BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Merging information derived from different sensory channels allows the brain to amplify minimal signals to reduce their ambiguity, thereby improving the ability of orienting to, detecting, and identifying environmental events. Although multisensory interactions have been mostly ascribed to the activity of higher-order heteromodal areas, multisensory convergence may arise even in primary sensory-specific areas located very early along the cortical processing stream. In three experiments, we investigated early multisensory interactions in lower-level visual areas, by using a novel approach, based on the coupling of behavioral stimulation with two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, namely, TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). First, we showed that redundant multisensory stimuli can increase visual cortical excitability, as measured by means of phosphene induction by occipital TMS; such physiological enhancement is followed by a behavioral facilitation through the amplification of signal intensity in sensory-specific visual areas. The more sensory inputs are combined (i.e., trimodal vs. bimodal stimuli), the greater are the benefits on phosphene perception. Second, neuroelectrical activity changes induced by tDCS in the temporal and in the parietal cortices, but not in the occipital cortex, can further boost the multisensory enhancement of visual cortical excitability, by increasing the auditory and tactile inputs from temporal and parietal regions, respectively, to lower-level visual areas.

背景与目标： : 合并来自不同感觉通道的信息可以使大脑放大最小的信号以减少其模糊性，从而提高定向，检测和识别环境事件的能力。尽管多感觉相互作用主要归因于高阶异态区域的活动，但即使在皮质加工流早期的主要感觉特定区域，也可能出现多感觉会聚。在三个实验中，我们使用一种新颖的方法，基于行为刺激与两种非侵入性脑刺激技术 (TMS和经颅直流刺激 (tDCS)) 的耦合，研究了较低水平视觉区域中的早期多感觉相互作用。首先，我们证明了冗余的多感觉刺激可以增加视觉皮层兴奋性，这是通过枕骨TMS的phosphene诱导来测量的; 这种生理增强之后是通过在感觉特定的视觉区域中放大信号强度来促进行为。结合的感觉输入越多 (即三峰刺激与双峰刺激)，对phosphene感知的好处就越大。其次，tDCS在颞叶和顶叶皮层 (而在枕叶皮层中没有) 引起的神经电活动变化可以通过增加来自颞叶和顶叶区域的听觉和触觉输入来进一步增强视觉皮层兴奋性，分别到较低水平的视觉区域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the present report was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of multisensory and cognitive stimulation on improving cognition in elderly persons living in long-term-care institutions (institutionalized [I]) or in communities with their families (noninstitutionalized [NI]). We compared neuropsychological performance using language and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test scores before and after 24 and 48 stimulation sessions. The two groups were matched by age and years of schooling. Small groups of ten or fewer volunteers underwent the stimulation program, twice a week, over 6 months (48 sessions in total). Sessions were based on language and memory exercises, as well as visual, olfactory, auditory, and ludic stimulation, including music, singing, and dance. Both groups were assessed at the beginning (before stimulation), in the middle (after 24 sessions), and at the end (after 48 sessions) of the stimulation program. Although the NI group showed higher performance in all tasks in all time windows compared with I subjects, both groups improved their performance after stimulation. In addition, the improvement was significantly higher in the I group than the NI group. Language tests seem to be more efficient than the MMSE to detect early changes in cognitive status. The results suggest the impoverished environment of long-term-care institutions may contribute to lower cognitive scores before stimulation and the higher improvement rate of this group after stimulation. In conclusion, language tests should be routinely adopted in the neuropsychological assessment of elderly subjects, and long-term-care institutions need to include regular sensorimotor, social, and cognitive stimulation as a public health policy for elderly persons.

