BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that shows cognitive deficits and memory impairment. Extract from the leaves of Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica) have been used as an alternative medicine for memory improvement in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for a long time. Although several studies have revealed its effect in ameliorating the cognitive impairment in rat models of AD and stimulating property on neuronal dendrites of hippocampal region, the molecular mechanism of Gotu Kola on neuroprotection still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we report that phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is enhanced in both a neuroblastoma cell line expressing amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta) and in rat embryonic cortical primary cell culture. In addition, the contribution of two major single components to the enhanced CREB phosphorylatioin was examined. Furthermore, inhibitors were applied in this study revealing that ERK/RSK signaling pathway might mediate this effect of Gotu Kola extract. Taken together, we provide a possible molecular mechanism for memory enhancing property of Gotu Kola extract for the first time.

背景与目标： 阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，表现为认知缺陷和记忆障碍。长期以来，从Gotu Kola (积雪草) 的叶子中提取的提取物已被用作印度阿育吠陀医学系统中改善记忆的替代药物。尽管有几项研究表明其在改善AD大鼠模型的认知障碍以及对海马区神经元树突的刺激作用，但Gotu Kola对神经保护的分子机制仍有待阐明。在这项研究中，我们报告了在表达淀粉样蛋白beta 1-42 (Abeta) 的神经母细胞瘤细胞系和大鼠胚胎皮质原代细胞培养物中，环状AMP反应元件结合蛋白 (CREB) 的磷酸化均增强。此外，还检查了两个主要单一成分对增强的CREB磷酸化蛋白的贡献。此外，本研究还应用了抑制剂，表明ERK/RSK信号通路可能介导了Gotu Kola提取物的这种作用。合在一起，我们首次提供了一种可能的分子机制来增强Gotu Kola提取物的记忆。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Polygonum cuspidatum extract as a traditional Chinese medicine is extracted from the dried rhizome and root of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc. Resveratrol is one of its active components. Studies were performed in rats to define the tissue distribution and excretion of resveratrol in urine and bile, and to characterize (if possible) any metabolites of resveratrol observed in tissues after ig 20mg/kg Polygonum cuspidatum extract. METHOD:For tissue distribution studies, tissues (300 mg) were homogenized and centrifuged with methanol, and metabolites found in selected tissue extract were identified by LC/MS/MS. For urinary and biliary excretion experiments, urine and bile samples were cleaned up by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with polyamide cartridges. All the concentrations of resveratrol in these biological samples were determined by HPLC with UV detection. RESULT:After a single oral dose of 20mg/kg PCE in rats, resveratrol was mainly distributed in stomach, duodenum, liver and kidney with detectable metabolites resveratrol monoglucuronide and resveratrol monosulfate. The majority of the resveratrol was excreted as metabolites, only 0.59% and 0.027% of the dosage were excreted in urine and bile respectively as unchanged drug within 24h.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, we have investigated the analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of the root of Glycine tomentella (AGT) using models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test, the anti-inflammatory effect of AGT using model of lambda-carrageenan-induced paw edema. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of AGT, we have detected the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO in the edema paw. In the analgesic test, AGT (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, AGT (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased the paw edema at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth hour after lambda-carrageenan administration, and increased the activities of SOD, GPx and GRx in the liver tissue and decreased the MDA level in the edema paw at the third hour after lambda-carrageenan injection. However, AGT could not affect the NO level which induced by lambda-carrageenan. These results suggested that AGT possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of AGT might be related to the decrease in the level of MDA in the edema paw via increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRx in the liver.