BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is regarded as a process where very aggressive cancer cells generate vascular-like patterns without the presence of endothelial cells. It is considered as the main mark of malignant cancer and has pivotal role in cancer metastasis and progression in various types of cancers. On the other hand, resistance to the antiangiogenesis therapies leads to the cancer recurrence. Therefore, development of novel chemotherapies and their combinations is urgently needed for abolition of VM structures and also for better tumor therapy. Hence, identifying compounds that target VM structures might be superior therapeutic factors for cancers treatment and controlling the recurrence and metastasis. In recent times, naturally occurring compounds, especially phytochemicals have obtained great attention due to their safe properties. Phytochemicals are also capable of targeting VM structure and also their main signaling pathways. Consequently, in this review article, we illustrated key signaling pathways in VM, and the phytochemicals that affect these structures including curcumin, genistein, lycorine, luteolin, columbamine, triptolide, Paris polyphylla, dehydroeffusol, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, isoxanthohumol, dehydrocurvularine, galiellalactone, oxacyclododecindione, brucine, honokiol, ginsenoside Rg3, and norcantharidin. The recognition of these phytochemicals and their safety profile may lead to new therapeutic agents' development for VM elimination in different types of tumors.

背景与目标： : 血管生成拟态 (VM) 被认为是一种过程，其中非常具有侵略性的癌细胞在没有内皮细胞存在的情况下产生血管样模式。它被认为是恶性肿瘤的主要标志，在各种类型的癌症的转移和进展中起着举足轻重的作用。另一方面，对抗血管生成疗法的抵抗力导致癌症复发。因此，迫切需要开发新型化学疗法及其组合，以消除VM结构并更好地进行肿瘤治疗。因此，确定靶向VM结构的化合物可能是癌症治疗和控制复发和转移的更好治疗因素。近年来，天然存在的化合物，尤其是植物化学物质由于其安全特性而引起了极大的关注。植物化学物质也能够靶向VM结构及其主要信号通路。因此，在这篇综述文章中，我们说明了VM中的关键信号通路，以及影响这些结构的植物化学物质，包括姜黄素，染料木黄酮，石蒜素，木犀草素，哥伦巴胺，雷公藤甲素，巴黎多叶，脱氢排香酚，盐酸苦果碱，葡萄籽原花青素，白藜芦醇和好醇、人参皂苷Rg3和去甲斑鸠苷。对这些植物化学物质及其安全性的认识可能会导致在不同类型的肿瘤中消除VM的新治疗剂的发展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this work was to determine the interactive effects between soy bioactive components and tamoxifen (TAM) on prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer (BRCA). We initially investigated the effects of soy isoflavone genistein and TAM on the growth and cell cycle progression of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 human BRCA cells, and on the expression of ERalpha, pS2 and EGFR genes in vitro. Genistein or TAM alone inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells in part via G(1) phase arrest, but their combinations showed suggestive antagonistic effects. We further evaluated the effects of bioactive soy components and TAM on the growth inhibition of MCF-7 tumors in a clinically relevant breast tumor model. TAM and bioactive soy components, genistein and soy phytochemical concentrate (SPC), delayed the growth of MCF-7 tumors. The combination of TAM with genistein or SPC, especially at the lower dose of TAM, had synergistic effects on delaying the growth of MCF-7 tumors. Biomarker determination suggests that the combination of TAM and soy components may synergistically delay the growth of MCF-7 tumors via their combined effects on induction of tumor cell apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. In addition, genistein and TAM combination synergistically delayed the growth of breast tumor via decreased estrogen level and activity, and down-regulation of EGFR expression. The results from our studies suggest that further investigations may be warranted to determine if the combination of TAM and bioactive soy components may be used for prevention and/or treatment of estrogen-dependent BRCA.