背景与目标： : 本报告的目的是评估多感官和认知刺激对改善长期护理机构 (制度化 [I]) 或家庭社区 (非制度化 [NI]) 老年人认知的有效性和影响。我们在24和48次刺激之前和之后使用语言和迷你精神状态检查 (MMSE) 测试分数比较了神经心理表现。两组按年龄和受教育年限进行匹配。由10名或更少的志愿者组成的小组接受了刺激计划，每周两次，超过6个月 (总共48个疗程)。会议基于语言和记忆练习，以及视觉，嗅觉，听觉和音乐刺激，包括音乐，唱歌和舞蹈。两组均在刺激计划的开始 (刺激前)，中间 (24个疗程后) 和结束 (48个疗程后) 进行评估。尽管与I受试者相比，NI组在所有时间窗口的所有任务中均显示出更高的性能，但两组在刺激后均提高了性能。此外，I组的改善明显高于NI组。语言测试似乎比MMSE更有效地检测认知状态的早期变化。结果表明，长期护理机构的贫困环境可能会导致刺激前较低的认知评分和刺激后较高的改善率。总之，语言测试应常规用于老年人的神经心理学评估，长期护理机构需要将定期的感觉运动，社交和认知刺激作为老年人的公共卫生政策。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The need to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously is often encountered in everyday experience, but coordinating between two or more tasks can lead to impaired performance. Typical investigations of multitasking impairments have focused on the performance of two tasks presented in close temporal proximity on discrete trials; however, such paradigms do not match well with the continuous performance situations more typically encountered outside the laboratory. As a result, the stages of information processing that are affected during multisensory continuous dual tasks and how these changes in processing relate to behavior remain unclear. To address these issues, participants were presented simultaneous rapid visual and auditory stimulus sequences under three conditions: attend visual only, attend auditory only, and dual attention (attend both visual and auditory). Performance, measured in terms of response time and perceptual sensitivity (d'), revealed dual-task impairments only in the auditory task. Neural activity, measured by the ERP technique, revealed that both early stage sensory processing and later cognitive processing of the auditory task were affected by dual-task performance, but similar stages of processing of the visual task were not. Critically, individual differences in neural activity at both early and late stages of information processing accurately rank-ordered individuals based on the observed difference in behavioral performance between the single and dual attention conditions. These results reveal relationships between behavioral performance and the neural correlates of both early and late stage information processing that provide key insights into the complex interplay between the brain and behavior when multiple tasks are performed continuously.

背景与目标： : 在日常经验中经常会遇到同时从事多个任务的需求，但是在两个或多个任务之间进行协调可能会导致绩效受损。多任务损伤的典型研究集中在离散试验中在时间上非常接近的两个任务的性能上; 但是，这种范例与实验室外通常遇到的连续性能情况不太匹配。结果，在多感官连续双重任务期间受影响的信息处理阶段以及这些处理变化与行为之间的关系尚不清楚。为了解决这些问题，在三种情况下同时向参与者展示了快速的视觉和听觉刺激序列: 仅参加视觉，仅参加听觉和双重注意 (同时参加视觉和听觉)。以响应时间和感知灵敏度 (d') 衡量的性能仅在听觉任务中显示了双重任务障碍。通过ERP技术测量的神经活动表明，听觉任务的早期感觉处理和后来的认知处理都受到双重任务性能的影响，但视觉任务的相似处理阶段却没有。至关重要的是，在信息处理的早期和后期，神经活动的个体差异会根据观察到的单个和双重注意条件之间的行为表现差异，准确地对个体进行排序。这些结果揭示了行为表现与早期和晚期信息处理的神经相关性之间的关系，这些关系提供了对连续执行多个任务时大脑与行为之间复杂相互作用的关键见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We experience the world through multiple senses simultaneously. To better understand mechanisms of multisensory processing we ask whether inputs from two senses (auditory and visual) can interact and drive plasticity in neural-circuits of the primary visual cortex (V1). Using genetically-encoded voltage and calcium indicators, we find coincident audio-visual experience modifies both the supra and subthreshold response properties of neurons in L2/3 of mouse V1. Specifically, we find that after audio-visual pairing, a subset of multimodal neurons develops enhanced auditory responses to the paired auditory stimulus. This cross-modal plasticity persists over days and is reflected in the strengthening of small functional networks of L2/3 neurons. We find V1 processes coincident auditory and visual events by strengthening functional associations between feature specific assemblies of multimodal neurons during bouts of sensory driven co-activity, leaving a trace of multisensory experience in the cortical network.

