BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Data description for continuous parameters is sometimes only based on means and standard deviations of measurement series, graphical representation only concentrates on corresponding "MSE plots", which provide means and standard deviations or even only mean squared errors. However, this strategy is only correct for normally distributed data. Outliers may seriously bias mean and standard deviations and may therefore lead to wrong clinical conclusions. The present paper suggests the use of medians and quartiles, which - just like their graphical pendant, the nonparametric "box whisker plot" - can be applied much more flexibly.

背景与目标： : 连续参数的数据描述有时仅基于测量序列的均值和标准差，图形表示仅集中在相应的 “MSE图” 上，后者提供均值和标准差，甚至仅提供均方误差。但是，此策略仅适用于正态分布的数据。异常值可能会严重偏差均值和标准差，因此可能导致错误的临床结论。本文建议使用中位数和四分位数，就像它们的图形吊坠一样，非参数的 “盒须图” 可以更灵活地应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Platelets are of pathophysiological relevance in haemostasis, wound repair, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. We have shown that human platelets express a biologically active Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, which is dysfunctional in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, and regulate platelet responses related to inflammation and its resolution. In order to further elucidate platelet involvement in CF inflammation, we pursued a comparative proteomic analysis of cells from healthy donors and CF patients, in association with a non-supervised comparative analysis of the Gene Ontology. Our results, showing changes in the integrin signalling in CF, support a pro-inflammatory profile of CF platelets.

背景与目标： 血小板在止血，伤口修复，炎症和心血管疾病中具有病理生理意义。我们已经表明，人类血小板表达具有生物活性的囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节剂，在囊性纤维化 (CF) 患者中功能失调，并调节与炎症及其消退有关的血小板反应。为了进一步阐明血小板参与CF炎症，我们对健康供体和CF患者的细胞进行了比较蛋白质组学分析，并结合了基因本体论的非监督比较分析。我们的结果显示CF中整联蛋白信号的变化，支持CF血小板的促炎特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is an important technology for studying biotransformations of drugs in biological systems. In order to process complex HRMS data, bioinformatics, including data-mining techniques for identifying drug metabolites from liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) or multistage mass spectrometry (MSn ) datasets as well as elucidating the detected metabolites' structure by spectral interpretation software, are important tools. Data-mining technologies have widely been used in drug metabolite identification, including mass defect filters, product ion filters, neutral-loss filters, control sample comparisons and extracted ion chromatographic analysis. However, the metabolites identified by current different technologies are not the same, indicating the importance of technique integration for efficient and complete identification of metabolic products. In this study, a universal, high-throughput workflow for identifying and verifying metabolites by applying the drug metabolite identification software UNIFI is reported, to study the biotransformation of verapamil in rats. A total of 71 verapamil metabolites were found in rat plasma, urine and faeces, including two metabolites that have not been reported in the literature. Phase I metabolites of verapamil were identified as N-demethylation, O-demethylation, N-dealkylation and oxidation and dehydrogenation metabolites; phase II metabolites were mainly glucuronidation and sulfate conjugates, indicating that UNIFI software could be effective and valuable in identifying drug metabolites.

