BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The design of database models and schemas for storing, cross-referencing, and retrieving neuroscience information faces issues that are similar but more complex than most of the other biomedical disciplines, such as genomics and proteonomics. Specifically, the visualization and manipulation of very large and diverse image data, such as digital brain atlases and functional magnetic resonance images, play a unique role in neuroscience while much of the associated information is textually recorded. Nongraphical information can include the annotation of large brain structures ranging from anatomical regions to intracellular structures, the description of cellular functional properties, and their various interrelationships, such as fiber connections. It is necessary that the heterogeneous and distributed types of data be cross-referenced to each other so that this diverse information can be efficiently retrieved, shared, and exchanged among the different neuroscientific disciplines. Continued advances in computers and Internet technologies appear to indicate that increasingly large data sets will be maintained on local or regional file servers and that informational interoperability will be achieved using a networked information system infrastructure. The authors and others have proposed and implemented models of semantically organized information systems that utilize centrally stored and highly structured archival information to index, cross-reference, and retrieve diverse, Web-based data sets.

背景与目标： ：用于存储，交叉引用和检索神经科学信息的数据库模型和模式的设计面临着类似但比大多数其他生物医学学科（例如基因组学和蛋白质组学）复杂的问题。具体来说，非常大而多样的图像数据（例如数字大脑图谱和功能性磁共振图像）的可视化和处理在神经科学中起着独特的作用，而许多相关信息都以文本形式记录下来。非图形信息可以包括从解剖区域到细胞内结构的大型大脑结构的注释，细胞功能特性的描述及其各种相互关系，例如纤维连接。必须将异构和分布式类型的数据相互交叉引用，以便可以在不同的神经科学学科之间有效地检索，共享和交换这种多样化的信息。计算机和Internet技术的不断进步似乎表明，越来越大的数据集将保留在本地或区域文件服务器上，并且将使用网络信息系统基础结构来实现信息互操作性。作者和其他人已经提出并实现了语义组织的信息系统模型，这些模型利用集中存储的高度结构化的归档信息来索引，交叉引用和检索各种基于Web的数据集。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Persuasion, a prevalent form of social influence in humans, refers to an active attempt to change a person's attitudes, beliefs, or behavior. There is a growing literature on the neural correlates of persuasion. As is often the case in an emerging literature, however, there are a number of questions, concerns, and alternative interpretations that can be raised about the research and interpretations. We provide a critical review of the research, noting potential problems and issues that warrant attention to move the field forward. Among the recommendations are greater integration of neuroimaging approaches with existing behavioral theories and methods on the information processes (cognitive and affective) underlying persuasion, and moving beyond solely correlative approaches for specifying underlying neural mechanisms. Work in this area has the potential to contribute to our understanding of brain-behavior relationships as well as to advance our understanding of persuasion and social influence more generally.

背景与目标： 说服力：说服力，是人类社会影响力的一种普遍形式，是指积极改变人们的态度，信念或行为的尝试。关于说服力的神经相关性的文献越来越多。但是，就像在新兴文学中经常出现的那样，关于研究和解释存在许多问题，疑虑和替代解释。我们对研究进行了严格的审查，指出了潜在的问题和值得我们关注以推动该领域前进的问题。其中的建议是将神经影像学方法与现有的行为理论和方法（关于潜在的说服力的信息过程（认知和情感））更好地集成在一起，并超越用于指定潜在神经机制的仅相关方法。在这一领域的工作有可能有助于我们对脑-行为关系的理解，以及更广泛地增进我们对说服力和社会影响力的理解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :COVID-19 research from China suggests health care workers are at risk of distress, have specific concerns, and need support. It remains unknown whether findings are applicable to UK health care staff and whether psychological support based on generic approaches is effective. We administered an online survey at a leading neuroscience hospital in the UK to examine how individual staff characteristics contribute to distress, concerns, and interventions most valued during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found a high incidence of distress, particularly in females and staff with previous mental health history. Concerns fell into three factors: 'risk of infection', 'work challenges', and 'social change', and were affected by professional role and contact with COVID-19 patients. These three factors predicted distress. Psychological support and clear updates were deemed most useful, with specific needs affected by age, professional role, and contact with COVID-19 patients. This is the first documentation of a high incidence of psychological distress predicted by three types of concerns in health care workers of a neuroscience hospital. Distress, concerns, and interventions most valued were all affected by individual staff characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of providing stratified, one to one support interventions, tailored to professional group, and background, rather than more generic approaches. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a high incidence of psychological distress in UK health care staff. Distress, concerns, and interventions most valued are influenced by individual staff characteristics. Stratified, one-to-one support interventions, tailored to professional group, and background, rather than more generic approaches for stress reduction and resilience, are crucial.