背景与目标： : 我们通过多种感官同时体验世界。为了更好地理解多感官处理的机制，我们询问来自两种感官 (听觉和视觉) 的输入是否可以相互作用并驱动初级视觉皮层 (V1) 的神经回路中的可塑性。使用遗传编码的电压和钙指标，我们发现重合的视听体验会改变小鼠v1 L2/3中神经元的超阈值和亚阈值响应特性。具体来说，我们发现在视听配对后，多模态神经元的子集对配对的听觉刺激产生增强的听觉反应。这种交叉模态可塑性持续数天，并反映在L2/3神经元小功能网络的增强上。我们发现V1通过在感觉驱动的共同活动过程中加强多模式神经元的特定功能组件之间的功能关联来处理同时发生的听觉和视觉事件，从而在皮质网络中留下了许多多感觉经验。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multisensory integration of stimuli occurring in the area surrounding our bodies gives rise to the functional representation of peripersonal space (PPS). PPS extent is flexible according to the affective context and the target of an action, but little is known about how social context modulates it. We used an audiotactile interaction task to investigate PPS of individuals during social interaction. Participants had to detect as fast as possible a tactile stimulus while task-irrelevant looming sounds were presented, while they were paired as collaborative dyads and as competitive dyads. We also measured PPS in participants seated near an inactive individual. PPS boundaries were modulated only when participants collaborated with a partner, in the form of an extension on the right hemispace and independently of the location of the partner. This suggests that space processing is modified during collaborative tasks. During collective actions, a supra-individual representation of the space of action could be at stake in order to adapt our individual motor control to an interaction as a group with the external world. Reassessing multisensory integration in the light of its potential social sensitivity might reveal that low-level mechanisms are modified by the need to interact with others.

背景与目标： : 在我们身体周围区域发生的刺激的多感觉整合产生了个人周围空间 (PPS) 的功能表示。PPS范围根据情感环境和行为目标是灵活的，但对社会环境如何调节它知之甚少。我们使用了听觉互动任务来调查社交互动过程中个人的PPS。参与者必须尽可能快地检测到触觉刺激，同时呈现与任务无关的隐约可见的声音，同时将它们配对为协作二元组和竞争二元组。我们还测量了坐在不活跃个体附近的参与者的PPS。仅当参与者与合作伙伴合作时，才以右侧半球空间上的扩展形式且与合作伙伴的位置无关，才对PPS边界进行调整。这表明在协作任务期间修改了空间处理。在集体行动期间，可能会危及行动空间的超个人表示，以使我们的个人运动控制适应作为一个整体与外部世界的互动。根据其潜在的社会敏感性重新评估多感官整合可能会发现，与他人互动的需求会改变低级机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A question that has emerged over recent years is whether audiovisual (AV) speech perception is a special case of multi-sensory perception. Electrophysiological (ERP) studies have found that auditory neural activity (N1 component of the ERP) induced by speech is suppressed and speeded up when a speech sound is accompanied by concordant lip movements. In Experiment 1, we show that this AV interaction is not speech-specific. Ecologically valid nonspeech AV events (actions performed by an actor such as handclapping) were associated with a similar speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude as AV speech (syllables). Experiment 2 demonstrated that these AV interactions were not influenced by whether A and V were congruent or incongruent. In Experiment 3 we show that the AV interaction on N1 was absent when there was no anticipatory visual motion, indicating that the AV interaction only occurred when visual anticipatory motion preceded the sound. These results demonstrate that the visually induced speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude reflect multisensory integrative mechanisms of AV events that crucially depend on whether vision predicts when the sound occurs.