背景与目标： 高分辨率质谱 (HRMS) 是研究生物系统中药物生物转化的重要技术。为了处理复杂的HRMS数据，生物信息学，包括用于从液相色谱/高分辨率质谱 (LC/HRMS) 或多级质谱 (MSn) 数据集识别药物代谢物的数据挖掘技术以及阐明检测到的代谢物的数据挖掘技术。通过光谱解释软件的结构，是重要的工具。数据挖掘技术已广泛用于药物代谢物鉴定，包括质量缺陷过滤器，产物离子过滤器，中性损耗过滤器，对照样品比较和提取的离子色谱分析。但是，当前不同技术鉴定的代谢物并不相同，这表明技术集成对于有效和完整鉴定代谢产物的重要性。在这项研究中，报告了一种通用的高通量工作流，用于通过应用药物代谢物识别软件UNIFI来识别和验证代谢物，以研究维拉帕米在大鼠中的生物转化。在大鼠血浆，尿液和粪便中总共发现了71种维拉帕米代谢物，其中包括文献中未报道的两种代谢物。维拉帕米的I期代谢产物被鉴定为N-去甲基化，O-去甲基化，N-脱烷基化以及氧化和脱氢代谢产物; II期代谢产物主要是葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸盐结合物，表明UNIFI软件可以有效地识别药物代谢产物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human monocyte-specific esterase (MSE) derived from leukaemic AMoL-M5 blast cells was purified to homogeneity by the sequential application of anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, affinity and gel filtration chromatographic procedures. The resulting enzymatically active MSE primarily existed as an apparent trimer which, under both reducing and non-reducing conditions, dissociated to an inactive 63.4 kD glycoprotein monomer. Electrophoretic studies further confirmed that purified MSE comprised a narrow series of pI (5.5-6.1) forms and one main charge species. Neuraminidase failed to modify observed pI values for individual MSE isoenzymes, and endoglycosidase H treatment revealed that the deglycosylated form of MSE had an apparent molecular weight of 60.1 kD. In support of the known cytochemical characteristics of human MSE, substrate kinetic studies demonstrated that purified enzyme hydrolysed esters of higher acyl chain length (butyrate > propionate > acetate) but did not show peptidase activity. Amino acid sequencing of the MSE N-terminus further revealed that there was almost complete identity with human alveolar macrophage esterase and close similarities with rat and rabbit liver carboxylesterases. These kinetic and molecular studies are particularly important in elucidating the biological and functional role(s) of one of the few haemopoietic cell enzymes that can be considered truly lineage-specific.

背景与目标： : 通过顺序应用阴离子交换，疏水相互作用，亲和力和凝胶过滤色谱法，将源自白血病AMoL-M5胚细胞的人单核细胞特异性酯酶 (MSE) 纯化至均质。所得的酶活性MSE主要作为表观三聚体存在，在还原和非还原条件下，其解离为无活性的63.4 kD糖蛋白单体。电泳研究进一步证实，纯化的MSE包含一系列窄的pI (5.5-6.1) 形式和一种主要电荷物质。神经氨酸酶未能改变观察到的单个MSE同工酶的pI值，内切糖苷酶H处理显示MSE的去糖基化形式的表观分子量为60.1 kD。为了支持人MSE的已知细胞化学特性，底物动力学研究表明，纯化的酶水解的酯具有较高的酰基链长 (丁酸酯> 丙酸酯> 乙酸盐)，但未显示出肽酶活性。MSE N末端的氨基酸测序进一步表明，与人肺泡巨噬细胞酯酶几乎完全相同，并且与大鼠和兔肝羧酸酯酶具有密切的相似性。这些动力学和分子研究对于阐明少数可被认为是真正谱系特异性的造血细胞酶之一的生物学和功能作用特别重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two-stage design is very useful in clinical trials for evaluating the validity of a specific treatment regimen. When the second stage is allowed to continue, the method used to estimate the response rate based on the results of both stages is critical for the subsequent design. The often-used sample proportion has an evident upward bias. However, the maximum likelihood estimator or the moment estimator tends to underestimate the response rate. A mean-square error weighted estimator is considered here; its performance is thoroughly investigated via Simon's optimal and minimax designs and Shuster's design. Compared with the sample proportion, the proposed method has a smaller bias, and compared with the maximum likelihood estimator, the proposed method has a smaller mean-square error.

背景与目标： : 两阶段设计在评估特定治疗方案有效性的临床试验中非常有用。当允许第二阶段继续时，用于根据两个阶段的结果估计响应率的方法对于后续设计至关重要。经常使用的样本比例有明显的向上偏差。但是，最大似然估计器或矩估计器往往低估了响应率。这里考虑了均方误差加权估计器; 通过Simon的最优设计和minimax设计以及Shuster的设计对其性能进行了彻底研究。与样本比例相比，所提出的方法具有较小的偏差; 与最大似然估计器相比，所提出的方法具有较小的均方误差。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Magnesium/hydroxyapatite composites were produced by conventional extrusion and their mechanical behavior studied under uniaxial compression at room temperature. The results evidence the capability of the HA for strengthening the Mg material, lowering its microstructural anisotropy and inhibiting deformation twinning. They also reveal that the ECAP processing is effective for improving the grain structure and reducing the crystallographic texture of these composites, giving rise to a significant enhancement of their yield strength and microhardness although the ultimate compressive stress worsens. The analysis of the strain hardening rate of the flow curves demonstrates that the HA addition and the ECAP processing are also effective in inhibiting non-basal dislocation slip.

