BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human milk provides newborns with several physiologically important proteins not found in cow's milk, including bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) that compensates for the reduced lipolytic capability of the newborn intestine. We analyzed the milk of two ethnically distinct groups of women in northern Nigeria and Nepal. The milk of the Nepalese women (n = 36) contained slightly more BSSL activity (mean, 38.8 units/mL) than that of Fulani (n = 48; mean, 30.3 units/mL) and Kanuri (n = 90; mean 27.6 units/mL) women in Nigeria. There was also a weak positive correlation between the BSSL content of the milk and the body mass index (BMI) of the lactating women. The BSSL activity declined with the length of lactation for both well-nourished and undernourished women. The presence of a heat-stable inhibitor of BSSL in cow's milk was also demonstrated. This finding, along with the decrease in BSSL activity postgestation, could be of significance to populations such as the Fulani of the western Sahel who supplement the diets of their infants with unpasteurized cow's milk.

背景与目标： ：人乳为新生儿提供了牛奶中未发现的几种重要的生理重要蛋白质，包括胆盐刺激脂肪酶（BSSL），可以弥补新生儿肠道中脂解能力的降低。我们分析了尼日利亚北部和尼泊尔的两个种族不同的女性群体的牛奶。尼泊尔妇女（n = 36）的牛奶中BSSL活性（平均38.8单位/ mL）比富拉尼（n = 48；平均30.3单位/ mL）和Kanuri（n = 90；平均27.6单位）略多。 / mL）尼日利亚的女性。牛奶中的BSSL含量与哺乳期妇女的体重指数（BMI）之间也存在弱的正相关。营养充足和营养不良的妇女，随着泌乳时间的延长，BSSL活性下降。还证明了牛奶中存在BSSL热稳定抑制剂。这一发现以及孕期BSSL活性的降低，可能对诸如萨赫勒西部的富拉尼（Fulani）这样的人群具有重要意义，这些人群用未经巴氏消毒的牛奶补充婴儿的饮食。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Geriatric population in rural Nigeria is often challenged by emergency health conditions that predispose them to higher risk of disability and mortality. OBJECTIVE:This study was aimed at describing the common geriatric emergencies in a rural hospital in South-Eastern Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This was a descriptive hospital-based study of 216 geriatric patients who presented between June 2008 and June 2011 with emergency health conditions at St Vincent De Paul hospital, Amurie-Omanze, a rural Mission General Hospital in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria. The geriatric patients seen within the study period who met the selection criteria were studied. Data extracted for analysis included biodata and diagnosis made. RESULTS:A total of 216 geriatric emergencies were seen during the study period. The ages of the patients ranged from 65 years to 98 years with mean age of 72 ± 1.14 years. There were 94 males and 122 females with a male to female ratio of 1: 1.3. The three most common causes of geriatric emergencies were acute malaria (33.8%), hypertensive crises syndrome (19.0%), and acute hypertensive heart failure (18.1%). CONCLUSION:This study has shown that the three most common geriatric emergencies were medical emergencies (acute malaria, hypertensive crises syndrome, and acute hypertensive heart failure). Improving the quality of geriatric medical care will help in reduction of these emergency medical conditions. Similarly, health education of the geriatric population to embrace early health-seeking behavior, health maintenance, and promotional practices that are needed to promote longevity is invariably advocated.