背景与目标： : 近年来出现的一个问题是，视听 (AV) 语音感知是否是多感官感知的特例。电生理 (ERP) 研究发现，当语音伴随着一致的嘴唇运动时，语音引起的听觉神经活动 (ERP的N1成分) 会受到抑制并加快。在实验1中，我们表明这种AV交互不是特定于语音的。生态上有效的非语音AV事件 (演员执行的动作，例如拍手) 与AV语音 (音节) 类似的听觉N1振幅的加速和抑制有关。实验2表明，这些AV相互作用不受A和V是否一致的影响。在实验3中，我们表明，当没有预期的视觉运动时，N1上的AV相互作用不存在，这表明AV相互作用仅在视觉预期运动先于声音时才发生。这些结果表明，视觉引起的听觉N1振幅的加速和抑制反映了AV事件的多感觉统合机制，这在很大程度上取决于视觉是否能预测声音何时发生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Left parietal cortex has been associated with the human-specific ability of sophisticated tool use. Yet, it is unclear how tool information is represented across senses. Here, we compared auditory and visual tool-specific activations within healthy human subjects to probe the relation of tool-specific networks, uni- and multisensory response properties, and functional and structural connectivity using functional and diffusion-weighted MRI. In each subject, we identified an auditory tool network with regions in left anterior inferior parietal cortex (aud-aIPL), bilateral posterior lateral sulcus, and left inferior precentral sulcus, and a visual tool network with regions in left aIPL (vis-aIPL) and bilateral inferior temporal gyrus. Aud-aIPL was largely separate and anterior/inferior from vis-aIPL, with varying degrees of overlap across subjects. Both regions displayed a strong preference for tools versus other stimuli presented within the same modality. Despite their modality preference, aud-aIPL and vis-aIPL and a region in left inferior precentral sulcus displayed multisensory response properties, as revealed in multivariate analyses. Thus, two largely separate tool networks are engaged by the visual and auditory modalities with nodes in parietal and prefrontal cortex potentially integrating information across senses. The diversification of tool processing in human parietal cortex underpins its critical role in complex object processing.

背景与目标： : 左顶叶皮层与复杂工具使用的人类特异性能力有关。然而，目前尚不清楚工具信息如何跨感官表示。在这里，我们比较了健康人类受试者中听觉和视觉工具特定的激活，以使用功能和扩散加权MRI探索工具特定网络，单感觉和多感觉反应特性以及功能和结构连通性之间的关系。在每个受试者中，我们确定了一个听觉工具网络，该听觉工具网络具有左前下顶叶皮层 (aud-aIPL)，双侧后外侧沟和左下下中央前沟的区域，以及一个视觉工具网络，该视觉工具网络具有左aIPL (vis-aIPL) 的区域) 和双侧颞下回。Aud-aIPL在很大程度上与vis-aIPL分开，并且位于前/下方，在受试者之间有不同程度的重叠。与同一方式中呈现的其他刺激相比，这两个区域都表现出对工具的强烈偏好。尽管有模态偏好，但aud-aIPL和vis-aIPL以及左下心前沟中的一个区域仍显示出多感觉反应特性，如多变量分析所示。因此，视觉和听觉方式参与了两个很大程度上独立的工具网络，顶叶和前额叶皮层中的节点可能会跨感官整合信息。人类顶叶皮层工具处理的多样化是其在复杂物体处理中的关键作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To investigate how visual and vestibular cues are integrated for the perception of gravity during passive self-motion, we measured the ability to maintain a handheld object vertical relative to gravity without visual feedback during sinusoidal roll-tilt stimulation. Visual input, either concordant or discordant with actual dynamic roll-tilt, was delivered by a head-mounted display showing the laboratory. The four visual conditions were darkness, visual-vestibular concordance, stationary visual scene, and a visual scene 180 degrees phase-shifted relative to actual tilt. Tilt-indication performance using a solid, cylindrical joystick was better in the presence of concordant visual input relative to the other visual conditions. In addition, we compared performance when indicating the vertical by the joystick or a full glass of water. Subjects indicated the direction of gravity significantly better when holding the full glass of water than the joystick. Matching the inertial characteristics, including fluid properties, of the handheld object to the glass of water did not improve performance. There was no effect of visual input on tilt performance when using the glass of water to indicate gravitational vertical. The gain of object tilt motion did not change with roll-tilt amplitude and frequency (+/-7.5 degrees at 0.25 Hz, +/-10 degrees at 0.16 Hz, and +/-20 degrees at 0.08 Hz), however, the phase of object tilt relative to subject tilt showed significant phase-leads at the highest frequency tested (0.25 Hz). Comparison of the object and visual effects observed suggest that the task-dependent behavior change may be due to an attentional shift and/or shift in strategy.