背景与目标： : 镁/羟基磷灰石复合材料是通过常规挤出生产的，并在室温下在单轴压缩下研究了它们的力学行为。结果证明了HA增强Mg材料，降低其微观结构各向异性并抑制变形孪晶的能力。他们还表明，ECAP工艺可有效改善这些复合材料的晶粒结构并降低其晶体织构，尽管最终的压缩应力会恶化，但会显着提高其屈服强度和显微硬度。对流动曲线的应变硬化率的分析表明，HA的添加和ECAP处理也可以有效抑制非基底位错滑移。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Methylation of CpG sites in genomic DNA plays an important role in gene regulation and especially in gene silencing. We have reported mechanisms of epigenetic regulation for expression of mucins, which are markers of malignancy potential and early detection of human neoplasms. Epigenetic changes in promoter regions appear to be the first step in expression of mucins. Thus, detection of promoter methylation status is important for early diagnosis of cancer, monitoring of tumor behavior, and evaluating the response of tumors to targeted therapy. However, conventional analytical methods for DNA methylation require a large amount of DNA and have low sensitivity. METHODS:Here, we report a modified version of the bisulfite-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) using a nested PCR approach. We designated this method as methylation specific electrophoresis (MSE). The MSE method is comprised of the following steps: (a) bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA, (b) amplification of the target DNA by a nested PCR approach and (c) applying to DGGE. To examine whether the MSE method is able to analyze DNA methylation of mucin genes in various samples, we apply it to DNA obtained from state cell lines, ethanol-fixed colonic crypts and human pancreatic juices. RESULT:The MSE method greatly decreases the amount of input DNA. The lower detection limit for distinguishing different methylation status is < 0.1% and the detectable minimum amount of DNA is 20 pg, which can be obtained from only a few cells. We also show that MSE can be used for analysis of challenging samples such as human isolated colonic crypts or human pancreatic juices, from which only a small amount of DNA can be extracted. CONCLUSIONS:The MSE method can provide a qualitative information of methylated sequence profile. The MSE method allows sensitive and specific analysis of the DNA methylation pattern of almost any block of multiple CpG sites. The MSE method can be applied to analysis of DNA methylation status in many different clinical samples, and this may facilitate identification of new risk markers.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Current methods for quality control of inactivated influenza vaccines prior to regulatory approval include determining the hemagglutinin (HA) content by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), verifying neuraminidase (NA) enzymatic activity, and demonstrating that the levels of the contaminant protein ovalbumin are below a set threshold of 1 μg/dose. The SRID assays require the availability of strain-specific reference HA antigens and antibodies, the production of which is a potential rate-limiting step in vaccine development and release, particularly during a pandemic. Immune responses induced by neuraminidase also contribute to protection from infection; however, the amounts of NA antigen in influenza vaccines are currently not quantified or standardized. Here, we report a method for vaccine analysis that yields simultaneous quantification of HA and NA levels much more rapidly than conventional HA quantification techniques, while providing additional valuable information on the total protein content. Enzymatically digested vaccine proteins were analyzed by LC-MS(E), a mass spectrometric technology that allows absolute quantification of analytes, including the HA and NA antigens, other structural influenza proteins and chicken egg proteins associated with the manufacturing process. This method has potential application for increasing the accuracy of reference antigen standards and for validating label claims for HA content in formulated vaccines. It can also be used to monitor NA and chicken egg protein content in order to monitor manufacturing consistency. While this is a useful methodology with potential for broad application, we also discuss herein some of the inherent limitations of this approach and the care and caution that must be taken in its use as a tool for absolute protein quantification. The variations in HA, NA and chicken egg protein concentrations in the vaccines analyzed in this study are indicative of the challenges associated with the current manufacturing and quality control testing procedures.