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，我们使用乙酸诱导的扭体反应模型和福尔马林试验研究了甘氨酸番茄根 (AGT) 的水提取物的镇痛作用，使用 λ-角叉菜胶模型研究了AGT的抗炎作用-引起的爪子水肿。为了研究AGT的抗炎机制，我们检测了肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx) 和谷胱甘肽还原酶 (GRx) 的活性以及水肿爪中丙二醛 (MDA) 和NO的水平。在镇痛试验中，AGT (0.5和1.0 g/kg) 降低了乙酸诱导的扭体反应和福尔马林试验后期的舔痛时间。在抗炎试验中，AGT (0.5和1.0 g/kg) 降低了 λ-角叉菜胶给药后第三，第四，第五和第六小时的爪子水肿，并增加了SOD的活性，注射 λ-角叉菜胶后第三小时，肝组织中的GPx和GRx降低了水肿爪中的MDA水平。然而，AGT不能影响 λ-角叉菜胶诱导的NO水平。这些结果表明AGT具有镇痛和抗炎作用。AGT的抗炎机制可能与通过增加肝脏中SOD，GPx和GRx的活性来降低水肿爪中的MDA水平有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: 1. The actions of a chromatographically identified extract of the marine dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis, named ostreotoxin-3 (OTX-3), were studied on frog isolated neuromuscular preparations. 2. OTX-3 (1-10 microg ml(-1)) applied to cutaneous pectoris nerve-muscle preparations depolarized skeletal muscle fibres and caused spontaneous contractions. The depolarization was neither reversed by prolonged washing nor by (+)-tubocurarine. 3. OTX-3 decreased the amplitude of miniature end plate potentials (m.e.p.ps) but did not affect their frequency. 4. Extracellular recording of compound action potentials revealed that OTX-3 affected neither excitability nor conduction along intramuscular nerve branches. 5. End-plate potentials (e.p.ps) elicited by nerve stimulation were reduced in amplitude by OTX-3 and even showed reversed polarity in junctions deeply depolarized by the toxin. 6. Membrane depolarization induced by OTX-3 was decreased about 70% in muscles pretreated for 30 min with 10 microM tetrodotoxin. In contrast, muscles pretreated with 5 microM mu-conotoxin GIIIA were completely insensitive to OTX-3-induced depolarization. 7. OTX-3 did not affect e.p.p. amplitude and the quantal content of e.p.ps in junctions in which muscle depolarization was abolished by mu-conotoxin GIIIA. 8. OTX-3 is a novel type of sodium-channel activating toxin that discriminates between nerve and skeletal muscle membranes.

背景与目标： 1.在青蛙分离的神经肌肉制剂上研究了经色谱鉴定的海洋鞭毛虫ostreotoxin-3 (OTX-3) 提取物的作用。2. OTX-3 (1-10微克毫升 (-1)) 应用于皮肤神经-肌肉制剂使骨骼肌纤维去极化并引起自发收缩。去极化既不能通过长时间洗涤也不能通过 ()-管草碱来逆转。3. OTX-3降低了微型端板电位 (m.e.p.ps) 的幅度，但不影响其频率。4.复合动作电位的细胞外记录表明，OTX-3既不影响兴奋性，也不影响沿肌内神经分支的传导。5.神经刺激引起的端板电位 (e.p.ps) 通过OTX-3降低了幅度，甚至在被毒素深深去极化的连接处显示出相反的极性。6.在用10微米河豚毒素预处理30分钟的肌肉中，OTX-3诱导的膜去极化降低约70%。相反，用5 microM mu-cocontoxin GIIIA预处理的肌肉对OTX-3-induced去极化完全不敏感。7. OTX-3没有影响e.p.mu-contoxin GIIIA消除了肌肉去极化的连接中e.p.ps的振幅和定量含量。8. OTX-3是一种新型的钠通道激活毒素，可区分神经和骨骼肌膜。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetes is associated with vascular complications, such as impaired wound healing and accelerated vascular growth. The different clinical manifestations, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, reveal the severity of enhanced vascular growth known as angiogenesis. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of an extract of Ishige okamurae (IO) and its constituent, Ishophloroglucin A (IPA) on high glucose-induced angiogenesis. A transgenic zebrafish (flk:EGFP) embryo model was used to evaluate vessel growth. The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), gap closure, transwell, and Matrigel® assays were used to analyze the proliferation, migration, and capillary formation of EA.hy926 cells. Moreover, protein expression were determined using western blotting. IO extract and IPA suppressed vessel formation in the transgenic zebrafish (flk:EGFP) embryo. IPA attenuated cell proliferation, cell migration, and capillary-like structure formation in high glucose-treated human vascular endothelial cells. Further, IPA down regulated the expression of high glucose-induced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and downstream signaling molecule cascade. Overall, the IO extract and IPA exhibited anti-angiogenic effects against high glucose-induced angiogenesis, suggesting their potential for use as therapeutic agents in diabetes-related angiogenesis.