背景与目标： : 为了研究在被动自我运动过程中如何将视觉和前庭提示整合在一起以感知重力，我们测量了在正弦侧倾刺激过程中保持手持物体相对于重力垂直而没有视觉反馈的能力。通过显示实验室的头戴式显示器提供了与实际动态滚动倾斜一致或不一致的视觉输入。这四个视觉条件是黑暗，视觉-前庭一致，静止的视觉场景以及相对于实际倾斜180度相移的视觉场景。与其他视觉条件相比，在存在一致的视觉输入的情况下，使用实心圆柱操纵杆的倾斜指示性能更好。此外，我们比较了通过操纵杆或一整杯水指示垂直时的性能。当拿着满杯水时，受试者指示的重力方向比操纵杆好得多。将手持物体的惯性特性 (包括流体特性) 与水杯相匹配并不能改善性能。当使用水杯指示重力垂直时，视觉输入对倾斜性能没有影响。物体倾斜运动的增益不随侧倾振幅和频率变化 (在0.25Hz时 +/-7.5度，在0.16Hz时 +/-10度，在0.08Hz时 +/-20度)，但是，相对于对象倾斜的相位在所测试的最高频率 (0.25Hz) 处显示出显著的相位超前。观察到的对象和视觉效果的比较表明，与任务相关的行为变化可能是由于注意力的转移和/或策略的转移。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This editorial introduction briefly summarized the general information and keynote topics of 17th International Multisensory Research Forum (IMRF 2016), which was held in Suzhou, China on June 15-18, 2016. In this IMRF2016 Multisensory Research special issue, seven papers have been collected. Some topics represent mainstream, traditional studies, while others show a range of multidisciplinary approaches. We categorized the main topics in this issue to four aspects: expertise in multisensory timing, neuronal signatures underlying cross-modal correspondence, coupling between perception and action, and lastly, a revisit of the principles for multisensory segregation and integration.

背景与目标： : 本社论简介简要总结了2016年6月15至18日在中国苏州举行的第17届国际多感官研究论坛 (IMRF 2016) 的一般信息和主题。在IMRF2016多感官研究特刊中，已收集了七篇论文。一些主题代表了主流的传统研究，而另一些主题则显示了一系列多学科方法。我们将本期的主要主题分为四个方面: 多感官时序方面的专业知识，跨模态对应的神经元特征，感知与行动之间的耦合，最后，对多感官隔离和整合原理的重新审视。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cross-modal correspondences refer to associations between apparently unrelated stimulus features in different senses. For example, high and low auditory pitches are associated with high and low visual elevations, respectively. Here we examined how this crossmodal correspondence between visual elevation and auditory pitch relates to auditory elevation. We used audiovisual combinations of high- or low-frequency bursts of white noise and a visual stimulus comprising a white circle. Auditory and visual stimuli could each occur at high or low elevations. These multisensory stimuli could be congruent or incongruent for three correspondence types: cross-modal featural (auditory pitch/visual elevation), within-modal featural (auditory pitch/auditory elevation) and cross-modal spatial (auditory and visual elevation). Participants performed a 2AFC speeded classification (high or low) task while attending to auditory pitch, auditory elevation, or visual elevation. We tested for modulatory interactions between the three correspondence types. Modulatory interactions were absent when discriminating visual elevation. However, the within-modal featural correspondence affected the cross-modal featural correspondence during discrimination of auditory elevation and pitch, while the reverse modulation was observed only during discrimination of auditory pitch. The cross-modal spatial correspondence modulated the other two correspondences only when auditory elevation was being attended, was modulated by the cross-modal featural correspondence only during attention to auditory pitch, and was modulated by the within-modal featural correspondence while performing discrimination of either auditory elevation or pitch. We conclude that the cross-modal correspondence between auditory pitch and visual elevation interacts strongly with auditory elevation.