背景与目标： : 在法规批准之前对灭活流感疫苗进行质量控制的当前方法包括通过单次径向免疫扩散 (SRID) 确定血凝素 (HA) 含量，验证神经氨酸酶 (NA) 的酶活性，并证明污染物的水平卵清蛋白低于设定的阈值1 μ g/剂量。SRID检测需要菌株特异性参考HA抗原和抗体的可用性，其产生是疫苗开发和释放中潜在的限速步骤，尤其是在大流行期间。神经氨酸酶诱导的免疫反应也有助于预防感染; 然而，流感疫苗中NA抗原的量目前尚未量化或标准化。在这里，我们报告了一种疫苗分析方法，该方法比常规HA定量技术更快地同时定量HA和NA水平，同时提供有关总蛋白质含量的其他有价值的信息。酶消化的疫苗蛋白通过lc-ms (E) 进行分析，lc-ms是一种质谱技术，可以对分析物进行绝对定量，包括HA和NA抗原，与制造过程相关的其他结构性流感蛋白和鸡蛋蛋白。该方法在提高参考抗原标准的准确性和验证配方疫苗中HA含量的标签声明方面具有潜在的应用。它也可用于监测NA和鸡蛋蛋白含量，以监测制造一致性。尽管这是一种有用的方法，具有广泛的应用潜力，但我们在此也讨论了该方法的一些固有局限性以及在将其用作绝对蛋白质定量工具时必须采取的谨慎和谨慎。本研究中分析的疫苗中HA，NA和鸡蛋蛋白浓度的变化表明了与当前制造和质量控制测试程序相关的挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Platelets, the smallest human blood cells component, have a key role in the control of haemostasis and thrombosis but they have also been shown to be implicated in a number of different pathological states because of their involvement also in the process of inflammation end its resolution. Their peculiar anucleated morphology render the proteomics an intriguing approach to understand their biology. Given the high impact of platelet in different diseases we have started a systematic investigation of protein repertoire in controlled platelet preparation. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Platelets have been extracted from blood of healthy donors (n=6) collected by venipuncture in Vacutainer. The quality of the preparation was assessed by observation and enumeration in a Bürker chamber with a conventional tissue culture microscope. To characterize human platelets proteome we analysed the pool of purified platelets combining two proteomic approaches: 2-DE separation combined with Mass Spectrometry and nanoscale ultra performances LC-MS(E) shotgun proteomics experiments. RESULTS:The 2D gel analysis leads an average of 1900 protein spots, after the filtering of "noise" and "false positive" spots, over 500 were selected to be eligible for further analysis given their optimal spot quality value. To perform the analysis by ion accounting shotgun proteomic approach, based on nano ultra performance liquid chromatography (nUPLC) coupled to MS(E) processing of continuum LC-MS data, the same pool of samples was subject to liquid phase tryptic digestion and the peptide obtained used for the experiments. All the data obtained were analysed using ProteinLynx GlobalServer v2.3 (PLGS, Waters). Three analytical replicates run were acquire in high/low energy modes and associated to a human protein database returning the identification of 100 distinct genes. Comparative analysis of the Gene Ontology has been performed to evaluate the differential functional representation of the molecular repertoire investigated with these two orthogonal approaches. DISCUSSION:The overall molecular function classification revealed differences between the two proteomic approaches. In particular, we found significant differences in cytoskeletal proteins (19.65% 2-DE versus 45.60 Shotgun) and receptors (0,92% 2-DE versus 6.90% Shotgun).

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel cleanup technique termed as gas purge-microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) was evaluated and applied for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination in road dust samples. A total of 68 road dust samples covering almost the entire Shanghai area were analyzed for 16 priority PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the total PAH concentrations over the investigated sites ranged from 1.04μg/g to 134.02μg/g dw with an average of 13.84μg/g. High-molecular-weight compounds (4-6 rings PAHs) were significantly dominant in the total mass of PAHs, and accounted for 77.85% to 93.62%. Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that the road dust PAHs were mainly from the mixture of petroleum and biomass/coal combustions. Principal component analysis in conjunction with multiple linear regression indicated that the two major origins of road dust PAHs were vehicular emissions and biomass/fossil fuel combustions, which contributed 66.7% and 18.8% to the total road dust PAH burden, respectively. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) varied from 0.16μg/g to 24.47μg/g. The six highly carcinogenic PAH species (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) accounted for 98.57% of the total BaPeq concentration. Thus, the toxicity of PAHs in road dust was highly associated with high-molecular-weight compounds.