背景与目标： : 糖尿病与血管并发症有关，如伤口愈合受损和血管生长加速。不同的临床表现，如视网膜病变和肾病，揭示了血管生长增强的严重程度，即血管生成。进行这项研究是为了评估石原 (IO) 提取物及其成分Ishophloroglucin A (IPA) 对高糖诱导的血管生成的影响。使用转基因斑马鱼 (flk:EGFP) 胚胎模型评估血管生长。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物 (MTT)，间隙闭合，tranwell和Matrigel®测定用于分析EA.hy926细胞的增殖，迁移和毛细血管形成。此外，使用蛋白质印迹法测定蛋白质表达。IO提取物和IPA抑制了转基因斑马鱼 (flk:EGFP) 胚胎中的血管形成。IPA减弱了高糖处理的人血管内皮细胞的细胞增殖，细胞迁移和毛细血管样结构的形成。此外，IPA下调高糖诱导的血管内皮生长因子受体2 (VEGFR-2) 和下游信号分子级联的表达。总体而言，IO提取物和IPA对高糖诱导的血管生成表现出抗血管生成作用，表明它们有潜力用作糖尿病相关血管生成的治疗剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Herein, corn silk extract and its flavonoids were used to inhibit the formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) in a casein glucose-fatty acid model system. Under these optimum extraction conditions, nine major flavonoids were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. The percent inhibition of CML formation by corn silk extract was 76.57%. The inhibitory mechanism of corn silk extract toward CML formation was further investigated by examining the trapping of glyoxal/methyl glyoxal by the major flavonoids (5 mM) using HPLC-ESI-MS, and mono-, di-, and tri-adducts were found for some flavonoid compounds. The antioxidant activity of the corn silk extract was evaluated by the DPPH and ABTS assays. The scavenging activity of the corn silk extract for DPPH and ABTS was 84.38% and 89.11%, respectively. The results suggested that corn silk extract inhibited CML formation through glyoxal/methyl glyoxal scavenging or by its antioxidant activity attributed to its flavonoid content.

背景与目标： : 本文使用玉米丝提取物及其类黄酮来抑制酪蛋白葡萄糖-脂肪酸模型系统中n ε-羧甲基赖氨酸 (CML) 的形成。在这些最佳提取条件下，通过hplc-ms/MS鉴定并定量了9种主要的类黄酮。玉米丝提取物对CML形成的抑制百分比为76.57%。通过使用hplc-esi-MS检测主要类黄酮 (5  mM) 对乙二醛/甲基乙二醛的捕集作用，进一步研究了玉米丝提取物对CML形成的抑制机制，并发现了一些类黄酮化合物的单，二和三加合物。通过DPPH和ABTS分析评估了玉米丝提取物的抗氧化活性。玉米丝提取物对DPPH和ABTS的清除活性分别为84.38% 和89.11%。结果表明，玉米丝提取物通过清除乙二醛/甲基乙二醛或其抗氧化活性归因于其类黄酮含量来抑制CML的形成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In our previous study, the aqueous extract of Channa striatus (family: Channidae) fillet (AECSF) showed an antidepressant-like effect in mice. However, the mechanism of the antidepressant-like effect is unknown. AIM:The objective of this study was to explore the involvement of monoamines in the antidepressant-like effect of AECSF in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS:AECSF was prepared by steaming the fillets of C. striatus. The male ICR mice were pretreated with various monoaminergic antagonists viz., p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), prazosin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and yohimbine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), SCH23390 (0.05 mg/kg, s.c.) and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by treatment with AECSF and tested in tail suspension test (TST). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey test were used at p < 0.05 for significance. RESULTS:The pretreatments with p-chlorophenylalanine, prazosin and yohimbine, but not with SCH23390 and sulpiride, were able to reverse the antidepressant-like effect of AECSF in TST. CONCLUSIONS:The antidepressant-like effect of AECSF may be mediated through the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems and not through the dopaminergic system.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the remediation efficiency of Mucor hiemalis by comparing media elimination, uptake, and biotransformation of microcystin-LR with exposure to pure toxin versus a crude bloom extract. RESULTS:With exposure to the extract, the elimination rate of microcystin-LR from the media, which was 0.28 ng MC-LR l-1 h-1, was significantly higher compared to that achieved with exposure to the pure toxin (0.16 ng MC-LR l-1 h-1) after 24 h. However, intracellular breakdown of microcystin-LR was significantly lower in the extract exposed pellets compared to the pure toxin treated fungal pellets over time. This coincided with reduced intracellular glutathione S-transferase activity with crude extract exposure which could be responsible for the detection of only the glutathione conjugate of microcystin-LR. CONCLUSION:This paper signifies the importance of using laboratory exposure scenarios which resemble conditions in nature to fully understand and evaluate remediation efficiency. There is merit in using M. hiemalis for mycoremediation of cyanotoxins in surface waters.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gynura japonica (also named Tusanqi in Chinese) is used as a folk herbal medicine for treating blood stasis or traumatic injury. However, hundreds of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) cases have been reported after consumption of preparations made from G. japonica because it contains large amounts of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). To date, blood pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) are suggested as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PA-induced HSOS in clinics. However, the concentration of PPAs in the blood is greatly affected by several factors including the amount of PA exposure, herb intake period, and blood sampling time after the last exposure. In present study, the kinetic characters of PPAs in serum and liver as well as other potential target organs were studied systematically and comprehensively following multiple exposures of PAs in G. japonica extract (GJE). As results, PPAs content reached to a plateau both in serum and liver after the mice were treated with GJE for 2 weeks on daily basis. PPAs cleared significantly slower in liver (T1/2ke∼184.6 h, ∼7.7 days) than in serum (T1/2ke∼95.8 h, ∼4.0 days). Although more than 90 % PPAs were removed 2 weeks after the last dosing, PPAs still persisted in the liver until the end of the experiment, i.e. 8 weeks after the last dosing. The results would be of great help for understanding the importance of PPAs for PA-induced toxicity and its detoxification.