背景与目标： ：来自中国的COVID-19研究表明，医护人员有患病的风险，有特定的担忧并需要支持。研究结果是否适用于英国医护人员以及基于通用方法的心理支持是否有效仍然未知。我们在英国一家领先的神经科学医院进行了一项在线调查，以调查员工个人特征如何导致在COVID-19大流行期间最有价值的困扰，担忧和干预措施。我们发现困扰的发生率很高，尤其是在具有先前精神健康史的女性和员工中。关注分为三个因素：“感染风险”，“工作挑战”和“社会变化”，并且受到专业角色和与COVID-19患者接触的影响。这三个因素预示了困扰。心理支持和明确的更新被认为是最有用的，特定的需求会受到年龄，专业角色以及与COVID-19患者的接触的影响。这是神经科学医院医护人员对三种类型的担忧所预测的心理困扰高发的第一份文献。最受重视的困扰，担忧和干预措施均受员工个人特征的影响。这些发现强调了提供分层的一对一支持干预措施的重要性，这些干预措施是针对专业团体和背景量身定制的，而不是更通用的方法。医师要点：COVID-19大流行导致英国医护人员心理困扰的发生率很高。最有价值的困扰，担忧和干预措施受员工个人特征的影响。至关重要的是，针对专业团队和背景量身定制的分层，一对一的支持干预措施至关重要，而不是采用更为通用的方法来降低压力和抵御能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with schizophrenia experience a range of cognitive deficits and associated dysfunctions in the neural systems that support cognitive processes. This chapter reviews the literature on disturbances in working memory, executive control, and episodic memory in schizophrenia. Advances in basic cognitive neuroscience are described to help explain the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. For working memory in schizophrenia, evidence is reviewed regarding deficits in the verbal (phonological loop) and nonverbal (visual-spatial scratch pad) buffer systems as well as in the central executive function. In the domain of episodic memory, evidence is reviewed for deficits in recollection versus familiarity processes in episodic memory. Also discussed are conceptual issues and potential confounds relevant to understanding the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia, including the role that cognitive deficits play in the developmental course of schizophrenia, relationships to specific symptom domains, behavioral performance confounds, and medication influences on behavioral performance and brain function.