背景与目标： : 这项工作的目的是确定大豆生物活性成分与他莫昔芬 (TAM) 之间的相互作用对预防雌激素依赖性乳腺癌 (BRCA) 的作用。我们最初研究了大豆异黄酮染料木黄酮和TAM对雌激素依赖性MCF-7人BRCA细胞生长和细胞周期进程的影响，以及对ERalpha，pS2和EGFR基因在体外表达的影响。染料木素或TAM单独通过G(1) 期阻滞部分抑制MCF-7细胞的生长，但它们的组合显示出暗示的拮抗作用。在临床相关的乳腺肿瘤模型中，我们进一步评估了生物活性大豆成分和TAM对MCF-7肿瘤生长抑制的影响。TAM和生物活性大豆成分，染料木素和大豆植物化学浓缩物 (SPC) 延迟了MCF-7肿瘤的生长。TAM与染料木黄酮或SPC的组合，特别是在较低剂量的TAM下，对延迟MCF-7肿瘤的生长具有协同作用。生物标志物的测定表明，TAM和大豆成分的组合可能通过其对诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的联合作用而协同延迟MCF-7肿瘤的生长。此外，染料木黄酮和TAM联合通过降低雌激素水平和活性以及下调EGFR表达来协同延缓乳腺肿瘤的生长。我们的研究结果表明，可能需要进一步的研究来确定TAM和生物活性大豆成分的组合是否可用于预防和/或治疗雌激素依赖性BRCA。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is compelling evidence showing that dietary phytochemicals have exhibited pronounced bioactivities in a number of experimental models. In addition, a variety of epidemiological surveys have demonstrated that frequent ingestion of vegetables and fruits, which contain abundant phytochemicals, lowers the risk of onset of some diseases. However, the action mechanisms by which dietary phytochemicals show bioactivity remain to be fully elucidated and a fundamental question is why this class of chemicals has great potential for regulating health. Meanwhile, maintenance and repair of biological proteins by molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, and clearance of abnormal proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy play central roles in health, some disease prevention, and longevity. Interestingly, several recent studies have revealed that phytochemicals, including curcumin (yellow pigment in turmeric), resveratrol (phytoalexin in grapes), quercetin (general flavonol in onions and others), and isothiocyanates (preferentially present in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and cabbage), are remarkable regulators of protein quality control systems, suggesting that their physiological and biological functions are exerted, at least in part, through activation of such unique mechanisms. This review article highlights recent findings regarding the effects of representative phytochemicals on protein quality control systems and their possible molecular mechanisms.

背景与目标： : 有令人信服的证据表明，膳食植物化学物质在许多实验模型中表现出明显的生物活性。此外，各种流行病学调查表明，经常摄入含有丰富植物化学物质的蔬菜和水果降低了某些疾病发作的风险。然而，膳食植物化学物质显示生物活性的作用机制仍有待充分阐明，一个基本问题是为什么这类化学物质具有调节健康的巨大潜力。同时，分子伴侣对生物蛋白 (如热休克蛋白) 的维持和修复以及泛素-蛋白酶体系统对异常蛋白的清除和自噬在健康，某些疾病的预防和长寿中起着重要作用。有趣的是，最近的几项研究表明，植物化学物质，包括姜黄素 (姜黄中的黄色色素)，白藜芦醇 (葡萄中的植物毒素)，槲皮素 (洋葱中的黄酮醇等) 和异硫氰酸酯 (优先存在于十字花科蔬菜中，如西兰花和卷心菜)，是蛋白质质量控制系统的杰出调节剂，表明它们的生理和生物学功能至少部分是通过激活这种独特的机制来发挥的。这篇综述文章重点介绍了有关代表性植物化学物质对蛋白质质量控制系统及其可能的分子机制的影响的最新发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most of the previous studies in last three decades report evidence of interactions between the different phytochemicals and the proteins involved in signal transduction pathways using in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses. However, extrapolation of these findings for clinical purposes has not been that fruitful. The efficacy of the phytochemicals in vivo studies is limited by parameters such as solubility, metabolic degradation, excretion, etc. Various approaches have now been devised to circumvent these limitations. Recently, chemical modification of the phytochemicals are demonstrated to reduce some of the limitations and improve their efficacy. Similar to traditional medicines several combinatorial phytochemical formulations have shown to be more efficient. Further, phytochemicals have been reported to be even more efficient in the form of nanoparticles. However, systematic evaluation of their efficacy, mode of action in pathway modulation, usage and associated challenges is required to be done. The present review begins with basic understanding of how signaling cascades regulate cellular response and the consequences of their dysregulation further summarizing the developments and problems associated with the dietary phytochemicals and also discuss recent approaches in strengthening these compounds in pharmacological applications. Only context relevant studies have been reviewed. Considering the limitations and scope of the article, authors do not claim inclusion of all the early and recent studies.