背景与目标： : Gynura japonica (中文也称为Tusanqi) 用作民间草药，用于治疗血瘀或外伤。然而，食用日本粳稻制成的制剂后，已经报道了数百例肝窦阻塞综合征 (HSOS) 病例，因为它含有大量的肝毒性吡咯烷生物碱 (PAs)。迄今为止，在临床上建议将血液吡咯蛋白加合物 (PPAs) 作为诊断PA诱导的hso的生物标志物。但是，血液中PPAs的浓度受多种因素的影响很大，包括PA的暴露量，草药的摄入时间以及上次暴露后的血液采样时间。在本研究中，对多次暴露日本粳稻提取物 (GJE) 中PAs后，血清和肝脏以及其他潜在靶器官中PPAs的动力学特性进行了系统而全面的研究。结果，每天用GJE处理小鼠2周后，血清和肝脏中的PPAs含量均达到平稳状态。肝脏 (T1/2ke ~ 184.6小时，~ 7.7天) 的PPAs清除速度明显低于血清 (T1/2ke ~ 95.8小时，~ 4.0天)。尽管在最后一次给药后2周移除了超过90% 个ppa，但ppa仍持续在肝脏中直到实验结束，即在最后一次给药后8周。该结果对于了解PPAs对PA诱导的毒性及其解毒的重要性将有很大帮助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bisabololoxide A (BSBO), main constituents in German chamomile extract, is responsible for antipruritic effect. In previous study, the incubation with 30-100 μM BSBO for 24 h exerted cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on rat thymocytes. To further characterize BSBO cytotoxicity, the effect on the cells suffering from calcium overload by calcium ionophore A23187 was examined. A23187 induced Ca(2+) -dependent cell death. Contrary to our expectation, 1-10 μM BSBO inhibited A23187-induced increase in cell lethality of rat thymocytes. BSBO attenuated A23187-induced increases in populations of shrunken living cells, phosphatidylserine-exposed living cells, and dead cells, without affecting the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and the Ca(2+) -dependent hyperpolarization. The effect of BSBO on A23187-treated cells may be unique because the activation of Ca(2+) -dependent K(+) channels is required for cell shrinkage, externalization of phosphatidylserine, and cell death in some cells. The cell death induced by A23187 was not inhibited by Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-inhibitor of caspases. Thus, the cell death may be a necrosis with some features observed during an early stage of apoptosis. These results suggest that BSBO at low micromolar concentrations is cytoprotective against calcium overload.