背景与目标： : 评估了一种称为气体吹扫-微注射器萃取 (gp-mse) 的新型净化技术，并将其用于道路粉尘样品中的多环芳烃 (PAH) 测定。使用气相色谱-质谱法分析了几乎整个上海地区的68个道路粉尘样品中的16个优先PAHs。结果表明，所研究部位的总PAH浓度范围为1.04 μ g/g至134.02 μ g/g dw，平均为13.84 μ g/g。高分子量化合物 (4-6环PAHs) 在PAHs的总质量中占主导地位，占77.85% 至93.62%。诊断比分析表明，道路粉尘PAHs主要来自石油和生物质/煤燃烧的混合物。结合多元线性回归的主成分分析表明，道路粉尘多环芳烃的两个主要来源是车辆排放和生物质/化石燃料燃烧，这分别为道路粉尘多环芳烃总负荷贡献了66.7% 和18.8%。苯并 [a] 芘当量 (BaPeq) 的浓度从0.16 μ g/g变化到24.47 μ g/g。六种高度致癌的PAH物种 (苯并 (a) 蒽，苯并 (a) 芘，苯并 (b) 荧蒽，苯并 (k) 荧蒽，二苯并 (a，h) 蒽和茚并 (1,2，3-cd) 芘占总BaPeq浓度的98.57%。因此，道路粉尘中PAHs的毒性与高分子量化合物高度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Male fertility in farm animals is considered as an important economic trait. The phenomenon of spermatogenesis plays a dynamic functional role in determining the viability of sperm and thereby can impact on fertility-driven complications. The process of spermatogenesis is controlled by numerous molecular factors and requires a precisely regulated pattern of gene expression. The role of small noncoding RNAs in altering gene expression has been extensively studied. However, limited information is available apropos their role in yak spermatogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the assessment of some significant microRNAs and their expression pattern in the body tissues and sperm of fertile and subfertile yak from Arunachal Pradesh besides identified a novel class of sperm enriched small RNA 'mature-sperm-enriched small RNA' (mse-tsRNA) in Yak spermatozoa. The RNAwas extracted from tissue and sperm using 27 gauge needles and subsequently reverse transcribed into small RNA cDNAs. The PCR positive sperm-predominant miRNAs were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) for their expression in fertile and subfertile yak. Of the 22 microRNAs, the miRNA19a, miRNA142 and miRNA143 showed higher expression in the subfertile yak, whereas expression of miRNA7d, miRNA23a and miRNA23b were found elevated in the fertile animal. The presence of these small noncoding RNAs in yak sperm and testis indicated the legitimate involvement of their role in yak bull fertility.

背景与目标： : 农场动物的雄性生育能力被认为是重要的经济特征。精子发生现象在决定精子活力方面起着动态功能作用，从而可能影响生育驱动的并发症。精子发生的过程受许多分子因素控制，并且需要精确调节的基因表达模式。小的非编码rna在改变基因表达中的作用已被广泛研究。然而，关于它们在牦牛精子发生中的作用，可获得的信息有限。本研究旨在评估一些重要的microrna及其在阿鲁纳恰尔邦可育和次可育牦牛的身体组织和精子中的表达模式，此外还鉴定了一类新型的精子富集小RNA “成熟精子富集小RNA” (mse-tsrna) 在牦牛精子中。使用27根针头从组织和精子中提取RNA，然后逆转录为小RNA cdna。通过定量逆转录酶PCR (qRT-PCR) 验证了PCR阳性的精子优势mirna在可育和亚育牦牛中的表达。在22个microrna中，miRNA19a，miRNA142和miRNA143在可育的yak中显示出较高的表达，而在可育动物中发现miRNA7d，miRNA23a和miRNA23b的表达升高。牦牛精子和睾丸中这些小的非编码rna的存在表明它们在牦牛生育中的作用是合法的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Complete characterization of microfiltered red-purple pitaya colorant (MRPPC) and its potential applications in foods is described. Using sensorial analysis, products that use carmine or beetroot dye as a food colorant in their formulations were compared. The effect of storage under refrigeration on the microbiological, physicochemical, and chemical changes of MRPPC were evaluated. The results showed that UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE was effective for the simultaneous determination of twenty metabolites, putatively identified as carbohydrates, flavonoids, and betalains. The MRPPC was shown to have microbiological and physicochemical stability through twelve weeks of storage, and chemometric analyses efficiently distinguished the metabolic profile in each storage period. Sensory analysis revealed that the MRPPC was useful as a food colorant in yogurt, where it improved color quality without affecting aroma and other characteristics. These results indicate that MRPPC is promising food ingredient as a natural red-purple colorant.