背景与目标： 背景：尼日利亚农村地区的老年人口经常受到紧急卫生条件的挑战，这些条件使他们容易遭受残疾和死亡的危险。
目的：本研究旨在描述尼日利亚东南部某乡村医院的常见老年病紧急情况。
材料与方法：这是一项基于描述性医院的研究，研究对象是216位老年患者，这些患者在2008年6月至2011年6月期间在南艾莫州乡村宣教综合医院Amurie-Omanze的St Vincent De Paul医院就诊并出现了紧急医疗情况。尼日利亚东部。在研究期内发现符合选择标准的老年患者进行了研究。提取用于分析的数据包括生物数据和做出的诊断。
结果：在研究期间共发现216例老年急症。患者的年龄为65岁至98岁，平均年龄为72±1.14岁。男94例，女122例，男女之比为1：1.3。老年急症的三种最常见原因是急性疟疾（33.8％），高血压危机综合征（19.0％）和急性高血压心力衰竭（18.1％）。
结论：这项研究表明，三种最常见的老年急症是医疗急症（急性疟疾，高血压危机综合症和急性高血压心力衰竭）。改善老年医学护理的质量将有助于减少这些紧急医疗状况。同样，人们也始终倡导对老年人群进行健康教育，以使其早日寻求健康行为，健康维持和促进长寿所需的促进做法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malnutrition in infants during weaning has been attributed to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and it underlies more than one-third of child mortality in Nigeria. Thus, addressing the influence of complementary feeding practice on nutritional status may be an important approach to reducing the burden of child malnutrition. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between complementary feeding practices among mothers and nutritional status of their infants in Akpabuyo Local Government Area, Nigeria. The study enrolled 330 mother-child pairs from 10 randomly selected out of 32 Health Facilities in Akpabuyo. Socio-demographic information, child and maternal characteristics were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Complementary feeding practices were assessed with World Health Organization infant and young child feeding indicators. Nutritional indicators wasting, underweight and stunting were determined. RESULTS:Prevalence of timely introduction of complementary feeding among infants aged 6-8 months was 85.4%, minimum dietary diversity rate was 31.5%, and minimum meal frequency 36.7%, the rate of minimum acceptable diet was 7.3%. One-third (33.3%) of the infants were underweight, 26.4%, wasted and 24.6%, stunted. Children who did not receive timely complementary foods had higher odds for wasting (OR 5.15; 95% CI 1.50-17.73). Children who did not receive the minimum dietary diversity had higher odds for underweight than children who received the minimum dietary diversity (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.17-3.70). Children who did not receive the minimum feeding frequency were more likely to be stunted than their peers who received the minimum feeding frequency (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.53-4.03). CONCLUSION:Sub-optimal complementary feeding predisposed to infant's malnutrition.

背景与目标： 摘要背景：断奶期间婴儿的营养不良归因于不适当的补充喂养方法，它占尼日利亚儿童死亡率的三分之一以上。因此，解决补充喂养做法对营养状况的影响可能是减轻儿童营养不良负担的重要途径。这项横断面研究调查了尼日利亚阿克帕布约地方政府地区母亲的辅助喂养方式与婴儿营养状况之间的关系。该研究从Akpabuyo的32个医疗机构中随机选择的10个中招募了330对母子。社会人口信息，儿童和孕产妇特征是由访问员管理的调查表获得的。使用世界卫生组织的婴幼儿喂养指标评估了补充喂养方法。确定营养指标的浪费，体重不足和发育迟缓。
结果：6-8月龄婴儿及时引入辅助喂养的发生率为85.4％，最低饮食多样化率为31.5％，最低进餐频率为36.7％，最低可接受饮食率为7.3％。三分之一（33.3％）的婴儿体重不足，体重不足的比例为26.4％，发育迟缓的比例为24.6％。没有及时吃辅食的孩子浪费的几率更高（OR 5.15； 95％CI 1.50-17.73）。未获得最低饮食多样性的儿童体重不足的几率高于获得最低饮食多样性的儿童（OR 2.07； 95％CI 1.17-3.70）。与未接受最低喂养频率的孩子相比，未接受最低喂养频率的孩子更容易发育迟缓（OR 1.57； 95％CI 1.53-4.03）。
结论：次优补充喂养易导致婴儿营养不良。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malaria in pregnancy has adverse effects on maternal and child health. Intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) with three doses of Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine is an effective preventive measure for malaria in pregnancy. However, 24.0% of women use this prophylactic regimen in Ebonyi State. Previous studies have focused on the level of uptake with less attention given to factors influencing uptake. Therefore, we examined the predictors of IPTp uptake in the last pregnancy among women in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. METHODS:This was a community-based cross-sectional study among 340 women of reproductive age selected using multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, IPTp uptake and reasons for not taking IPTp. Adherence was judged adequate if three or more doses of IPTp were taken, otherwise inadequate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi- square test and logistic regression model at 5% level of significance. RESULTS:Mean age of respondents was 28.8 ± 5.2 years, 96.5% were married, 19.4% had tertiary education, and 11.2% were from polygamous family. Uptake of IPTp was 74.2%. The level of IPTp uptake was 12.5 and 41.0% among women with no formal and tertiary education respectively. A similar pattern of IPTp uptake was observed among women from monogamous (38.0%) and polygamous (39.5%) families. Women education, husband education and family type were associated with uptake of IPTp, however only husband education remained a predictor of uptake. Women whose husband had secondary education (aOR = 4.1, 95%CI: 1.66-10.06) and tertiary education (aOR = 4.8, 95%CI: 1.76-12.90) were more likely to have IPTp uptake than those whose husbands had below secondary education. CONCLUSION:Adequate IPTp uptake among women in their last pregnancy was below WHO recommendation. Intervention aimed at improving couple's education could facilitate increase in IPTp uptake in Ebonyi State.