背景与目标： : 双药物氧A (BSBO)，德国洋甘菊提取物的主要成分，负责止痒作用。在先前的研究中，与30-100  μ mbsbo孵育24  h对大鼠胸腺细胞具有细胞毒性和促凋亡作用。为了进一步表征BSBO的细胞毒性，研究了钙离子载体A23187对遭受钙超载的细胞的影响。A23187诱导Ca(2 +) 依赖性细胞死亡。与我们的预期相反，1-10  μ mbsbo A23187-induced抑制大鼠胸腺细胞致死率的增加。BSBO减弱了收缩的活细胞，磷脂酰丝氨酸暴露的活细胞和死细胞的A23187-induced增加，而不影响细胞内Ca(2) 浓度和Ca(2) 依赖性超极化的增加。BSBO对A23187-treated细胞的作用可能是独特的，因为某些细胞的细胞收缩，磷脂酰丝氨酸的外部化和细胞死亡需要激活Ca(2) 依赖性K () 通道。A23187诱导的细胞死亡不受胱天蛋白酶泛抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK的抑制。因此，细胞死亡可能是坏死，在凋亡的早期阶段观察到某些特征。这些结果表明，低微摩尔浓度的BSBO对钙超载具有细胞保护作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Black yeast, Aureobasidium pullulans is extracellularly produced β-(1,3), (1,6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) under certain conditions. In this study, using Glycine max cv. Kurosengoku (Kurosengoku soybeans), the production of β-glucan through fermentation of A. pullulans was evaluated, and the effects of A. pullulans cultured fluid (AP-CF) containing β-glucan made with Kurosengoku soybeans (kAP-CF) on a human monocyte derived cell line, Mono Mac 6 cells were investigated. Concentration of β-glucan in kAP-CF reached the same level as normal AP-CF. An anti-angiogenic protein, Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) was effectively induced after the stimulation with kAP-CF for comparison with AP-CF. The THBS1 is also induced after stimulation with hot water extract of Kurosengoku soybeans (KS-E), while the combined stimulation of β-glucan with KS-E more effectively induced THBS1 than that with KS-E alone. These results suggest effects of A. pullulans-produced β-glucan on the enhancement of Kurosengoku soybean-induced THBS1 expression.

背景与目标： : 黑色酵母，短梗霉在一定条件下在细胞外产生 β-(1,3)，(1,6)-D-葡聚糖 (β-葡聚糖)。在这项研究中，使用Glycine max cv。Kurosengoku (Kurosengoku大豆)，通过发酵产生 β-葡聚糖的方法进行了评估，以及含有Kurosengoku大豆 (kap-cf) 制成的 β-葡聚糖的A.Pululans培养液 (ap-cf) 对人单核细胞衍生细胞系的影响，研究了Mono Mac 6细胞。Kap-cf中 β-葡聚糖的浓度达到与正常ap-cf相同的水平。与ap-cf相比，用kap-cf刺激后有效诱导了抗血管生成蛋白Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1)。用Kurosengoku大豆 (ks-e) 的热水提取物刺激后，也诱导了THBS1，而 β-葡聚糖与ks-e的联合刺激比单独使用ks-e更有效地诱导了THBS1。这些结果表明，支链淀粉产生的 β-葡聚糖对增强Kurosengoku大豆诱导的THBS1表达的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Erythrophleum ivorense (A Chev.) is a common plant in the tropics. Its use as ordeal poison in folklore medicine is controversial. The incoordination and behavioral changes following consumption are often associated with guilt. This study is aimed at dispelling or upholding this belief by investigating the actions of E. ivorense on the brain and behavior using rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixty male Wistar rats were equally divided into five groups; control group received distilled water, test groups were administered 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg ethanolic extract of E. ivorense in a daily oral dose for 28 days. Cognition (Morris water maze) depression (forced swim test), motor function (hanging wire and inverted wire mesh grid grip tests) and exploratory assessments were done. Brains were stained with H&E, Cresyl violet and immunohistochemistry was done using GFAP, anticalbindin-D28k, Iba-1 and MBP antibodies. RESULTS:At all doses, E. ivorense significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased escape latency in the Morris water maze compared to control. Forced swim test showed a dose-related increase in duration of immobility, significant reduction in hanging latency in hanging wire and wire mesh grid grip test was also observed. Depletion of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and hippocampal neurons was observed with H&E and cresyl violet. Immuno-staining revealed astrocytic activation in the cerebellum, loss of dendritic spines, cortical microglial activation and demyelination in the cerebellum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. CONCLUSION:The ethanolic extract of E. ivorense stem bark caused a dose-dependent deficit in learning, memory and motor coordination with evidences of depression in rats. It is concluded that the plant is neurotoxic and induce several neurobehavioral changes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused mainly by immune dysregulation. This study explored the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of the Centellaasiatica ethanol extract (CA) on an AD-like dermal disorder. Treatment with CA inhibited the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a dose-dependent manner in inflammatory stimulated HaCaT cells by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNF-α-triggered inflammation. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice treated with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were used as a mouse model of AD. In AD induce model, we had two types treatment of CA; skin local administration (80 µg/cm2, AD+CA-80) and oral administration (200 mg/kg/d, AD+CA-200). Interestingly, the CA-treated groups exhibited considerably decreased mast cell infiltration in the ear tissue. In addition, the expression of IL-6 in mast cells, as well as the expression of various pathogenic cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, iNOS, COX-2, and CXCL9, was reduced in both AD+CA-80 and AD+CA-200 groups. Collectively, our data demonstrate the pharmacological role and signaling mechanism of CA in the regulation of allergic inflammation of the skin, which supports our hypothesis that CA could potentially be developed as a therapeutic agent for AD.