背景与目标： : 描述了微滤红紫火龙果着色剂 (MRPPC) 的完整表征及其在食品中的潜在应用。使用感官分析，比较了在其配方中使用胭脂红或甜菜根染料作为食品着色剂的产品。评估了冷藏储存对MRPPC的微生物，理化和化学变化的影响。结果表明，uplc-esi-QTOF-MSE可有效同时测定20种代谢物，推定为碳水化合物，类黄酮和甜菜碱。MRPPC在储存十二周后显示具有微生物学和理化稳定性，化学计量学分析有效地区分了每个储存期间的代谢特征。感官分析表明，MRPPC可作为酸奶中的食用着色剂，在不影响香气和其他特性的情况下改善了颜色质量。这些结果表明，MRPPC作为天然红紫色着色剂是有希望的食品成分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Let X(0) be an unknown M by N matrix. In matrix recovery, one takes n < MN linear measurements y(1),…,y(n) of X(0), where y(i) = Tr(A(T)iX(0)) and each A(i) is an M by N matrix. A popular approach for matrix recovery is nuclear norm minimization (NNM): solving the convex optimization problem min ||X||*subject to y(i) =Tr(A(T)(i)X) for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, where || · ||* denotes the nuclear norm, namely, the sum of singular values. Empirical work reveals a phase transition curve, stated in terms of the undersampling fraction δ(n,M,N) = n/(MN), rank fraction ρ=rank(X0)/min {M,N}, and aspect ratio β=M/N. Specifically when the measurement matrices Ai have independent standard Gaussian random entries, a curve δ*(ρ) = δ*(ρ;β) exists such that, if δ > δ*(ρ), NNM typically succeeds for large M,N, whereas if δ < δ*(ρ), it typically fails. An apparently quite different problem is matrix denoising in Gaussian noise, in which an unknown M by N matrix X(0) is to be estimated based on direct noisy measurements Y =X(0) + Z, where the matrix Z has independent and identically distributed Gaussian entries. A popular matrix denoising scheme solves the unconstrained optimization problem min|| Y-X||(2)(F)/2+λ||X||*. When optimally tuned, this scheme achieves the asymptotic minimax mean-squared error M(ρ;β) = lim(M,N → ∞)inf(λ)sup(rank(X) ≤ ρ · M)MSE(X,X(λ)), where M/N → . We report extensive experiments showing that the phase transition δ*(ρ) in the first problem, matrix recovery from Gaussian measurements, coincides with the minimax risk curve M(ρ)=M(ρ;β) in the second problem, matrix denoising in Gaussian noise: δ*(ρ)=M(ρ), for any rank fraction 0 < ρ < 1 (at each common aspect ratio β). Our experiments considered matrices belonging to two constraint classes: real M by N matrices, of various ranks and aspect ratios, and real symmetric positive-semidefinite N by N matrices, of various ranks.

背景与目标： : 设X(0) 为N矩阵的未知M。在矩阵恢复中，对X(0) 进行n δ *(ρ)，则对于大M，N，NNM通常成功，而如果 δ < δ *(ρ)，它通常会失败。一个明显完全不同的问题是高斯噪声中的矩阵去噪，其中将基于直接噪声测量Y = X(0) Z来估计未知的M乘N矩阵X(0)，其中矩阵Z具有独立且相同分布的高斯条目。一种流行的矩阵去噪方案求解无约束优化问题min | | Y-X | |(2)(F)/2 + λ | | X | | *。当进行最佳调整时，该方案实现了渐近极小极大均方误差M(ρ; Β) = lim(M，N → ∞)inf(λ)sup(rank(X) ≤ ρ·M)MSE(X，X(λ))，其中M/N →。我们报告了大量的实验，表明第一个问题中的相变 δ *(ρ)，即从高斯测量中恢复的矩阵，与第二个问题中的最小极大风险曲线M(ρ)= M(ρ; Β) 一致，矩阵去噪高斯噪声: Δ *(ρ)= M(ρ)，对于任何秩分数0 <ρ < 1 (在每个公共纵横比 β 下)。我们的实验考虑了属于两个约束类别的矩阵: 具有不同等级和宽高比的实数M乘N矩阵，以及具有不同等级的实数对称正半定N乘N矩阵。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Xueshuantong Lyophilized Powder (XST), consisting of a series of saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng, is widely applied to treat acute cerebral infarction, stroke, and coronary heart disease in China. However, most adverse drug reactions (ADR) in clinic are caused by quality problems of XST. In this study, six batches of certainly abnormal, four batches of possibly abnormal XST, and eight batches of normal XST were obtained from the clinical practice. Their quality fluctuations were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry operating in MSE mode (UPLC-QTOF/MSE) and bioassays including antithrombin and proplasmin assay. Fourteen potential components responsible for clinical ADR were identified by UPLC-QTOF/MSE, especially ginsenoside Rg1, Rg3, Rb1 and notoginsenoside R1. In addition, 83.3% (5/6) and 50.0% (3/6) certainly abnormal samples could be identified by UPLC-QTOF/MSE and bioassay, respectively. Interestingly, further integration of the two methods could entirely identify all the certainly abnormal samples and inferred that all the possibly abnormal samples were closely related to their quality fluctuation. It indicates that it is advisable to combine UPLC-QTOF/MSE and bioassay for identifying quality fluctuation of XST, and thus reduce its ADR in clinic.

