BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Obesity is associated with increased triglyceride levels. We examined whether overall obesity (body mass index (BMI)) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference (WC)) are independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS:A national sample of 5036 Koreans aged 19-64 was examined with cross-sectional surveys, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, in 2007 and 2008. BMI, WC and other lifestyle information were assessed. RESULTS:We documented 1344 cases (26.7%) of hypertriglyceridemia (fasting triglycerides of >150 mg/dl). Both BMI and WC were each independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) of increasing categories of BMI (<18.5, 18.5≤ - <23, 23≤ - <25, 25≤ - <28, ≥28 kg/m²), were 0.49, 1.00 (reference), 1.26, 1.63 and 1.84, respectively (P=0.0007) adjusting for WC. There was a positive association between WC and hypertriglyceridemia across increasing quintiles of WC (multivariate-adjusted ORs: 1.00 (reference), 1.54, 2.54, 2.21 and 2.36; P<0.0001), adjusting for BMI. WC was positively related to hypertriglyceridemia in both gender. However, only women's BMI was independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia after adjusting for WC. The joint relation between BMI and WC and hypertriglyceridemia showed that within each BMI category, higher WC predicted a greater prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and vice versa. The receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that BMI (0.69) and WC (0.72) were similar in predicting hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSIONS:Both BMI and WC were strongly independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia among the population. Both measurements should be considered for use in assessing health risk at clinical settings and epidemiologic research among Asian population.

背景与目标： 背景/目的：肥胖与甘油三酯水平升高有关。我们检查了总体肥胖（体重指数（BMI））和腹部肥胖（腰围（WC））是否独立于韩国人群中的高甘油三酯血症。
主题/方法：在2007年和2008年，通过横断面调查（韩国国民健康与营养检查调查）对5036名19-64岁的韩国人进行了全国抽样调查。对BMI，WC和其他生活方式信息进行了评估。
结果：我们记录了1344例（26.7％）高甘油三酯血症（空腹甘油三酯>150μmg/ dl）。 BMI和WC都分别与高甘油三酯血症相关。体重指数不断增加的类别（<18.5，18.5≤9-<23，23≤-<25，25≤-<28，≥28kg /m²）的多元优势比（OR）为0.49，1.00（参考），1.26，分别为WC调整为1.63和1.84（P = 0.0007）。在增加的五分位数的WC中，WC与高甘油三酯血症之间存在正相关（多变量调整OR：1.00（参考值），1.54、2.54、2.21和2.36； P <0.0001），并针对BMI进行了调整。 WC与男女高甘油三酯血症均呈正相关。但是，只有女性的BMI在调整WC后才独立地与高甘油三酯血症相关。 BMI和WC与高甘油三酯血症之间的联合关系表明，在每个BMI类别中，较高的WC预测较高的高甘油三酯血症患病率，反之亦然。接收机的工作特性曲线表明，BMI（0.69）和WC（0.72）在预测高甘油三酯血症方面相似。
结论：人群中BMI和WC均与高甘油三酯血症密切相关。在亚洲人群中，两种测量都应考虑用于评估临床环境和流行病学研究中的健康风险。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To assess the doses delivered to pediatric patients during computed tomography (CT) examinations of the brain, chest, high-resolution lung and abdomen, and to establish diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for various age groups in Korea. Dose survey was done to the 19 hospitals performing CT on children, addressing the scan parameters, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP). Per five age group (0, 1, 2-5, 6-10, 11-17 y of age), the proposed DRLs for brain, chest, high-resolution lung and abdomen CT are, respectively, in terms of CTDIvol: 18, 23, 26, 31, 36 mGy; 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 mGy; 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 mGy; 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 mGy; and in terms of DLP: 260, 350, 420, 500, 620 mGy•cm; 50, 80, 100, 170, 340 mGy•cm; 30, 40, 60, 90, 280 mGy•cm; 70, 80, 200, 300, 500 mGy•cm. Compared with published DRLs our suggestion for pediatric CT dose is the lower end. However, an optimization process should be initiated to reduce the spread in patient dose among hospitals despite same CT protocols shown in the study. A major element of this process should be the establishment of institution performance standard and the use of built DRLs.