背景与目标： : 过去三十年的大多数先前研究报告了使用计算机，体外，离体和体内分析的不同植物化学物质与信号转导途径中涉及的蛋白质之间相互作用的证据。但是，出于临床目的对这些发现的推断并没有那么富有成果。体内研究的植物化学物质的功效受到诸如溶解度，代谢降解，排泄等参数的限制。现在已经设计了各种方法来规避这些限制。最近，已证明对植物化学物质进行化学修饰可以减少某些局限性并提高其功效。与传统药物类似，几种组合植物化学制剂已显示出更有效的效果。此外，据报道，植物化学物质以纳米颗粒的形式甚至更有效。但是，需要对其功效，在通路调制中的作用方式，使用和相关挑战进行系统评估。本综述从对信号级联如何调节细胞反应及其失调的后果的基本理解开始，进一步总结了与膳食植物化学物质相关的发展和问题，并讨论了在药理学应用中加强这些化合物的最新方法。仅回顾了与上下文相关的研究。考虑到本文的局限性和范围，作者并未声称包括所有早期和近期研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Estrogen receptor antagonists are effective in breast cancer treatment. However, the side effects of these treatments have led to a rise in searching for alternative therapies. The present study evaluated the estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiproliferative activities of Euphorbiabicolor (Euphorbiaceae), a plant native to south-central USA. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of latex extract and its phytochemicals were evaluated with a steroid-regulated yeast system expressing the human estrogen receptor α and antiproliferative properties were assessed in the ER-positive MCF-7 and T47-D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-469 breast carcinomas. Genistein and coumestrol identified in the latex extract induced higher estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities compared to diterpenes and flavonoids. The latex extract, resiniferatoxin (RTX) and rutin induced antiproliferative activities in all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but not in human normal primary dermal fibroblast cultures. A biphasic effect was observed with MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma in which the latex extract at low concentrations increased and at high concentrations decreased cell proliferation. Treatments with latex extract in combination with RTX or rutin reduced even more the proliferation of MCF-7 breast carcinoma compared to the individual latex, RTX, and rutin treatments. E. bicolor latex phytochemicals could contribute to developing commercial therapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment.

背景与目标： : 雌激素受体拮抗剂对乳腺癌治疗有效。然而，这些治疗的副作用导致了寻找替代疗法的增加。本研究评估了原产于美国中南部的大戟科 (Euphorbiaceae) 的雌激素，抗雌激素和抗增殖活性。用表达人类雌激素受体 α 的类固醇调节酵母系统评估了乳胶提取物及其植物化学物质的雌激素和抗雌激素活性，并在ER阳性MCF-7，T47-D和三阴性MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-469乳腺癌中评估了抗增殖特性。与二萜和类黄酮相比，在乳胶提取物中鉴定的金雀异黄素和香豆酚可诱导更高的雌激素和抗雌激素活性。乳胶提取物，树脂曲霉毒素 (RTX) 和芦丁以剂量依赖性方式在所有细胞系中诱导抗增殖活性，但在人正常的原代真皮成纤维细胞培养物中却没有。在MDA-MB-468乳腺癌中观察到双相效应，其中低浓度的乳胶提取物增加，而高浓度的乳胶提取物降低了细胞增殖。与单独的乳胶、RTX和芦丁治疗相比，乳胶提取物与RTX或芦丁联合治疗甚至更多地降低了MCF-7乳腺癌的增殖。E.双色乳胶植物化学物质可能有助于开发用于乳腺癌治疗的商业治疗剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Accumulating data suggest that dietary phytochemicals have the potential to moderate deregulated signalling or reinstate checkpoint pathways and apoptosis in damaged cells, while having minimal impact on healthy cells. These are ideal characteristics for chemopreventive and combination anticancer strategies, warranting substantial research effort into harnessing the biological activities of these agents in disease prevention and treatment. However, this requires further investigation into their mode of action and novel approaches to the development of reliable biomarkers.