背景与目标： 特应性皮炎 (AD) 是一种主要由免疫失调引起的慢性炎症性皮肤病。这项研究探讨了积雪草乙醇提取物 (CA) 对AD样皮肤疾病的抗炎和免疫调节作用。CA治疗以剂量依赖性方式抑制干扰素-γ (IFN-γ) 和TNF-α 触发的炎症刺激HaCaT细胞中interleukin-6 (IL-6) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) 的表达。炎症。用2,4-二硝基氯苯 (DNCB) 处理的八周龄BALB/c小鼠用作AD的小鼠模型。在AD诱导模型中，我们有两种类型的CA治疗: 皮肤局部给药 (80 µ g/cm2，AD + CA-80) 和口服给药 (200 mg/kg/d，AD + CA-200)。有趣的是，CA处理的组在耳组织中的肥大细胞浸润明显减少。此外，在AD + CA-80和AD + CA-200组中，肥大细胞中IL-6的表达以及各种致病细胞因子 (如TNF-α，IL-4，IL-5，IL-6，IL-10，IL-17，iNOS，COX-2和CXCL9) 的表达均降低。总的来说，我们的数据证明了CA在调节皮肤过敏性炎症中的药理作用和信号传导机制，这支持了我们的假设，即CA可能被开发为AD的治疗剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To evaluate the effect of a reducing agent and plant-extract antioxidant on the bonding durability of a self-etch adhesive to normal and NaOCl-treated, smear-layer-deproteinized dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Flat smear-layer-covered dentin surfaces from 60 extracted human molars were prepared by removing the occlusal enamel. The teeth were divided into two groups with or without NaOCl-deproteinizing treatment for 30 s, and further divided into three subgroups as follows: no application of antioxidant, application of Accel (p-toluenesulfinic acid sodium salt solution) for 5 s, or application of rosmarinic acid solution for 5 s. All treated dentin surfaces were bonded with a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) and restored with composite (Clearfil AP-X). The bonded teeth were sectioned into a hourglass-shaped sticks with a composite-dentin bonded interface area of 1.0 mm2. After storage in artificial saliva for 24 h or 1 year, the specimens were subjected to the microtensile bond strength test (n = 15). Data were statistically analyzed with three-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-hoc test, and the t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS:Without an antioxidant, 1-year storage significantly reduced the bond strengths of the self-etch adhesive to normal and smear-layer-deproteinized dentin compared with those after 24-h storage (p < 0.05). Application of Accel and rosmarinic acid restored the compromised initial bond strengths to smear-layer-deproteinized dentin (p < 0.05), and prevented long-term deterioration of bond strengths to both normal and smear-layer-deproteinized dentin (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Application of Accel and rosmarinic acid improved bonding durability of the self-etch adhesive to both normal and smear-layer-deproteinized dentin.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Ulcerative colitis (UC) is tightly associated with inflammation response and oxidative stress. As a folk medicine applied in treatment of diarrhea, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza also possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities, which indicated that B. gymnorrhiza may exert anti-colitis effect. AIM OF THE STUDY:To investigate effect and mechanism of B. gymnorrhiza on experimental UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Aqueous extract of B. gymnorrhiza leaves (ABL) was used for investigation in the present study. Murine UC was established through access to 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days. Meanwhile, mice accepted treatment with ABL (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (200 mg/kg) once daily. On the last day, disease activity index (DAI) including body weight loss, fecal character and degree of bloody diarrhea was evaluated, colon segments were obtained for length measurement and further analysis and feces were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis. RESULTS:ABL ameliorated DAI scores, colon length shortening and histopathological damage in DSS-induced colitis mice obviously. SOD activity, levels of MDA and GSH altered by colitis were restored remarkably after ABL treatment. ABL inhibited increases in levels of colonic COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-11 in colitis mice. Moreover, ABL prominently suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation and down-regulated mRNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β elevated by colitis. As shown in microbiota analysis, ABL modulated composition of intestinal microbiota of colitis mice. CONCLUSION:ABL exhibited protective effect against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through suppressing NF-κB activation and modulating intestinal microbiota.

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