背景与目标： ：评估在韩国，各个年龄段的计算机X线断层扫描（CT）检查期间对儿科患者进行的脑，胸部，高分辨率肺和腹部剂量，并确定诊断参考水平（DRL）。对19所进行儿童CT扫描的医院进行了剂量调查，包括扫描参数，CT体积剂量指数（CTDIvol）和剂量长度乘积（DLP）。每5个年龄段（0、1、2-5、6-10、11-17岁），建议的脑，胸部，高分辨率肺和腹部CT的DRL用CTDIvol表示：18 ，23，26，31，36 mGy; 2，3，4，6，8 mGy; 2，3，4，5，7 mGy; 3、4、5、6、9 mGy； DLP：260、350、420、500、620 mGy•cm； 50、80、100、170、340 mGy•cm； 30、40、60、90、280 mGy•cm； 70、80、200、300、500 mGy•cm。与已公布的DRL相比，我们对儿科CT剂量的建议较低。然而，尽管研究中显示了相同的CT方案，但仍应启动优化过程以减少患者在医院之间的剂量分布。此过程的主要内容应该是建立机构绩效标准和使用内置的DRL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gastric cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in Korea. Early gastric cancer (EGC), confined to mucosa or submucosa, regardless of lymph node metastasis, is known to have a favorable prognosis. From 1976 to 1995, four thousand nine hundred and twenty eight gastric cancer patients underwent operation at the Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Of these, 1,117 patients (22.6%) were diagnosed as EGC and underwent curative operation. Clinicopathologic characteristics were reviewed and survival data was analyzed. The proportion of EGC has increased during the last two decades, from 14.9% during 1976-1985 to 25.8% for 1986-1995. EGC has a wide age distribution range from the thirties to the sixties, with highest incidence in the sixties. The male to female ratio is 1.8:1, without any significant change in last two decades. Most lesions are located in the lower third of stomach (52.3%), and the lesser curvature (52.2%) was the most frequent site in the transverse axis. Macroscopically, the depressed type was the most common (66.1%) followed by the elevated, flat and mixed types, in that order. Tumor confined to the mucosa layer was seen in 52.5%, and lymph node involvement in 11.7%. The depth of tumor invasion correlated with tumor size and regional lymph node involvement. On histopathologic examination, signet ring cell type accounted for 29.6% of all EGCs. Overall 5-year survival rate was 92.7% and the presence of lymph node metastasis significantly affected survival (84.6% versus 96.2%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, the proportion of EGC, in terms of the gastric cancers operated upon, has been increasing in Korea over the last two decades. The introduction of active diagnostic approaches and diagnostic modalities could improve early diagnosis and the cure rate of gastric cancer in Korea.

背景与目标： ：胃癌是韩国癌症相关死亡的最常见原因。早期胃癌（EGC），无论淋巴结转移如何，都局限于粘膜或粘膜下层，预后良好。 1976年至1995年，在韩国首尔延世大学医学院附属医院Severance医院对498名胃癌患者进行了手术。在这些患者中，有1117例（22.6％）被诊断为EGC并接受了根治性手术。回顾了临床病理特征并分析了生存数据。在过去的二十年中，EGC的比例有所增加，从1976-1985年的14.9％增加到1986-1995年的25.8％。 EGC的年龄分布范围从30到60年代不等，在60年代发病率最高。男女比例为1.8：1，在过去的二十年中没有任何重大变化。大多数病变位于胃的下三分之一（52.3％），较小的曲率（52.2％）是横轴上最常见的部位。从宏观上看，抑郁型是最常见的（66.1％），其次是升高型，扁平型和混合型。局限于粘膜层的肿瘤占52.5％，淋巴结受累的占11.7％。肿瘤的浸润深度与肿瘤大小和局部淋巴结受累有关。在组织病理学检查中，印戒细胞类型占所有EGC的29.6％。总体5年生存率为92.7％，淋巴结转移的存在显着影响生存率（84.6％对96.2％）（p <0.05）。总而言之，在过去的二十年中，就手术的胃癌而言，EGC的比例一直在上升。引入积极的诊断方法和诊断方式可以提高韩国胃癌的早期诊断率和治愈率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a child sexual abuse prevention education program using a hybrid application (CSAPE-H) by examining fifth-grade students' (a) knowledge for sexual abuse prevention and (b) self-protective behaviors against sexual abuse. A quasi-experimental, pretest /posttest design was used. Sixty-eight students from two schools participated. The intervention group (n = 48) received six sessions in CSA prevention education using the hybrid app, whereas the control group (n = 35) was taught using a lecture in a classroom environment. Between the two groups, there were significant differences in self-protective behaviors against CSA (t = 2.26, p = .027). In addition, educational satisfaction was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (t = 2.41, p = .019). A CSAPE-H may be effective for elementary school students, especially for self-protective behaviors.