背景与目标： : 积累的数据表明，饮食中的植物化学物质有可能在受损细胞中缓和信号传导失调或恢复检查点途径和凋亡，同时对健康细胞的影响最小。这些是化学预防和联合抗癌策略的理想特征，需要大量研究来利用这些药物在疾病预防和治疗中的生物学活性。然而，这需要进一步研究它们的作用方式和开发可靠生物标志物的新方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and molecular mechanisms of citrus flavonoids based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published since 2010 was carried out using the keywords citrus, flavonoid, and diabetes. All articles identified were analyzed, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The search identified 38 articles, which reported that 19 citrus flavonoids, including 8-prenylnaringenin, cosmosiin, didymin, diosmin, hesperetin, hesperidin, isosiennsetin, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, poncirin, quercetin, rhoifolin, rutin, sineesytin, sudachitin, tangeretin, and xanthohumol, have antidiabetic potential. These flavonoids regulated biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profiles, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, and modulated signaling pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications. Citrus flavonoids, therefore, are promising antidiabetic candidates, while their antidiabetic effects remain to be verified in forthcoming human studies.

背景与目标： : 食用植物性食品对于促进健康非常重要，尤其是在预防和管理慢性病方面。黄酮类化合物是柑橘类水果中主要的生物活性化合物，具有多种有益作用，尤其是抗糖尿病作用。我们基于体外和体内研究，系统地综述了柑橘类黄酮的潜在抗糖尿病作用和分子机制。使用关键字柑橘，类黄酮和糖尿病对PubMed，EMBASE，Scopus和Web of Science核心收集数据库进行了搜索，以查找2010年发表的文章。对所有识别的文章进行分析，并使用标准化表格提取数据。搜索确定了38篇文章，其中报道了19种柑橘类黄酮，包括8-戊烯基柚皮素，天冬氨酸，地司明，地司明，橙皮素，橙皮素，异水青素，柚皮素，柚皮素，新橙皮素，诺比林，poncirin，槲皮素，金丝素，红叶素，芦丁，丝素，丝皮素，苏达丁，橘皮素和黄嘌呤，具有抗糖尿病的潜力。这些类黄酮调节血糖控制，脂质谱，肾功能，肝酶和抗氧化酶的生物标志物，以及与葡萄糖摄取和胰岛素敏感性有关的调节信号通路，这些信号通路参与糖尿病及其相关并发症的发病机理。因此，柑橘类黄酮是有希望的抗糖尿病候选药物，而其抗糖尿病作用仍有待即将进行的人类研究验证。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dietary phytochemicals, of which polyphenols form a considerable part, may affect the risk of obesity-associated chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. This article presents an overview on how phytochemicals, especially polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, berries, beverages and herbal medicines, may modify imbalanced lipid and glucose homeostasis thereby reducing the risk of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes complications.

背景与目标： : 饮食中的植物化学物质 (其中多酚占相当大的一部分) 可能会影响与肥胖相关的慢性疾病 (例如2型糖尿病) 的风险。本文概述了植物化学物质 (尤其是水果，蔬菜，浆果，饮料和草药中的多酚) 如何改变不平衡的脂质和葡萄糖稳态，从而降低代谢综合征和2型糖尿病并发症的风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Phytochemicals are a significant piece of conventional prescription and have been researched in detail for conceivable consideration in current drug discovery. Medications and plants are firmly identified for traditional prescriptions and ethnomedicines that are basically arranged from plants. Recognizing the medical advantages of phytochemicals is of fundamental advancement in medication and useful sustenance improvement. Secondary metabolites of different plants have been customarily used for the improvement of human wellbeing. The phytochemicals are diets rich, which can upgrade neuroplasticity and protection from neurodegeneration. RESULTS:Phytochemicals keep on entering clinical preliminaries or provide leads for the synthesis of medicinal agents. Phytochemicals are a great extent cancer prevention agents in nature at lower concentrations and under favorable cell conditions that adequately avoid the oxidation of different molecules that have an ability to produce free radicals and thus protect the body. CONCLUSION:The purpose of this review is to describe the use of phytochemicals against cancer and Alzheimer's disease treatment.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) are exploited extensively in West and Central African ethnopharmacy for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, despite this being a non-native species established in the last 50 years. With the objective of seeking bioactive principles, the nonvolatile compounds, an ethanolic (80% v/v) extract was made and fractionated. From the hexane-soluble fraction, three compounds were isolated. Two of these, 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone and 2'-hydroxy-4,4',5',6'-tetramethoxychalcone, have previously been identified in C. odorata leaves. The third was fully characterised spectroscopically and found to be 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene (cadalene), not previously isolated from the Asteraceae. All three compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and anticancer properties. 2'-Hydroxy-4,4',5',6'-tetramethoxychalcone was found to be both cytotoxic and anticlonogenic at 20 µm in cell lines Cal51, MCF7 and MDAMB-468, and to act synergistically with the Bcl2 inhibitor ABT737 to enhance apoptosis in Cal51 breast cancer cells.