背景与目标： 背景：怀孕期间的疟疾会对母婴健康产生不利影响。三种剂量的磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶的间歇性预防性治疗（IPTp）是预防疟疾的有效措施。但是，在埃博尼州，有24.0％的妇女使用这种预防性治疗方案。先前的研究集中在摄取水平上，较少关注影响摄取的因素。因此，我们检查了尼日利亚埃邦伊州妇女最后一次妊娠中IPTp摄取的预测因子。
方法：这是一项基于社区的横断面研究，对使用多阶段抽样技术选择的340名育龄妇女进行了研究。使用半结构性访调员管理的问卷来收集有关受访者的社会人口统计学特征，IPTp摄入量和不服用IPTp的原因的数据。如果服用三剂或更多剂量的IPTp，则判断粘附性足够，否则不足。使用描述性统计，卡方检验和逻辑回归模型对数据进行了分析（显着性水平为5％）。
结果：受访者平均年龄为28.8±5.2岁，已婚的比例为96.5％，大专以上学历的比例为19.4％，一夫多妻制家庭的比例为11.2％。 IPTp的吸收率为74.2％。没有受过正规和高等教育的妇女的IPTp摄取水平分别为12.5％和41.0％。在一夫一妻制（38.0％）和一夫多妻制（39.5％）家庭的妇女中观察到了类似的IPTp吸收模式。妇女的教育，丈夫的教育和家庭类型与IPTp的摄取有关，但是只有丈夫的教育仍然是摄取IPTp的指标。丈夫受过中等教育（aOR = 4.1，95％CI：1.66-10.06）和高等教育（aOR = 4.8，95％CI：1.76-12.90）的女性比丈夫受过中等教育的女性更有可能接受IPTp 。
结论：上次妊娠妇女的足够IPTp摄取低于WHO的建议。旨在改善夫妇的教育水平的干预措施可以促进埃博尼州IPTp摄入量的增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Depression is one of the mental health problems confronting those with diabetes mellitus and may result from self-defeating thoughts and lifestyles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral coaching (CBC) program on depressive symptoms in a sample of the Type 2 diabetic inpatients in Onitsha metropolis of Anambra State, Nigeria. METHODS:The design of the study was pretest-post-test randomized control group design. The participants were 80 Type 2 diabetic inpatients randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. The primary outcome measures were Beck's Depression Inventory-II and a Diabetic Inpatient's Depressive Symptoms Observation Checklist. Mean, standard deviation, repeated measures analysis of covariance, and partial eta squared were used for data analysis. RESULTS:The results revealed that the baseline of depressive symptoms was similar between the control and treatment groups of the Type 2 diabetic inpatients. But, exposing the Type 2 diabetic inpatients to a cognitive behavioral coaching program significantly reduced the depressive symptoms in the treatment group compared to those in the control group at the end of the intervention. The effects of cognitive behavioral coaching program on the depressive symptoms of those in the treatment group remained consistent at a 6 month follow-up meetings compared to the control group. CONCLUSION:Given the potential benefits of a cognitive behavioral coaching program, clinicians and mental health professionals are urged to support and implement evidence-based cognitive-behavioral coaching interventions aimed at promoting diabetic inpatients' wellbeing in the Nigerian hospitals.

背景与目标： 背景：抑郁症是糖尿病患者面临的心理健康问题之一，可能源于自欺欺人的思想和生活方式。因此，本研究的目的是调查认知行为教练（CBC）计划对尼日利亚阿南布拉州Onitsha大都会2型糖尿病住院患者抑郁症状的影响。
方法：本研究的设计为试验前-试验后随机对照组的设计。参与者为80位2型糖尿病住院患者，随机分配至治疗组和对照组。主要的结局指标是贝克的抑郁量表-II和糖尿病住院患者的抑郁症状观察清单。均值，标准差，协方差的重复测量分析和偏方差平方均用于数据分析。
结果：结果显示，在2型糖尿病住院患者的对照组和治疗组之间，抑郁症状的基线相似。但是，在干预结束时，与对照组相比，将2型糖尿病住院患者暴露于认知行为辅导计划中可显着降低治疗组的抑郁症状。与对照组相比，在6个月的随访会议上，认知行为教练计划对治疗组抑郁症状的影响保持一致。
结论：鉴于认知行为教练计划的潜在好处，我们敦促临床医生和心理健康专业人员支持和实施旨在促进尼日利亚医院糖尿病住院患者福祉的循证认知行为教练干预措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Structured interviews with 40 teachers of deaf primary school pupils and a matched control group of 40 other teachers examined their respective perceptions of the problems and prospects of educating deaf pupils in Nigeria. The greatest challenge identified by the teachers was society's weak acceptance of the legitimacy of deaf education and the greatest prospect was the high achievement motivation of deaf pupils.