背景与目标： : 跨模态对应关系是指在不同意义上表面上不相关的刺激特征之间的关联。例如，高听觉音高和低听觉音高分别与高和低视觉高程相关联。在这里，我们研究了视觉高度和听觉音调之间的这种跨模对应关系与听觉高度之间的关系。我们使用了白噪声的高频或低频突发与包含白色圆圈的视觉刺激的视听组合。听觉和视觉刺激都可能发生在高海拔或低海拔。对于三种对应类型，这些多感觉刺激可能是一致的或不一致的: 跨模态特征 (听觉音调/视觉高度)，模态内特征 (听觉音调/听觉高度) 和跨模态空间 (听觉和视觉高度)。参与者在处理听觉音高，听觉抬高或视觉抬高时执行了2AFC加速分类 (高或低) 任务。我们测试了三种对应类型之间的调节交互。区分视觉高度时，没有调节相互作用。但是，模态内特征对应关系在识别听觉高度和音高时会影响跨模态特征对应关系，而仅在识别听觉音调时才观察到反向调制。跨模态空间对应仅在注意听觉升高时才对其他两个对应进行调制，仅在注意听觉音调时才通过跨模态特征对应进行调制，并在进行识别时通过模态内特征对应进行调制。听觉升高或音调。我们得出的结论是，听觉音调和视觉高度之间的跨模态对应关系与听觉高度强烈相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent studies of multisensory integration compel a redefinition of fundamental sensory processes, including, but not limited to, how visual inputs influence the localization of sounds and suppression of their echoes.

背景与目标： : 最近对多感觉整合的研究迫使对基本感觉过程的重新定义，包括但不限于视觉输入如何影响声音的定位和回声的抑制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the multisensory processing of object shape in the human cerebral cortex and explored the role of mental imagery in such processing. Regions active bilaterally during both visual and haptic shape perception, relative to texture perception in the respective modality, included parts of the superior parietal gyrus, the anterior intraparietal sulcus, and the lateral occipital complex. Of these bimodal regions, the lateral occipital complexes preferred visual over haptic stimuli, whereas the parietal areas preferred haptic over visual stimuli. Whereas most subjects reported little haptic imagery during visual shape perception, experiences of visual imagery during haptic shape perception were common. Across subjects, ratings of the vividness of visual imagery strongly predicted the amount of haptic shape-selective activity in the right, but not in the left, lateral occipital complex. Thus, visual imagery appears to contribute to activation of some, but not all, visual cortical areas during haptic perception.