背景与目标： ：精神分裂症患者在支持认知过程的神经系统中会遇到一系列认知缺陷和相关功能障碍。本章回顾了有关精神分裂症中工作记忆，执行控制和情节性记忆障碍的文献。描述了基本认知神经科学的进展，以帮助解释精神分裂症的认知神经科学。对于精神分裂症的工作记忆，需要审查有关言语（语音回路）和非言语（视觉空间暂存器）缓冲系统以及中枢执行功能缺陷的证据。在情节记忆的领域中，对证据的收集进行了回顾，以了解情节记忆的记忆不足与熟悉过程。还讨论了与理解精神分裂症的认知神经科学有关的概念性问题和潜在的困惑，包括认知缺陷在精神分裂症的发展过程中发挥的作用，与特定症状域的关系，行为表现混淆以及药物对行为表现和脑功能的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Evidence points to clinicians' beliefs and practice behaviours related to low back pain (LBP), which are discordant with contemporary evidence. While interventions to align beliefs and behaviours with evidence among clinicians have demonstrated effectiveness, a more sustainable and cost-effective approach to positively developing workforce capacity in this area may be to target the emerging workforce. The aim of this study was to investigate beliefs and clinical recommendations for LBP, and their alignment to evidence, in Australian university allied health and medical students. METHODS:Final-year students in chiropractic, medicine, occupational therapy, pharmacy and physiotherapy disciplines in three Western Australian universities responded to a survey. Demographic data, LBP-related beliefs data [modified Health Care Providers Pain and Impact Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS) and the Back Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ)] and activity, rest and work clinical recommendations for an acute LBP clinical vignette were collected. RESULTS:Six hundred two students completed the survey (response rate 74.6%). Cross-discipline differences in beliefs and clinical recommendations were observed (p > 0.001). Physiotherapy and chiropractic students reported significantly more helpful beliefs compared with the other disciplines, while pharmacy students reported the least helpful beliefs. A greater proportion of chiropractic and physiotherapy students reported guideline-consistent recommendations compared with other disciplines. HC-PAIRS and BBQ scores were strongly associated with clinical recommendations, independent to the discipline of study and prior experience of LBP. CONCLUSIONS:Aligning cross-discipline university curricula with current evidence may provide an opportunity to facilitate translation of this evidence into practice with a focus on a consistent, cross-discipline approach to LBP management.

背景与目标： 背景：证据表明临床医生的信念和与下腰痛（LBP）有关的行为，与现代证据不符。尽管在临床医生中采取干预措施使信念和行为与证据保持一致的做法已证明是有效的，但积极地发展该领域劳动力能力的更具可持续性和成本效益的方法可能是针对新兴劳动力。这项研究的目的是调查澳大利亚大学相关健康和医学专业学生对LBP的信念和临床建议，以及它们与证据的一致性。
方法：西澳大利亚州三所大学的脊骨疗法，医学，职业治疗，药学和物理疗法学科的大四学生对此进行了调查。收集了人口统计学数据，与LBP相关的信念数据[经修改的卫生保健提供者疼痛和影响关系量表（HC-PAIRS）和腰痛信念问卷（BBQ）]以及针对急性LBP临床小插图的活动，休息和工作的临床建议。
结果：602名学生完成了调查（回答率为74.6％）。观察到信念和临床建议的跨学科差异（p> 0.001）。与其他学科相比，理疗和脊骨疗法学生报告的帮助信念明显要多，而药学专业的学生报告的帮助信念最少。与其他学科相比，脊椎治疗和物理治疗学生中有更大比例的人报告了指南一致的建议。 HC-PAIRS和BBQ评分与临床建议密切相关，而与研究学科和LBP的既往经验无关。
结论：使跨学科的大学课程与当前的证据保持一致，可能会提供一个机会，以侧重于一致，跨学科的LBP管理方法为重点，将这一证据转化为实践。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a vacuum for a practice discipline of nursing that would enable nurses to articulate the significance of what they do as an essential thread of contemporary healthcare provision. This article is an effort to develop the meaning and possibilities of a practice discipline for nursing. Tuning into the general shift in thought about our human condition across disciplines and nations, we consider features of a participatory paradigm, which, when refocused on the humanness of the health circumstance, informs our approach to a practice discipline. Knowledge is personal and participatory, evolving in the here-and-now of health systems. Research integral to practice and service innovation illustrates the way of looking and talking about a new phase in discipline development. The discipline is relational and creative in practice, evolving in the forums for dialogue. Each one of us as nurses has responsibility in participation.