背景与目标： ：对40名聋哑学生的老师进行结构化的访谈，并与其他40名老师组成的对照组进行了访谈，考察了他们对尼日利亚聋哑学生教育所面临的问题和前景的看法。老师们确定的最大挑战是社会对聋人教育合法性的接受程度不高，最大的前景是聋人学生的高成就动机。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Improving employees' perception of organizational climate, and coaching them to remain steadfast when managing occupational risks associated with their job, might have an important effect on their psychosocial wellbeing and occupational health. This study examined the effects of a rational emotive occupational health therapy intervention program on the perceptions of organizational climate and occupational risk management practices. METHODS:The participants were 77 electronics technology employees in the south-east of Nigeria. The study used a pretest-posttest control group design. RESULTS:The rational emotive occupational health therapy intervention program significantly improved perceptions of the organizational climate for the people in the treatment group compared to those in the waitlist control group at post-intervention and follow-up assessments. Occupational risk management practices of the employees in the treatment group were also significantly better than those in the waitlist control group at the same 2 assessments. CONCLUSIONS:Corporate application of a rational emotive behavior therapy as an occupational health therapy intervention program is essential for improving the perceptions of organizational climate and promoting the adoption of feasible occupational risk management strategies in the workplace.

背景与目标： 背景：改善员工对组织氛围的认识，并指导他们在管理与工作相关的职业风险时保持坚定不移，可能会对他们的心理社会福祉和职业健康产生重要影响。这项研究检查了合理的情绪职业健康治疗干预计划对组织气候和职业风险管理实践的看法的影响。
方法：参与者是尼日利亚东南部的77名电子技术员工。该研究采用了测试前-测试后对照组的设计。
结果：在干预后和随访评估中，与候补对照组相比，合理的情绪职业健康治疗干预计划显着改善了治疗组患者对组织气氛的认识。在相同的两次评估中，治疗组员工的职业风险管理实践也显着优于候补对照组。
结论：合理地运用情绪行为疗法作为职业健康疗法干预计划，对于改善组织氛围的认知并促进在工作场所采用可行的职业风险管理策略至关重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The prevalence of cervical cancer and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in Nigerian women remains poorly studied. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of high-risk HPV and associated squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) in Nigeria. METHODS:After institutional review board approval, data collection was performed by volunteers of FaithCare, Inc, between 2004 and 2008 in 3 regions of Nigeria (Okene, Katari, and Abuja). Demographic data and ThinPrep Pap smears (Cytyc, Marlborough, MA) were collected from 410 women. Pap smears were analyzed for both the presence of SIL and HPV DNA. RESULTS:The prevalence of high-risk HPV and SIL was 15.6% and 6.8%, respectively. Of the 28 abnormal Pap tests, 42.9% had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 39.3% had low-grade SIL, 14.3% had high-grade SIL, and 3.6% had atypical glandular cells. There was a strong association between high-risk HPV and SIL in both the combined (p < .001) and individual group data (p < .001, p = .013, and p < .001 for Okene, Abuja, and Katari, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant correlations between either high-risk HPV or presence of SIL and known risk factors including age, history of sexually transmitted disease, and the number of sexual partners. There was also no statistical difference in the prevalence of high-risk HPV and SIL among the 3 locations. CONCLUSIONS:A strong association exists between high-risk HPV and SIL. The prevalence of cervical high-risk HPV and SIL, however, did not vary in the 3 different locations and is consistent with reports from other regions in Africa.