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是通过检查五年级学生的（a）预防性虐待知识和（b）自我保护知识，使用混合应用程序（CSAPE-H）来测试儿童性虐待预防教育计划的效果反对性虐待的行为。使用准实验的前测/后测设计。来自两所学校的68名学生参加了比赛。干预组（n = 48）使用混合应用程序接受了六次CSA预防教育，而对照组（n = 35）在教室环境中通过讲座进行了授课。两组之间，针对CSA的自我保护行为存在显着差异（t = 2.26，p = .027）。此外，实验组的教育满意度显着高于对照组（t = 2.41，p = .019）。 CSAPE-H可能对小学生有效，尤其是对于自我保护行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The main objective of this research was to estimate the total mass of nitrogen discharged from various sources in Korea using the mass balance approach. Three different nitrogen mass balances were presented: (1) agricultural activities including raising crops and animal husbandry; (2) domestic activities, and (3) activities in forest and urban areas. These nitrogen balances were combined to estimate riverine discharge of nitrogen to the ocean in national scale. Nitrogen inputs include atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, application of inorganic fertilizers/manures, animal feed/imported foodstuffs, and meat/fish. Nitrogen outputs include ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human/animal waste generation, crop/meat production, and riverine discharge to the ocean. The estimated total nitrogen input in Korea was 1,194.5 x 10(3) tons N/year. Nitrogen discharged into rivers was estimated as 408-422 x 10(3) tons N/year, of which 66-71% was diffuse in origin. The estimated diffuse discharges for land uses were estimated as 82 x 10(3) tons N/year from agricultural areas, 7 x 10(3) tons N/year from forestry and 75 x 10(3) tons N/year from urban and industrial areas.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的主要目的是使用质量平衡法估算韩国各种来源排放的氮气总量。提出了三种不同的氮素质量平衡：（1）农业活动，包括种植农作物和畜牧业； （2）家庭活动，以及（3）在森林和城市地区的活动。将这些氮平衡相结合，以估算全国范围内河流向海洋的氮排放量。氮输入包括大气沉积，生物固氮，施用无机肥料/肥料，动物饲料/进口食品以及肉/鱼。氮的输出包括氨的挥发，反硝化，人类/动物废物的产生，农作物/肉的生产以及河流向海洋的排放。韩国估计的总氮输入量为1,194.5 x 10（3）吨氮/年。排入河流的氮估计为408-422 x 10（3）吨N /年，其中66-71％的氮源是扩散的。估计用于土地用途的分散排放量是农业地区每年82 x 10（3）吨氮，林业每年7 x 10（3）吨氮，城市和城市每年75 x 10（3）吨氮。工业领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Despite withdrawal of RotaShield® and the development of second generation live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, concerns remain regarding the relationship between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Nevertheless, since there is no study in Korea, we reviewed data from cases at Severance Children's Hospital to determine the association between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients coded as intussusception and following a prescription of RotaTeq® from 2007 to 2013 were reviewed. We calculated comparative incidence figures (CIFs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare the risk of intussusception in Korea with the risk in the United States. Expected cases within the four-week post-vaccination window were calculated by applying rates of intussusception from data compiled by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (for a five-year period) to numbers of vaccinations. RESULTS:In total, 10530 doses of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine were administered. A total of 65 intussusception cases were diagnosed, although only two cases occurred within four weeks after vaccination. This was compared to six cases within 999123 doses in United States from April 2008 to March 2013 (CIF, 31.63; CI, 31.33-31.93). When we adjusted incidence rate differences for both countries, the CIF decreased to 7.05 (CI, 6.72-7.40). When we compared our identified cases with the expected cases from our hospital, there was no increased intussusception occurring within four weeks of vaccination. CONCLUSION:We found no association between pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Therefore, rotavirus vaccination should be considered due to its benefits of preventing rotavirus-associated diseases.