背景与目标： ：护理实践学科存在真空，使护士能够阐明他们所做的作为当代医疗保健必不可少的内容的重要性。本文旨在发展护理实践学科的意义和可能性。适应跨学科和跨国家的人类状况的思想的总体转变，我们考虑参与式范式的特征，当重新关注健康状况的人性时，该范式便为我们采用实践学科提供了依据。知识是个人和参与性的，并在当今和现在的卫生系统中不断发展。实践和服务创新不可或缺的研究说明了如何看待和谈论学科发展的新阶段。该学科在实践中具有关系性和创造性，并在对话论坛中不断发展。我们每个人作为护士都有责任参与。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Research on multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently requires typing for allele HLA-DRB1*1501, which the complexities of the HLA system can restrict to specialised histocompatibility laboratories. To overcome this limitation, we have implemented a simple, robust and highly specific method for DRB1*1501 detection. One single-tube polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) per DNA sample allows for detecting DR2 individuals. The spare PCR products of these are then sequenced to identify allele DRB1*1501 by comparison with the official, publicly accessible HLA database. This approach, much simpler than previously available methods, should facilitate research on MS by making accurate identification of DRB1*1501 accessible to neuroscience laboratories.

背景与目标： ：对多发性硬化症（MS）的研究通常需要输入等位基因HLA-DRB1 * 1501，HLA系统的复杂性可能会限制于专门的组织相容性实验室。为克服此限制，我们为DRB1 * 1501检测实现了一种简单，可靠且高度特定的方法。每个DNA样品一个单管聚合酶链反应（PCR）即可检测DR2个体。然后，通过与官方的可公开访问的HLA数据库进行比较，对这些样品的备用PCR产物进行测序，以鉴定等位基因DRB1 * 1501。这种方法比以前可用的方法简单得多，应该通过使神经科学实验室可以准确识别DRB1 * 1501来促进对MS的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adaptive behaviors increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction and improve the quality of life. However, it is often difficult to identify optimal behaviors in real life due to the complexity of the decision maker's environment and social dynamics. As a result, although many different brain areas and circuits are involved in decision making, evolutionary and learning solutions adopted by individual decision makers sometimes produce suboptimal outcomes. Although these problems are exacerbated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, their underlying neurobiological causes remain incompletely understood. In this review, theoretical frameworks in economics and machine learning and their applications in recent behavioral and neurobiological studies are summarized. Examples of such applications in clinical domains are also discussed for substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. Findings from these studies have begun to lay the foundations necessary to improve diagnostics and treatment for various neurological and psychiatric disorders.

背景与目标： ：适应性行为增加了生存和繁殖的可能性，并改善了生活质量。但是，由于决策者环境和社会动态的复杂性，通常很难确定现实生活中的最佳行为。结果，尽管决策过程涉及许多不同的大脑区域和电路，但是个别决策者采用的进化和学习解决方案有时会产生次优的结果。尽管这些问题在许多神经系统疾病和精神疾病中加剧了，但其潜在的神经生物学原因仍未完全理解。在这篇综述中，总结了经济学和机器学习的理论框架及其在最近的行为和神经生物学研究中的应用。在药物滥用，帕金森氏病，注意力缺陷/多动障碍，精神分裂症，情绪障碍和自闭症等方面，也讨论了在临床领域中此类应用的实例。这些研究的发现已开始奠定改善各种神经和精神疾病的诊断和治疗所必需的基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive neuroscience of creativity has been extensively studied using non-invasive electrical recordings from the scalp called electroencephalograms (EEGs) and event related potentials (ERPs). The paper discusses major aspects of performing research using EEG/ERP based experiments including the recording of the signals, removing noise, estimating ERP signals, and signal analysis for better understanding of the neural correlates of processes involved in creativity. Important factors to be kept in mind to record clean EEG signal in creativity research are discussed. The recorded EEG signal can be corrupted by various sources of noise and methodologies to handle the presence of unwanted artifacts and filtering noise are presented followed by methods to estimate ERPs from the EEG signals from multiple trials. The EEG and ERP signals are further analyzed using various techniques including spectral analysis, coherence analysis, and non-linear signal analysis. These analysis techniques provide a way to understand the spatial activations and temporal development of large scale electrical activity in the brain during creative tasks. The use of this methodology will further enhance our understanding the processes neural and cognitive processes involved in creativity.