背景与目标： : 菊科 (菊科) 的叶子在西非和中非民族中被广泛利用，以治疗多种条件，尽管这是过去50年来建立的非本地物种。为了寻求生物活性原理，非挥发性化合物，制备并分级分离乙醇 (80% v/v) 提取物。从己烷可溶部分中分离出三种化合物。这些中的两个，5-羟基-7,4 '-二甲氧基黄烷酮和2'-hydroxy-4，4 '，5'，6 '-四甲氧基查尔酮，先前已在odorata叶中鉴定。第三种化合物在光谱上被完全表征，发现是1,6-二甲基-4-(1-甲基乙基) 萘 (cadalene)，以前没有从菊科中分离出来。测试了所有三种化合物的细胞毒性和抗癌特性。2 '-Hydroxy-4，4'，5 '，发现6'-四甲氧基查尔酮在20μm的细胞系Cal51，MCF7和MDAMB-468中具有细胞毒性和抗克隆作用，并与Bcl2抑制剂ABT737协同作用以增强Cal51乳腺癌细胞的凋亡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer metastasis is a multistep process in which a cancer cell spreads from the site of the primary lesion, passes through the circulatory system, and establishes a secondary tumor at a new nonadjacent organ or part. Inhibition of cancer progression by dietary phytochemicals (DPs) offers significant promise for reducing the incidence and mortality of cancer. Consumption of DPs in the diet has been linked to a decrease in the rate of metastatic cancer in a number of preclinical animal models and human epidemiological studies. DPs have been reported to modulate the numerous biological events including epigenetic events (noncoding micro-RNAs, histone modification, and DNA methylation) and multiple signaling transduction pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, COX-2, EGFR, MAPK-ERK, JAK-STAT, Akt/PI3K/mTOR, NF-κB, AP-1, etc.), which can play a key role in regulation of metastasis cascade. Extensive studies have also been performed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying antimetastatic activity of DPs, with results indicating that these DPs have significant inhibitory activity at nearly every step of the metastatic cascade. DPs have anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and by inhibiting cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Growing evidence has also shown that these natural agents potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the variety of molecular mechanisms by which DPs regulate metastatic cascade and highlight the potentials of these DPs as promising therapeutic inhibitors of cancer.