背景与目标： 目的：尽管RotaShield®停药并开发了第二代减毒活的轮状病毒疫苗，但人们仍然担心轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间的关系。但是，由于韩国尚未进行研究，我们审查了Severance儿童医院的病例数据，以确定轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间的关联。
材料与方法：回顾性分析了2007年至2013年间按照RotaTeq®处方进行肠套叠的患者。我们计算了比较发病率数字（CIF）和95％置信区间（CIs），以比较韩国的肠套叠风险和美国的风险。疫苗接种后四个星期内的预期病例是根据健康保险审查与评估服务公司（五年期）收集的数据，将肠套叠率应用到疫苗接种数量上来计算的。
结果：总共接种了10530剂五价轮状病毒疫苗。尽管在接种疫苗后的四周内仅发生了2例，但总共诊断出了65例肠套叠病例。相比之下，2008年4月至2013年3月在美国有999123剂6例（CIF，31.63； CI，31.33-31.93）。当我们调整两国的发病率差异时，CIF降至7.05（CI，6.72-7.40）。当我们将确定的病例与医院的预期病例进行比较时，在接种疫苗后的四周内没有出现肠套叠增加的情况。
结论：我们发现五价轮状病毒疫苗与肠套叠之间无关联。因此，应考虑接种轮状病毒疫苗，因为它具有预防轮状病毒相关疾病的益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the study was to investigate the nature of nurses' clinical practice in terms of what frames their clinical engagement, and to examine how clinical constructions were made. The study is based on a descriptive design using a clinical field approach in acute care settings in Korea, the USA and Norway. A theoretical sample consisted of between four and six Registered Nurses in each country: up to three from medical wards and three from surgical wards. Data were collected through participant observation of and in-depth interviews with the nurses, as well as from nursing documentation about the patients. The result showed an overall model of a theory of nursing practice consisting of three processes: nursing gaze, clinical construction and clinical engagement. This first article outlines the overall descriptive theory of nursing practice and provides a detailed description of the first aspect: the nursing gaze. The model of the structuring of nursing gaze is set within the philosophy of nursing, consisting of the ontology of client and the ontology of practice. The dimensions of normality and needs constitute the ontology of client, and the dimension of clinical expectations constituted the ontology of practice.

背景与目标： ：该研究的目的是根据护士的临床参与情况调查护士的临床实践性质，并研究其临床结构是如何制成的。这项研究基于在韩国，美国和挪威的急诊环境中使用临床现场方法进行的描述性设计。一个理论样本由每个国家的4至6名注册护士组成：最多3名来自医疗病房，3名来自外科病房。通过参与者对护士的观察和深入访谈以及从有关患者的护理文档中收集数据。结果显示了护理实践理论的总体模型，该模型包括三个过程：护理注视，临床构建和临床参与。第一篇文章概述了护理实践的整体描述理论，并提供了对第一个方面的详细描述：护理目光。护理凝视的结构化模型是在护理理念内建立的，由服务对象本体和实践本体组成。正常和需求的维度构成了客户的本体，而临床期望的维度则构成了实践的本体。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A seroepidemiological study of selected rodent-borne diseases (hantavirus [Seoul [SEO] virus], scrub typhus [Orientia tsutsugamushi], murine typhus [Rickettsia typhi], and leptospirosis [Leptospira interrogans]), as part of the U.S. military rodent surveillance and control program, was conducted from 2001 through 2005 at Yongsan Garrison, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Rodents were collected to determine the prevalence of rodent-borne diseases at a U.S. military installation in an urban environment. A total of 1,750 rodents representing three species was collected by using baited live traps (Tomahawk), glue boards, and poison baits (dead rodents observed but not assayed). The Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (99.8%), accounted for nearly all of the rodents captured/observed. Only three roof rats, Rattus rattus (0.2%), and one house mouse, Mus musculus (<0.1%), were collected. R. norvegicus rats were the only rodents that were serologically positive for SEO virus (9.6%), scrub typhus (2.8%), murine typhus (3.8%), and leptospirosis (4.6%). One of six rodents that were positive for SEO virus by immunofluorescent antibody test was positive for SEO virus antigen by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Infection rates for SEO virus, scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis varied annually. Rodents were captured from 228 (20.7%) of 1,104 total buildings in Yongsan Garrison. The Yongsan commissary had the highest annual infestation rate (22 rodents per year), followed by Commisky's Club (18 rodents per year). Annual infestation rates were high for food service facilities, which often store perishable food products outdoors for short periods of time, attracting rodent populations; refuse from these facilities provides harborage and food for rodents. The effect of rodent populations outside the boundary of Yongsan Garrison was not determined.