背景与目标： 目的：在尼日利亚妇女中宫颈癌和高危人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的患病率仍缺乏研究。我们的目标是评估尼日利亚的高危HPV和相关的鳞状上皮内病变（SILs）的患病率。
方法：经过机构审查委员会的批准，FaithCare，Inc的志愿者在2004年至2008年之间在尼日利亚的三个地区（Okene，Katari和Abuja）进行了数据收集。收集了410位妇女的人口统计学数据和ThinPrep子宫颈抹片检查（Cytyc，Marlborough，MA）。分析宫颈涂片是否存在SIL和HPV DNA。
结果：高危HPV和SIL的患病率分别为15.6％和6.8％。在28项异常的巴氏试验中，有42.9％的非典型鳞状细胞具有未确定的意义，39.3％的低度SIL，14.3％的高度SIL和3.6％的非典型腺细胞。高风险HPV和SIL在合并数据（p <.001）和单个组数据（p <.001，p = .013，对于Okene，Abuja和Katari的p <.001，两者之间都有很强的关联，分别）。但是，高风险的HPV或SIL的存在与已知的风险因素（包括年龄，性传播疾病的病史和性伴侣的数量）之间没有统计学上的显着相关性。在这三个地点之间，高危HPV和SIL的患病率也没有统计学差异。
结论：高危HPV与SIL之间存在很强的联系。然而，宫颈高危型HPV和SIL的患病率在3个不同地区没有变化，与非洲其他地区的报告一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The quality of healthcare has become a topical issue in recent years and the introduction of quality assurance that constitute some of the tools for change is now an important development in healthcare practice. OBJECTIVES:This study aims at evaluating the quality of care provided at the Paediatric Dental Clinic of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A descriptive study was conducted among 141 parents of children who attended the clinic over a 3-month period using a modified quality of care questionnaire by Ygge and Arnetz (2001). RESULTS:Majority of the parents (93.6%) were pleased with the registration process, while 81.6% and 66.7% were satisfied with the waiting arrangements and social amenities such as light and water respectively. Ratings of the quality of care indices revealed that 50.4% and 41.1% of the parents were happy with the information process and accessibility respectively. Over 80.0% of the respondents were pleased to a great degree with the dental treatment their children received. However, 44 (31.2%) said that they felt that they could not especially/not at all contact their dentist by telephone. About a fifth, (21.2%), felt they had not especially/not at all received information about how to prevent their child's dental problem. Inability of the dentists to introduce themselves was reported by 56.8% of the parents. The mean waiting time spent before being attended was 64.9 minutes while the desired average waiting time was 20.1 minutes. CONCLUSION:Parents were extremely satisfied with the dental treatment their children received at the UCH and had great confidence in staff competence even though they complained of long waiting time. However, there is a communication gap between the dentist, patients, and parents, since some of the dentists failed to introduce themselves and give information on prevention of dental diseases. For this reason, patients' appointments should be spread out to reduce waiting time. Furthermore, staff should introduce themselves and efforts must be made to improve health education given to parents. The dental curriculum should emphasize patient-dentist relationships.

背景与目标： 背景：医疗保健的质量已成为近年来的热门话题，而引入构成某些变革工具的质量保证现已成为医疗保健实践中的重要发展。
目的：本研究旨在评估伊巴丹大学医院（UCH）儿科牙科诊所提供的护理质量。
材料与方法：采用Ygge和Arnetz（2001）修改过的护理质量问卷，对在3个月内就诊的141名儿童父母进行了描述性研究。
结果：多数父母对登记过程感到满意，其中81.6％和66.7％的父母对等待安排和光和水等社会便利感到满意。护理质量指数的等级显示，分别有50.4％和41.1％的父母对信息处理和可及性感到满意。超过80.0％的受访者对他们的孩子接受的牙科治疗感到非常满意。但是，有44位（31.2％）的人说，他们无法完全/根本无法通过电话与牙医取得联系。大约五分之一（21.2％）的人认为他们没有特别/根本没有收到有关如何预防孩子的牙齿问题的信息。 56.8％的父母报告说牙医无法自我介绍。出席之前平均等待时间为64.9分钟，而所需的平均等待时间为20.1分钟。
结论：父母对孩子在UCH接受的牙科治疗感到非常满意，即使他们抱怨等待时间长，他们对员工的能力也充满信心。但是，由于一些牙医无法自我介绍和提供预防牙齿疾病的信息，因此在牙医，患者和父母之间存在沟通鸿沟。因此，应该分散患者的约会时间以减少等待时间。此外，员工应该自我介绍，并且必须努力改善对父母的健康教育。牙科课程应强调医患关系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The results of a retrospective study involving 622 twin-pairs born over an 18-month period among 17,726 births at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, are presented with particular reference to four variables: birthweight, presentation, parity, and intertwin delivery time interval. The twinning incidence was 35.1 per 1000. Monozygous and dizygous rates are 7 and 28 per 1000, respectively. Overall perinatal mortality (PNM) was 15.5%. Mortality was higher in second than in first twin (19.5% vs. 11.6%), and consistently higher when divided into birthweight groups. Corrected PNM increased with breech presentations: 16.3% in breech:breech compared with 3.9% in vertex:vertex presentations. The twinning rate increased with parity; PNM is low in parity 1, of little variation in birth-ranks 2-5, and high in para 6 and above. Delivery of the second twin within 15 min seems optimal, giving a corrected PNM 3.6% in contrast to rates of 10.1%, 14.0% and 19.1%, respectively when delivery occurred between 16 and 30, 31 and 60 and greater than 60 min, respectively. Prevention of preterm delivery, increased use of cesarean section delivery for malpresentation, active management of delivery of second twin within an optimal time of 15 min, and family planning are suggested in order to decrease twin PNM. :Results of a retrospective study involving 622 pairs of twins born over an 18-month period among 17,726 births at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital in Ilorin, Nigeria, are presented with particular reference to 4 variables: birthweight, presentation, parity, and intertwin delivery time interval. The twinning incidence was 35.1/1000. Monozygous and dizygous rates are 7 and 28/1000, respectively. Overall perinatal mortality (PNM) was 15.5%. Mortality was higher in 2nd than in 1st twin (19.5% vs. 11.6%), and consistently higher when divided into birthweight groups. Corrected PNM increased with breech presentations: 16.3% in breech:breech compared with 3.9% in vertex:vertex presentations. The twinning rate increased with parity; PNM is low in parity 1, of little variation in birth-ranks 2-5, and high in para 6 and above. Delivery of the 2nd twin within 15 minutes seems optimal, giving a corrected PNM of 3.6% in contrast to rates of 10.1%, 14.0% and 19.1%, respectively when delivery occurred between 16 and 30, 31 and 60, and greater than 60 minutes. Prevention of pre-term delivery, increased use of cesarian section delivery for malpresentation, active management of delivery of 2nd twin within an optimal time of 15 minutes and family planning are suggested in order to decrease twin PNM.