背景与目标： ：创造性的认知神经科学已被广泛使用来自头皮的非侵入性电记录（称为脑电图（EEG）和事件相关电位（ERP））进行研究。本文讨论了使用基于EEG / ERP的实验进行研究的主要方面，包括信号记录，噪声消除，ERP信号估计以及信号分析，以更好地理解与创造力有关的过程的神经相关性。讨论了在创造力研究中记录干净的EEG信号时应牢记的重要因素。记录的EEG信号可能会受到各种噪声源的破坏，并且会出现处理有害伪影的方法，并提出滤波噪声，然后介绍从多次试验的EEG信号中估计ERP的方法。使用各种技术进一步分析EEG和ERP信号，包括频谱分析，相干分析和非线性信号分析。这些分析技术提供了一种在创造性任务期间了解大脑中大规模电活动的空间激活和时间发展的方式。这种方法的使用将进一步增强我们对创造力所涉及的神经和认知过程的理解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Objective: A cognitive neuroscience perspective seeks to understand behavior, in this case the comorbidity of cannabis abuse and conduct disorder/conduct problems, in terms of dysfunction in cognitive processes underpinned by neural processes. The goal of this review is to articulate a cognitive neuroscience account of this comorbidity. Methods: Literature on the following issues will be reviewed: (i) the longitudinal relationship between cannabis abuse and conduct disorder/conduct problems (CD/CP); (ii) the extent to which there are genetic and environmental (specifically maltreatment) factors that underpin this relationship; (iii) forms of neurocognitive function that are reported dysfunctional in CD/CP and also, when dysfunctional, appear to be risk factors for future cannabis abuse; and (iv) the extent to which cannabis abuse may further compromise these systems leading to increased future abuse and greater conduct problems. Results: CD/CP typically predate cannabis abuse. There appear to be shared genetic factors that contribute to the relationship between CD/CP and cannabis abuse. Moreover, trauma exposure increases risk for both cannabis abuse and CP/CD. One form of neurocognitive dysfunction, response disinhibition, that likely exacerbates the symptomatology of many individuals with CD also appears to increase the risk for cannabis abuse. The literature with respect to other forms of neurocognitive dysfunction remains inconclusive. Conclusions: Based on the literature, a causal model of the comorbidity of cannabis abuse and CD/CP is developed.

背景与目标： ：目的：认知神经科学的观点旨在了解行为，在这种情况下是滥用大麻和行为/行为问题的合并症，涉及以神经过程为基础的认知过程中的功能障碍。这篇综述的目的是阐明这种合并症的认知神经科学解释。方法：将审查有关以下问题的文献：（i）大麻滥用与行为障碍/品行问题（CD / CP）之间的纵向关系； （ii）遗传和环境（特别是虐待）因素在多大程度上支撑了这种关系； （iii）在CD / CP中据报告功能障碍的神经认知功能形式，以及当功能障碍时，也似乎是未来滥用大麻的危险因素； （iv）大麻滥用在多大程度上可能进一步损害这些系统，从而导致未来滥用和行为问题增加。结果：CD / CP通常早于大麻滥用。似乎存在共同的遗传因素，导致CD / CP与大麻滥用之间的关系。此外，遭受创伤会增加大麻滥用和CP / CD的风险。一种神经认知功能障碍，即反应抑制异常，可能加剧许多CD患者的症状，也似乎增加了滥用大麻的风险。关于其他形式的神经认知功能障碍的文献仍无定论。结论：根据文献，建立了大麻滥用与CD / CP合并症的因果模型。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although rabies, or hydrophobia, is one of the so-called forgotten tropical diseases, it still kills thousands of people each year, especially children living in rural areas of Asia and Africa. This terrible disease was once a much-feared threat throughout Europe, whose terrifying symptoms were described in a vast body of literature that was based on both science and popular beliefs. One notable individual whose name is linked to the fight against this disease is Adelchi Negri, a brilliant but unfortunate pupil of Camillo Golgi. At the beginning of the 20th century, Negri observed peculiar formations in the brains of infected animals: known as Negri's bodies, these formations became an important diagnostic tool used in anti-rabies institutes all over the world.