背景与目标： : 癌症转移是一个多步骤的过程，其中癌细胞从原发病变部位扩散，通过循环系统，并在新的非相邻器官或部位建立继发性肿瘤。通过饮食植物化学物质 (DPs) 抑制癌症进展为降低癌症的发病率和死亡率提供了重要的希望。在许多临床前动物模型和人类流行病学研究中，饮食中DPs的消耗与转移性癌症的发生率降低有关。据报道，DPs可以调节许多生物学事件，包括表观遗传事件 (非编码微rna，组蛋白修饰和DNA甲基化) 和多种信号转导途径 (Wnt/β-catenin，Notch，Sonic hedgehog，COX-2，EGFR，MAPK-ERK，JAK-STAT，akt/PI3K/mTOR、NF-κ b、AP-1等)，可在转移级联调控中起关键作用。还进行了广泛的研究以确定DPs抗转移活性的分子机制，结果表明这些DPs在转移级联的几乎每个步骤中都具有显着的抑制活性。DPs通过诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞生长，迁移，侵袭和血管生成而具有抗癌作用。越来越多的证据表明，这些天然药物通过调节多种信号通路来增强化疗和放疗的功效。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了DPs调节转移性级联反应的多种分子机制，并强调了这些DPs作为有前途的癌症治疗抑制剂的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This work consists of gathering the leaves of ten different South African plants from the local reserve. Black and green tea were sourced commercially. The plants were air dried and polar crude material extracted using deionized water. These crude phytochemicals were used as green chelators to remove metal ions from an aqueous solution. Iron(III), lead(II) and copper(II) ions were competitively removed from an eight metal ion solution with iron(III) being removed at more than 80% followed by lead(II) with greater than 40% removal and copper(II) with removal values of more than 20%. Metal ion removal was shown to be affected by change in pH of the solution, indicating that removal took place via the pH-swing mechanism. As the pH is increased, iron(III) is first removed followed by lead(II) and then copper(II). Iron(III) and lead(II) were selectively removed even at a 10-fold dilution level compared to the other metal ions present. Loading tests showed that iron(III) removal does not change, but for lead(II) and copper(II) there is a noticeable increase in removal with an increase in the amount of crude. The phytochemicals in the crude were identified using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Some crudes had similar phytochemicals (quercetin) while others had unique compounds. Statement of novelty It is the first time that crude polar phytochemicals from South African plants are used as green chelators. These green chelators selectively remove iron(III), lead(II) and copper(II) from a mix of eight different base metal ions. Iron(III) can be selectively removed at pH as low as 3.00 and, when iron(III) and lead(II) are 10 times more dilute compared to the other metal ions, iron(III) and lead(II) are still selectively removed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is used to identify some of the phytochemicals present in these plants.

背景与目标： : 这项工作包括从当地保护区收集十种不同的南非植物的叶子。红茶和绿茶是商业采购的。将植物风干，并使用去离子水提取极性粗物质。这些粗植物化学物质用作绿色螯合剂，以从水溶液中去除金属离子。从八种金属离子溶液中竞争性地除去铁 (III) 、铅 (II) 和铜 (II) 离子，其中铁 (III) 以超过80% 除去，接着除去大于40% 的铅 (II) 和除去值大于20% 的铜 (II)。金属离子的去除受到溶液pH变化的影响，表明去除是通过pH摆动机制进行的。随着ph值的增加，首先除去铁 (III)，然后除去铅 (II)，然后除去铜 (II)。与存在的其他金属离子相比，甚至以10倍的稀释水平选择性地去除铁 (III) 和铅 (II)。负载测试表明，铁 (III) 的去除率没有变化，但是对于铅 (II) 和铜 (II)，随着原油量的增加，去除率显着增加。使用液相色谱-串联质谱法 (lc-ms/MS) 鉴定了原油中的植物化学物质。一些原油具有相似的植物化学物质 (槲皮素)，而另一些则具有独特的化合物。新颖性声明这是南非植物的粗极性植物化学物质首次被用作绿色螯合剂。这些绿色螯合剂从八种不同的贱金属离子的混合物中选择性地去除铁 (III)，铅 (II) 和铜 (II)。铁 (III) 可以在低至3.00的pH下被选择性地除去，并且当铁 (III) 和铅 (II) 比其它金属离子稀释10倍时，铁 (III) 和铅 (II) 仍然被选择性地除去。液相色谱-串联质谱 (lc-ms/MS) 用于鉴定这些植物中存在的某些植物化学物质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Raphanus sativus L. var niger (black radish) is a plant of the cruciferous family with important ethnobotanical uses for the treatment of gallstones in Mexican traditional medicine. It has been established that the juice of black radish decreases cholesterol levels in plasma and dissolves gallstones in mice. Glucosinolates, the main secondary metabolites of black radish, can hydrolyze into its respective isothiocyanates and have already demonstrated antioxidant properties as well as their ability to diminish hepatic cholesterol levels; such therapeutic effects can prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstones. This disease is considered a current problem of public health. In the present review, we analyze and discuss the therapeutic effects of the main glucosinolates of black radish, as well as the effects that this plant has on cholesterol gallstones disease.