背景与目标： : 在这里，我们使用功能磁共振成像研究了人大脑皮层中物体形状的多感觉处理，并探讨了心理图像在这种处理中的作用。相对于各自形态中的纹理感知，在视觉和触觉形状感知过程中双侧活跃的区域包括上顶回的部分，前顶骨沟和枕骨外侧复合体。在这些双峰区域中，枕骨外侧复合体比触觉刺激更喜欢视觉，而顶叶区域比触觉刺激更喜欢触觉。尽管大多数受试者在视觉形状感知过程中报告的触觉图像很少，但在触觉形状感知过程中视觉图像的体验很常见。在整个受试者中，视觉图像的生动性等级强烈预测了右侧枕骨外侧复合体中触觉形状选择活动的数量，而左侧枕骨外侧复合体则没有。因此，视觉图像似乎有助于触觉感知过程中某些 (但不是全部) 视觉皮层区域的激活。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Even though deficits in inhibitory control and conflict monitoring are well-known in ADHD, factors that further modulate these functions remain to be elucidated. One factor that may be of considerable importance is how inhibitory control is modulated by multisensory information processing. We examined the influence of concurrent auditory conflicting or redundant information on visually triggered response inhibition processes in adolescent ADHD patients and healthy controls. We combined high-density event-related potential (ERP) recordings with source localization to delineate the functional neuroanatomical basis of the involved neurophysiological processes. In comparison to controls, response inhibition (RI) processes in ADHD were compromised in conflicting conditions, but showed no differences to controls when redundant or no concurrent auditory information was presented. These effects were reflected by modulations at the response selection stage (P3 ERP) in the medial frontal gyrus (BA32), but not at the attentional selection (P1, N1 ERPs) or resource allocation level (P2 ERP). Conflicting information during RI exerts its influences in adolescent ADHD via response selection mechanisms, but not via attentional selection. It is not the mere presence of concurrent information, but the presence of conflicting information during RI that may destabilize goal shielding processes in medial frontal cortical regions, by means of increasing the automaticity of response tendencies. The occurring RI deficits might relate to the increased impulsivity in adolescent ADHD and a corresponding vulnerability to react to an increased automaticity of pre-potent response tendencies. ADHD patients show a bias to a specific content of information which can modulate inhibitory control.

背景与目标： : 尽管在ADHD中，抑制控制和冲突监测的缺陷是众所周知的，但进一步调节这些功能的因素仍有待阐明。可能相当重要的一个因素是多感官信息处理如何调节抑制性控制。我们研究了青少年ADHD患者和健康对照中并发的听觉冲突或冗余信息对视觉触发的反应抑制过程的影响。我们将高密度事件相关电位 (ERP) 记录与源定位相结合，以描述所涉及的神经生理过程的功能性神经解剖学基础。与对照相比，ADHD的反应抑制 (RI) 过程在冲突的条件下受到损害，但是当出现冗余或没有并发的听觉信息时，与对照没有差异。这些影响在内侧额回 (BA32) 的反应选择阶段 (P3 ERP) 的调节中反映出来，但在注意选择 (P1，N1 ERP) 或资源分配水平 (P2 ERP) 中未反映出来。RI过程中相互冲突的信息通过反应选择机制对青少年ADHD产生影响，而不是通过注意选择。不仅是并发信息的存在，而且是RI期间冲突信息的存在，可能会通过增加响应趋势的自动性来破坏内侧额叶皮层区域的目标屏蔽过程。发生的RI缺陷可能与青少年ADHD的冲动性增加有关，并且相应地容易对强前反应倾向的自动性增加做出反应。ADHD患者对信息的特定内容表现出偏见，这些信息可以调节抑制性控制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The McGurk effect is a popular assay of multisensory integration in which participants report the illusory percept of "da" when presented with incongruent auditory "ba" and visual "ga" (AbaVga). While the original publication describing the effect found that 98% of participants perceived it, later studies reported much lower prevalence, ranging from 17% to 81%. Understanding the source of this variability is important for interpreting the panoply of studies that examine McGurk prevalence between groups, including clinical populations such as individuals with autism or schizophrenia. The original publication used stimuli consisting of multiple repetitions of a co-articulated syllable (three repetitions, AgagaVbaba). Later studies used stimuli without repetition or co-articulation (AbaVga) and used congruent syllables from the same talker as a control. In three experiments, we tested how stimulus repetition, co-articulation, and talker repetition affect McGurk prevalence. Repetition with co-articulation increased prevalence by 20%, while repetition without co-articulation and talker repetition had no effect. A fourth experiment compared the effect of the on-line testing used in the first three experiments with the in-person testing used in the original publication; no differences were observed. We interpret our results in the framework of causal inference: co-articulation increases the evidence that auditory and visual speech tokens arise from the same talker, increasing tolerance for content disparity and likelihood of integration. The results provide a principled explanation for how co-articulation aids multisensory integration and can explain the high prevalence of the McGurk effect in the initial publication.