背景与目标： ：一项回顾性研究的结果涉及到18个月内在尼日利亚伊洛林市伊洛林大学教学医院的17726例出生中的622对双胞胎，其中特别提到了四个变量：出生体重，出诊率，胎次和相互交织的时间间隔。孪生发生率为35.1 / 1000。单合子和二合子率分别为7和28/1000。围产期总死亡率（PNM）为15.5％。第二胎的死亡率高于第一胎的死亡率（19.5％比11.6％），分成出生体重组时，死亡率始终较高。校正后的PNM随臀位的显示而增加：臀位：臀位的显示为16.3％，而顶点：顶点表达的为3.9％。孪生率随同位率的增加而增加。 PNM在等位1处较低，在出生等级2-5中几乎没有变化，而在第6段及以上位置较高。在15分钟内分娩第二胎似乎是最佳的，经校正的PNM为3.6％，而分别在16和30、31和60之间以及大于60分钟时分娩的比率分别为10.1％，14.0％和19.1％。 。建议减少早产，增加剖宫产用于不当行为的使用，在15分钟的最佳时间内积极管理第二胎的分娩以及计划生育，以减少双胎PNM。
：一项回顾性研究的结果被提出，该研究涉及尼日利亚伊洛林市伊洛林大学教学医院的17,726名婴儿中18个月内出生的622对双胞胎，并特别参考了以下四个变量：出生体重，出诊率，胎次和双胞胎交货时间间隔。孪生发生率为35.1 / 1000。单合子和二合子率分别为7和28/1000。围产期总死亡率（PNM）为15.5％。第二胎的死亡率高于第一胎的死亡率（分别为19.5％和11.6％），分成出生体重组的死亡率也一直较高。校正后的PNM随臀位的显示而增加：臀位：臀位的显示为16.3％，而顶点：顶点表达的为3.9％。孪生率随同位率的增加而增加。 PNM在等位1处较低，在出生等级2-5中几乎没有变化，而在第6段及以上位置较高。 15分钟内分娩第二胎似乎是最佳选择，校正后的PNM为3.6％，而分娩发生在16至30、31至60和大于60分钟时，分别为10.1％，14.0％和19.1％ 。建议减少早产，增加剖宫产术用于畸形的发生率，在15分钟的最佳时间内积极管理第二胎的分娩和计划生育，以减少双胎PNM。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study reviewed the causes of delays when patients were admitted with obstetric emergencies in Ife-Ife, Nigeria.