背景与目标： : Raphanus sativus L. var niger (黑萝卜) 是十字花科植物，具有重要的民族植物学用途，用于治疗墨西哥传统医学中的胆结石。已经确定黑萝卜的汁液可降低血浆中的胆固醇水平并溶解小鼠的胆结石。芥子油苷是黑萝卜的主要次级代谢产物，可以水解成其各自的异硫氰酸盐，并且已经证明了抗氧化特性以及降低肝胆固醇水平的能力; 这种治疗作用可以防止胆固醇胆结石的形成。这种疾病被认为是当前公共卫生的问题。在本综述中，我们分析并讨论了黑萝卜主要芥子油苷的治疗作用，以及该植物对胆固醇胆结石病的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Wild rice (Zizania spp.), an important aquatic cereal grain in North America and East Asia, has attracted interest worldwide because of its antioxidant activities and health-promoting effects. Wild rice is high in protein, minerals, and vitamins but is low in fat. The phytochemical content (phytosterols, γ-oryzanol, γ-aminobutyric acid, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) of wild rice warrants its development as a functional food. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals from Zizania plants have pronounced antioxidant properties, which are associated with prevention of chronic diseases. The health-promoting effects of Zizania plants include alleviation of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, atherosclerosis prevention, and anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-hypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects. Here, we provide an overview of Zizania research up to April 2020, focusing on the nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, antioxidant activities, and health-promoting effects of Zizania plants. This review has important implications for further investigations and applications of Zizania plants in medicine and as functional foods.

背景与目标： : 野生稻 (Zizania spp。) 是北美和东亚重要的水生谷物，由于其抗氧化活性和促进健康的作用而引起了全世界的关注。野生稻富含蛋白质，矿物质和维生素，但脂肪含量低。野生稻的植物化学含量 (植物甾醇，γ-谷维素，γ-氨基丁酸，酚酸和类黄酮) 保证了其作为功能性食品的发展。Zizania植物的酚酸，类黄酮和其他植物化学物质具有明显的抗氧化特性，与预防慢性疾病有关。Zizania植物的健康促进作用包括减轻胰岛素抵抗和脂毒性，预防动脉粥样硬化以及抗炎，抗过敏，抗高血压和免疫调节作用。在这里，我们概述了直到2020年4月的Zizania研究，重点是Zizania植物的营养成分，植物化学物质，抗氧化活性和促进健康的作用。这篇综述对Zizania植物在医学和功能性食品中的进一步研究和应用具有重要意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer is caused by a variety of pathways, involving numerous types of enzymes. Among them three enzymes i.e. Cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK-2), Human topoisomerase IIα, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) are three of the most common enzymes that are involved in the cancer development. Although many chemical drugs are already available in the market for cancer treatment, plant sources are known to contain a wide variety of agents that are proved to possess potential anticancer activity. In this experiment, total thirty phytochemicals were analyzed against the mentioned three enzymes using different tools of bioinformatics and in silico biology like molecular docking study, drug likeness property experiment, ADME/T test, PASS prediction, and P450 site of metabolism prediction as well as DFT calculation to determine the three best ligands among them that have the capability to inhibit the mentioned enzymes. From the experiment, Epigallocatechin gallate was found to be the best ligand to inhibit CDK-2, Daidzein showed the best inhibitory activities towards the Human topoisomerase IIα, and Quercetin was predicted to be the best agent against VEGFR-2. They were also predicted to be quite safe and effective agents to treat cancer. However, more in vivo and in vitro analyses are required to finally confirm their safety and efficacy in this regard.

背景与目标： : 癌症是由多种途径引起的，涉及多种类型的酶。其中三种酶，即细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2 (CDK-2)，人拓扑异构酶ii α 和血管内皮生长因子受体2 (VEGFR-2) 是参与癌症发展的三种最常见的酶。尽管市场上已经有许多化学药物可用于癌症治疗，但已知植物来源包含多种药物，这些药物被证明具有潜在的抗癌活性。在本实验中，使用不同的生物信息学工具和计算机生物学工具 (如分子对接研究，药物相似性实验，ADME/t检验，PASS预测，和代谢预测的P450位点以及DFT计算，以确定其中具有抑制上述酶能力的三个最佳配体。从实验中发现，表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯是抑制CDK-2的最佳配体，大豆苷元对人拓扑异构酶ii α 的抑制活性最佳，槲皮素被认为是对抗VEGFR-2的最佳药物。他们也被预测是相当安全和有效的药物治疗癌症。但是，需要更多的体内和体外分析才能最终确认其在这方面的安全性和有效性。