背景与目标： : McGurk效应是一种流行的多感觉统合测定方法，其中参与者在出现不一致的听觉 “ba” 和视觉 “ga” (AbaVga) 时报告了 “da” 的虚幻感知。虽然最初描述这种影响的出版物发现98% 的参与者认为这种影响，但后来的研究报告称患病率要低得多，范围从17% 到81%。了解这种变异性的来源对于解释研究群体之间McGurk患病率的研究很重要，包括临床人群，例如自闭症或精神分裂症患者。原始出版物使用了由多个重复的共同发音音节 (三个重复，AgagaVbaba) 组成的刺激。后来的研究使用没有重复或共同发音的刺激 (AbaVga)，并使用来自同一谈话者的全等音节作为对照。在三个实验中，我们测试了刺激重复，共同发音和说话者重复如何影响McGurk患病率。具有共同发音的重复使患病率增加了20%，而没有共同发音的重复和说话者重复则没有效果。第四个实验比较了前三个实验中使用的在线测试与原始出版物中使用的面对面测试的效果; 没有观察到差异。我们在因果推理的框架中解释我们的结果: 共同表达增加了听觉和视觉语音令牌来自同一谈话者的证据，增加了对内容差异的容忍度和整合的可能性。结果为共同发音如何帮助多感觉统合提供了原则性解释，并可以解释最初出版物中McGurk效应的高患病率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most evidence that the brain uses Bayesian inference to integrate noisy sensory signals optimally has been obtained by showing that the noise levels in each modality separately can predict performance in combined conditions. Such a forward approach is difficult to implement when the various signals cannot be measured in isolation, as in spatial orientation, which involves the processing of visual, somatosensory, and vestibular cues. Instead, we applied an inverse probabilistic approach, based on optimal observer theory. Our goal was to investigate whether the perceptual differences found when probing two different states--body-in-space and head-in-space orientation--can be reconciled by a shared scheme using all available sensory signals. Using a psychometric approach, seven human subjects were tested on two orientation estimates at tilts < 120°: perception of body tilt [subjective body tilt (SBT)] and perception of visual vertical [subjective visual vertical (SVV)]. In all subjects, the SBT was more accurate than the SVV, which showed substantial systematic errors for tilt angles beyond 60°. Variability increased with tilt angle in both tasks, but was consistently lower in the SVV. The sensory integration model fitted both datasets very nicely. A further experiment, in which supine subjects judged their head orientation relative to the body, independently confirmed the predicted head-on-body noise by the model. Model predictions based on the derived noise properties from the various modalities were also consistent with previously published deficits in vestibular and somatosensory patients. We conclude that Bayesian computations can account for the typical differences in spatial orientation judgments associated with different task requirements.

背景与目标： : 通过显示每种模态中的噪声水平分别可以预测组合条件下的性能，已经获得了大脑使用贝叶斯推理来最佳整合噪声感觉信号的大多数证据。当无法隔离地测量各种信号 (例如在空间方向上) 时，这种正向方法很难实现，这涉及视觉，体感和前庭线索的处理。相反，我们基于最优观察者理论应用了逆概率方法。我们的目标是研究在探测两种不同状态 (空间中的身体和空间中的头部方向) 时发现的感知差异是否可以通过使用所有可用的感觉信号的共享方案来调和。使用心理计量学方法，在两个倾斜度 <120 ° 的方向估计值上测试了七个人类受试者: 身体倾斜的感知 [主观身体倾斜 (SBT)] 和视觉垂直的感知 [主观视觉垂直 (SVV)]。在所有受试者中，SBT均比SVV更准确，后者在倾斜角超过60 ° 时显示出较大的系统误差。在两个任务中，变异性随倾斜角的增加而增加，但在SVV中始终较低。感觉统合模型非常好地拟合了两个数据集。进一步的实验，其中仰卧的受试者判断他们的头部相对于身体的方向，独立地证实了模型预测的头部对身体的噪声。基于各种模态得出的噪声特性的模型预测也与先前发表的前庭和体感患者的缺陷相一致。我们得出的结论是，贝叶斯计算可以解释与不同任务要求相关的空间方向判断的典型差异。