背景与目标： 尽管狂犬病或恐水症是所谓的被遗忘的热带病之一，但每年仍然有数千人丧生，特别是生活在亚洲和非洲农村地区的儿童。这种可怕的疾病曾经是整个欧洲令人恐惧的威胁，其可怕的症状在大量基于科学和大众信仰的文献中都有描述。一位与抗击这种疾病有关的著名人物是阿德尔奇·内格里（Adelchi Negri），他是卡米洛·高尔基（Camillo Golgi）的聪明但不幸的学生。 20世纪初，尼格里（Negri）在被感染动物的大脑中观察到奇特的结构：被称为尼格里（Negri）的尸体，这些结构成为全世界反狂犬病研究所使用的重要诊断工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eye movements can have serious confounding effects in cognitive neuroscience experiments. Therefore, participants are commonly asked to fixate. Regardless, participants will make so-called fixational eye movements under attempted fixation, which are thought to be necessary to prevent perceptual fading. Neural changes related to these eye movements could potentially explain previously reported neural decoding and neuroimaging results under attempted fixation. In previous work, under attempted fixation and passive viewing, we found no evidence for systematic eye movements. Here, however, we show that participants' eye movements are systematic under attempted fixation when active viewing is demanded by the task. Since eye movements directly affect early visual cortex activity, commonly used for neural decoding, our findings imply alternative explanations for previously reported results in neural decoding.

背景与目标： ：眼睛运动可能在认知神经科学实验中产生严重的混淆作用。因此，通常要求参与者注视。无论如何，参与者将在尝试的注视下进行所谓的注视眼运动，这被认为对于防止知觉褪色是必要的。与这些眼球运动有关的神经变化可能潜在地解释了先前报道的在尝试注视下的神经解码和神经影像学结果。在以前的工作中，在尝试注视和被动观察的情况下，我们没有发现系统的眼球运动的证据。但是，在这里，我们显示，当任务需要主动观看时，在尝试注视的情况下，参与者的眼球运动是系统的。由于眼球运动直接影响通常用于神经解码的早期视觉皮层活动，因此我们的发现暗示了对先前报道的神经解码结果的替代解释。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Research over the last several decades has shown that the health of the body is intimately tied to the strength of our social connections, but why? This article reviews evidence from affective and social neuroscience suggesting that, because of the importance of social ties for mammalian survival, threats to social connection are processed by some of the same neural regions that process basic threats to survival and consequently trigger physiological threat responses that have negative health implications. Likewise, social support is processed by some of the same neural regions that process safety or protection from basic threats and inhibit these same health-relevant physiological threat responses.

背景与目标： ：过去几十年的研究表明，身体的健康状况与我们的社交联系紧密相关，但是为什么呢？本文回顾了来自情感和社会神经科学的证据，这些证据表明，由于社会纽带对哺乳动物生存的重要性，对社会联系的威胁由处理基本生存威胁并因此触发生理威胁反应的某些神经区域处理。对健康的负面影响。同样，社会支持由处理安全或免受基本威胁并抑制这些与健康相关的生理威胁响应的相同神经区域中的一些处理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Creatine's effects on brain energy metabolism raise the possibility of developing a new therapeutic strategy in depression focusing on the treatment of metabolic hypoactive brain areas. Previous creatine augmentation studies in patients with major depression showed a beneficial effect. Eighteen patients (14 women) with major depression not responding to previous 3 weeks of antidepressant treatment were enrolled into a pilot, dose finding, 4-week double-blind parallel augmentation study where creatine monohydrate 5 or 10 g daily or placebo was added to ongoing SSRIs/SNRIs/NASA treatment. Rating scales included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Severity scale. Overall, there was no difference between creatine administered at 5 or 10 g daily and its corresponding placebos. Two female patients on creatine augmentation, but none on the placebo, showed early improvement of more than 50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale after 2 weeks of creatine treatment. No clinically relevant side effects were reported. This preliminary study seems to suggest that the strategy using creatine augmentation in major depressive women showing no 'real-life response' to 3 weeks of treatment with SSRIs/SNRIs/NASA treatment is of no advantage compared with placebo. However, such creatine augmentation may still induce a more rapid response in a small subgroup of these female patients.

