC=0.95. Intriguingly however its power further increased upon combination of both mediators reaching AUC=1. Our data suggest that ApoA1 combined with 9α,11ß-PGF2 represents a useful composite biomarker of anaphylaxis, achieving superior diagnostic power over either factor alone.

背景与目标： : 过敏反应是一种危及生命的超敏反应。为了确定该疾病的生物标志物，我们评估了载脂蛋白 (Apo)A和ApoE的血清水平。我们发现过敏性小鼠和口服食物过敏患者的脂蛋白均减少。然后，我们将急性过敏反应后的患者与几个对照组 (非过敏性，过敏原引发过敏反应、急性心血管/发热反应的病史)。在这种未配对的情况下，ApoE水平没有改变，而过敏组ApoA1降低。尽管无法区分过敏反应和心血管/发热反应，ROC曲线分析显示apoa1的0.91曲线下面积 (AUC) 相当高。血清9α，11ß-pgf2，最近被确定为过敏反应的合适生物标志物，AUC = 0.95优于ApoA1。然而有趣的是，当两种介体结合达到AUC = 1时，其能力进一步增强。我们的数据表明，ApoA1与9α，11ß-pgf2结合代表了一种有用的过敏反应复合生物标志物，比单独任一因素都具有优异的诊断能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Over 50,000 power saw-related injuries occur annually in the United States. Numerous safety measures have been implemented to protect the users of these tools. This study was designed to determine which interventions, if any, have had a positive impact on the safety of the consumer or laborer. METHODS:We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database for hand and upper-extremity injuries attributed to power saws from 1997 to 2014. Demographic information including age, sex, date of injury, device, location, body part involved, diagnosis, and disposition was recorded. We performed statistical analysis using interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the incidence of injury with respect to specific safety guidelines as well as temporal trends including patients' age. RESULTS:An 18% increase in power saw-related injuries was noted from 1997 (44,877) to 2005 (75,037). From 2006 to 2015 an annual decrease of 5.8% was observed. This was correlated with regulations for power saw use by the Consumer Safety Product Commission (CPSC) and Underwriters Laboratories. Mean age of injured patients increased from 48.8 to 52.9 years whereas the proportion of subjects aged less than 50 years decreased from 52.8% to 41.9%. These trends were most pronounced after the 2006 CPSC regulations. CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of power saw injuries increased from 1997 to 2005, with a subsequent decrease from 2006 to 2015. The guidelines for safer operation and improvements in equipment, mandated by the CPSC and Underwriters Laboratories, appeared to have been successful in precipitating a decrease in the incidence of power saw injuries to the upper extremity, particularly in the younger population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:The publication of safety regulations has been noted to have an association with a decreased incidence in power saw injuries. Based on this, clinicians should take an active role in their practice as well as in their professional societies to educate and counsel patients to prevent further injury.

背景与目标：