背景与目标： : 血栓通冻干粉 (XST) 由从三七中提取的一系列皂苷组成，在中国广泛用于治疗急性脑梗死，中风和冠心病。然而，临床上大多数药品不良反应 (ADR) 是由XST的质量问题引起的。在这项研究中，从临床实践中获得了六批肯定异常，四批可能异常的XST和八批正常的XST。通过超高效液相色谱法与以MSE模式 (uplc-qtof/MSE) 运行的电喷雾电离四极杆飞行时间质谱法以及包括抗凝血酶和原纤溶酶测定在内的生物测定法，可以鉴定其质量波动。Uplc-qtof/MSE鉴定出14种可能导致临床ADR的成分，尤其是人参皂苷Rg1，Rg3，Rb1和三七皂苷r1。此外，83.3% (5/6) 和50.0% (3/6) 当然异常样品可以分别通过uplc-qtof/MSE和生物测定来鉴定。有趣的是，两种方法的进一步整合可以完全识别所有肯定的异常样本，并推断所有可能的异常样本与其质量波动密切相关。这表明建议将uplc-qtof/MSE与生物测定相结合以识别XST的质量波动，从而减少其在临床上的不良反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Characterization of phospholipids (PLs) and phytosterols were determined in Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) oil by UPLC-Q/TOF-MSE. The determination process was based on feature fragment information of components generated by the MSE detector. A total of 49 and 39 PLs were identified in S. chinensis oil under negative and positive ion mode, respectively. The classes of PLs included phosphatidic acids (PAs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylglycerols (PGs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidylserines (PSs) and phosphatidylcholines (PCs). The most diverse species of PLs detected were PIs and PCs, accounting for 12 and 14, respectively. The analysis of quantification indicated that PEs and PCs were the most abundant constituents in S. chinensis oil, accounting for 122.85 ± 3.82 and 85.61 ± 2.12 μg/g, respectively. Besides, thirteen kinds of phytosterols were tentatively identified in S. chinensis oil under positive ion mode, among which, conicasterol C was the most abundant component, accounting for 22.02 ± 0.98 μg/g. Brassicasterol, campesterol, secosterol-B and herbasterol were also determined in S. chinensis oil. These results might be meaningful in the quality assessment and function evaluation of S. chinensis oil.

背景与目标： : 用uplc-q/TOF-MSE测定五味子油中磷脂 (PLs) 和植物甾醇的表征。确定过程基于MSE检测器生成的组件的特征片段信息。在负离子和正离子模式下，分别在中华沙门氏菌油中鉴定出49个和39个pls。PLs的类别包括磷脂酸 (PAs)，磷脂酰乙醇胺 (PEs)，磷脂酰甘油 (PGs)，磷脂酰肌醇 (PIs)，磷脂酰丝氨酸 (PSs) 和磷脂酰胆碱 (PCs)。检测到的PLs种类最多的是PIs和PCs，分别占12和14。定量分析表明，PEs和PCs是香豆油中含量最高的成分，分别占122.85   ±   3.82和85.61   ±   2.12  μ g/g。此外，在正离子模式下，初步鉴定了十三种植物甾醇，其中以conicasterol C含量最高，占22.02   ±   0.98  μ g/g。还测定了中华沙门氏菌油中的油菜甾醇，菜油甾醇，甾醇-B和草本甾醇。这些结果可能对香豆油的质量评估和功能评估具有重要意义。