背景与目标： 肌酸对脑能量代谢的影响增加了开发针对抑郁症的新治疗策略的可能性，这种治疗策略的重点是代谢性脑功能低下区域的治疗。先前对重度抑郁症患者进行的肌酸增强研究显示出有益的效果。 18名重度抑郁症患者（14名女性）对之前的3周抗抑郁药治疗无反应，参加了一项试点，剂量确定，为期4周的双盲平行增强研究，其中将每天5或10 g的肌酸一水合物或安慰剂加入治疗中SSRI / SNRIs / NASA处理。评分量表包括汉密尔顿抑郁量表和临床总体印象严重度量表。总体而言，每天服用5或10 g肌酸与其相应的安慰剂之间没有差异。两名接受肌酸补充治疗的女性患者，但未接受安慰剂治疗的女性患者，在接受肌酸治疗2周后，汉密尔顿抑郁评估量表降低了50％以上。没有临床相关副作用的报道。这项初步研究似乎表明，在服用SSRIs / SNRIs / NASA治疗3周的主要抑郁症妇女中没有显示出“现实生活中的反应”的情况下，使用肌酸增强疗法与安慰剂相比没有优势。但是，在这些女性患者的一小部分亚组中，这种肌酸的增加仍可能引起更快的反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Population neuroscience is an emerging field that combines epidemiology and neuroscience to study how genes and the environment shape typical and atypical brain functioning. The objective of this study was to review key studies on population neuroscience from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and to identify potential gaps vis-à-vis studies conducted in high-income countries. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review to search for longitudinal cohort studies investigating the development of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in LMICs. We performed an electronic search in the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from inception to July 5th, 2019. RESULTS:We found six cohorts from four countries that met our search criteria: three cohorts from Brazil, one from China, one from South Africa, and one from Mauritius. Relevant examples of findings from these studies are reported. CONCLUSION:Our results demonstrate the impact of the valuable science output these cohort designs promote, allowing LMICs to have a share in frontline global psychiatry research. National and international funding agencies should invest in LMIC population neuroscience in order to promote replication and generalization of research from high-income countries.

背景与目标： 目的：人口神经科学是一个结合流行病学和神经科学来研究基因和环境如何塑造典型和非典型大脑功能的新兴领域。这项研究的目的是审查来自中低收入国家（LMIC）的人口神经科学的关键研究，并确定与高收入国家进行的研究相比的潜在差距。
方法：我们进行了系统的综述，以寻找纵向队列研究，以调查中低收入国家儿童和青少年精神疾病的发展。从成立到2019年7月5日，我们在EMBASE和MEDLINE数据库中进行了电子搜索。
结果：我们从四个符合我们搜索条件的国家/地区中找到了六组：来自巴西的三组，来自中国的一组，来自南非的一组和来自毛里求斯的一组。报告了这些研究结果的相关实例。
结论：我们的结果证明了这些队列设计所促进的有价值的科学成果的影响，使中低收入国家在全球精神病学研究的第一线中占有一席之地。国家和国际资助机构应投资于LMIC人口神经科学，以促进高收入国家研究的复制和推广。