背景与目标： ：这项研究回顾了尼日利亚Ife-Ife住院患者因产科急诊而延误的原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer deaths in women in developing countries can be prevented primarily by vaccinating adolescent girls and women against infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) before their first sexual exposure, and secondarily through screening and treatment of identified precancerous lesions. AIM:To determine the awareness and acceptability of the HPV vaccine and screening for cervical cancer among female health-care workers in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Questionnaires were administered to a cross-section of 177 female health-care workers selected systematically from the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Nigeria. Statistical analysis was both descriptive and inferential at 95% confidence level using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software version 16. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:The awareness of screening for cervical cancer (91%) was significantly higher than that of the HPV vaccine (62.7%) [odds ratio (OR): 0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.30]. However, the acceptability rate of the HPV vaccine (91.0%) was significantly higher than that of cervical screening (71.4%) (OR: 4.04;95% CI: 1.94-8.42)]. Only 25 (14.1%) of the health-care workers had done cervical screening, but 30 (49.2%) of the 61 respondents with adolescent daughters had immunized their daughters with the HPV vaccine. Although no reason was given for the low participation in cervical screening, cost and availability of HPV vaccine was a major deterrent for the latter. CONCLUSION:With more public enlightenment, available and affordable HPV vaccine appears to hold the key for prevention of cervical cancer in developing countries where the burden is high.

背景与目标： 背景：宫颈癌是发展中国家女性癌症死亡的主要原因，可以通过以下方法来预防：首先通过对青春期的女孩和妇女进行首次性接触前的人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗接种，然后再通过筛查和治疗已确定的癌前癌症来预防宫颈癌病变。
目的：确定尼日利亚东南部恩古格（Enugu）的女性卫生保健工作者对HPV疫苗的认识和接受程度以及宫颈癌的筛查。
材料与方法：对从尼日利亚埃努古的尼日利亚大学教学医院（UNTH）系统地选出的177名女性卫生保健工作者进行了问卷调查。使用统计软件包（SPSS）计算机软件版本16进行的统计分析在95％置信水平下具有描述性和推断性。P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
结果：对宫颈癌的筛查意识（91％）明显高于对HPV疫苗的筛查意识（62.7％）[几率（OR）：0.17； 95％置信区间（CI）：0.09-0.30]。但是，HPV疫苗的可接受率（91.0％）显着高于宫颈筛查的可接受率（71.4％）（OR：4.04； 95％CI：1.94-8.42）]。仅有25名（14.1％）的卫生保健工作者进行了宫颈筛查，但在61名有青春期女儿的受访者中，有30名（49.2％）对其女儿进行了HPV疫苗免疫。尽管没有理由不参与宫颈筛查，但HPV疫苗的成本和可获得性是后者的主要威慑力量。
结论：随着公众的启发，可用的和负担得起的HPV疫苗似乎是负担高的发展中国家预防子宫颈癌的关键。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fifty patients with unexplained fever and poor outcomes presented at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH) in Edo State, Nigeria, an area endemic for Lassa fever, between September 2018 - January 2019. After ruling out Lassa fever, plasma samples from these epidemiologically-linked cases were sent to the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria, where we carried out metagenomic sequencing which implicated yellow fever virus (YFV) as the etiology of this outbreak. Twenty-nine of the 50 samples were confirmed positive for YFV by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), 14 of which resulted in genome assembly. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed that these YFV sequences formed a tightly clustered clade more closely related to sequences from Senegal than sequences from earlier Nigerian isolates, suggesting that the YFV clade responsible for this outbreak in Edo State does not descend directly from the Nigerian YFV outbreaks of the last century, but instead reflects a broader diversity and dynamics of YFV in West Africa. Here we demonstrate the power of metagenomic sequencing for identifying ongoing outbreaks and their etiologies and informing real-time public health responses, resulting in accurate and prompt disease management and control.

背景与目标： ：2018年9月至2019年1月，在拉萨热的地方病地区尼日利亚伊多州伊鲁亚专科教学医院（ISTH）呈现了50例原因不明的发烧和转归不良的患者。关联的病例被发送到尼日利亚奥德州埃德的救世主大学非洲传染病基因组学卓越中心（ACEGID），我们在其中进行了宏基因组测序，其中涉及黄热病病毒（YFV）作为此次暴发的病因。通过逆转录酶定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR），确认了50份样品中有29份YFV阳性，其中14份导致基因组装配。最大似然系统发育分析表明，这些YFV序列形成了紧密塞密的进化枝，与来自塞内加尔的序列比来自早期尼日利亚分离株的序列更紧密相关，这表明造成此疫情的YFV进化枝并非直接源自尼日利亚YFV爆发。上个世纪，但反而反映了西非YFV的更广泛的多样性和动态。在这里，我们展示了宏基因组测序的功能，可用于识别持续不断的暴发及其病因，并告知实时的公共卫生应对措施，从而实现准确，及时的疾病管理和控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic haematological disorder that affects millions of people around the world especially people of African heritage. The treatment of the symptoms of SCD includes the use of analgesics, antibiotics, and anti-malarial drugs. Studying the pattern of drug prescription is a veritable tool for establishing the current practice and how it conforms to existing guidelines. Objectives:The main objective of this study was to assess the pattern of drug prescription in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) attending the paediatric outpatients' clinic of a tertiary care centre in Ado-Ekiti, South-West Nigeria. Methods:This was a cross-sectional retrospective study carried out using the medical records of all patients with SCD who attended the paediatric outpatient clinic of the teaching hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2014. The information retrieved from the case notes included the bio-demographic data, associated co-morbid conditions and the list of prescribed drugs. Results:A total of 202 SCD patients aged below 18 years were seen in the clinic during the study period with males accounting for 61.9% of them. The mean age of all patients was 6.9 ±3.8 yrs. A total of 1015 medications were prescribed during the study period giving a mean of 5.02 ± 1.9. Vitamins/micronutrients, anti-malarial drugs, antibiotics and analgesics accounted for 41.4%, 29.0%, 15.7% and 13.9% of all prescribed drugs respectively. Antibiotics from the penicillin group were the most commonly prescribed followed by macrolides and cephalosporins while Ibuprofen (60.3%) and Acetaminophen (32.6%) were the commonly prescribed analgesics. Conclusion:High rate of antibiotic prescription, low use of opioid analgesics and non-prescription of prophylactic penicillin/pneumococcal vaccination were the main findings in this study. There is need for the introduction of standard treatment protocols for this group of patients.

背景与目标： 背景：镰状细胞病（SCD）是一种遗传性血液病，影响着全球数百万人，尤其是非洲传统人群。 SCD症状的治疗包括使用止痛药，抗生素和抗疟疾药物。研究药物处方的模式是建立当前实践以及它如何符合现有指南的一种名副其实的工具。
目的：本研究的主要目的是评估在尼日利亚西南部Ado-Ekiti一家三级医疗中心儿科门诊就诊的镰状细胞病（SCD）儿童的药物处方模式。
方法：这是一项横断面回顾性研究，使用2014年1月1日至2014年12月31日期间在教学医院儿科门诊就诊的所有SCD患者的病历进行。 -人口统计学数据，相关的合并病状和处方药清单。
结果：在研究期间，共有202名18岁以下的SCD患者在诊所就诊，其中男性占61.9％。所有患者的平均年龄为6.9±3.8岁。在研究期间总共开出了1015种药物的处方，平均值为5.02±1.9。维生素/微量营养素，抗疟疾药物，抗生素和镇痛药分别占所有处方药的41.4％，29.0％，15.7％和13.9％。青霉素组的抗生素是最常用的处方药，其次是大环内酯类药物和头孢菌素，而布洛芬（60.3％）和对乙酰氨基酚（32.6％）是最常用的镇痛药。
结论：本研究的主要发现是抗生素处方率高，阿片类镇痛药使用率低和非处方性预防性青霉素/肺炎球菌疫苗接种。需要为该组患者引入标准治疗方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Acceptability and social characteristics of a cohort of Norplant, IUD, pill and depo-med-roxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) acceptors who were seen at the University of Ilorin Family Planning Clinic over a 10-week period of the pre-introductory clinical trial of Norplant, are compared. Findings indicate that Norplant and DMPA are adopted as an alternative to sterilization by women advanced in reproductive age and of high parity. The pill and IUD are adopted mainly as birth-spacing methods. Women's education, but not previous use of a contraceptive method, influenced the adoption of Norplant. The continuation rate at 12 months, a measure of acceptability, was highest, 93.7 per 100 women, for Norplant and 77.9, 46.7 and 27.7 per 100 women for the IUD, DMPA and the pill, respectively. The need to address the high family size norms in the African subregion is discussed.

背景与目标： ：Norplant，IUD，药丸和醋酸去氧孕酮孕酮（DMPA）接受者队列的可接受性和社会特征，这些接受者在Ilorin大学计划生育诊所进行了为期10周的临床前临床试验Norplant，进行比较。研究结果表明，育龄高龄和高产妇均采用Norplant和DMPA作为绝育的替代方法。避孕药和宫内节育器主要被用作生育间隔的方法。对妇女的教育影响了Norplant的采用，但以前并未使用避孕方法。在12个月的持续接受率（接受程度）最高，Norplant为每100名妇女93.7分，IUD，DMPA和该药为每100名妇女77.9分，46.7分和27.7分。讨论了解决非洲次区域高家庭规模的规范的必要性。