背景与目标： ：对部分啮齿动物传播疾病（汉坦病毒[汉城[SEO]病毒]，灌木斑疹伤寒[Orientia tsutsugamushi]，鼠类斑疹伤寒[Rickettsia typhi]和钩端螺旋体病[Leptospira interrogans]）的血清流行病学研究，作为美国军事啮齿动物监测的一部分控制计划于2001年至2005年在大韩民国首尔的龙山驻军进行。收集啮齿动物以确定在城市环境中的美国军事机构中啮齿动物传播的疾病的患病率。使用诱饵活捕器（战斧），胶合板和毒饵（观察到但未测定死鼠）共收集了1,750只代表三种物种的啮齿动物。挪威大鼠Rattus norvegicus（99.8％）几乎占所有捕获/观察到的啮齿动物的比例。仅收集了三只房顶大鼠，即Rattus rattus（0.2％）和一只家鼠（Mus musculus，<0.1％）。 R. norvegicus大鼠是唯一在血清学上呈阳性的SEO病毒（9.6％），灌木斑疹伤寒（2.8％），鼠类斑疹伤寒（3.8％）和钩端螺旋体病（4.6％）阳性的啮齿动物。通过免疫荧光抗体测试对SEO病毒呈阳性的六只啮齿动物中，通过逆转录酶-聚合酶链反应对SEO病毒抗原呈阳性。 SEO病毒，灌木斑疹伤寒，鼠类斑疹伤寒和钩端螺旋体病的感染率每年变化。在龙山驻军的1,104栋建筑物中，有228栋（20.7％）被捕获。龙山小卖部的年虫鼠发病率最高（每年22只啮齿动物），其次是Commisky俱乐部（每年18只啮齿动物）。食品服务设施的年感染率很高，这些设施经常将易腐烂的食品在短期内存储在户外，从而吸引了啮齿动物。这些设施提供的垃圾可为啮齿动物提供庇护和食物。尚未确定龙山驻军边界以外的啮齿动物种群的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This is a retrospective study of 500 patients with spinal cord injury who underwent abdominal ultrasonography as a routine screening test from 2000 to 2003. We analyzed the results according to the different abdominal organ systems. Among the 500 cases, 226 (45.2%) showed abnormal findings. 98 cases of abnormal findings in the liver included 75 of fatty liver and 13 of mass. The 88 cases of abnormal findings in the bladder included 56 of bladder wall thickening, 14 of cystitis and 10 of urinary stone. The 35 cases of abnormal findings in the kidney included 19 of renal cyst and 6 of pelvic dilatation. The 35 cases with gallbladder abnormalities included 19 with gallstones and 11 with biliary sludge. Excluding the cases with bladder wall thickening, there were still 170 cases with abnormal ultrasonographic findings. Abdominal sonography seems to be a useful tool in detecting hidden intraabdominal pathologies in patients with spinal cord injury.

背景与目标： ：这是一项回顾性研究，从2000年至2003年对500例脊髓损伤的患者进行了腹部超声检查，作为常规筛查检查。我们根据不同的腹部器官系统对结果进行了分析。在500例病例中，有226例（45.2％）表现出异常。 98例肝脏异常发现包括75例脂肪肝和13例肿块。膀胱异常发现88例，其中膀胱壁增厚56例，膀胱炎14例，尿路结石10例。肾脏异常发现的35例包括19例肾囊肿和6例盆腔扩张。 35例胆囊异常包括19例胆结石和11例胆汁淤泥。除膀胱壁增厚的病例外，还有170例超声检查结果异常。腹部超声检查似乎是检测脊髓损伤患者隐藏的腹部内病变的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 104T, was isolated from a soil sample from a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea) and was characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain Gsoil 104T was shown to belong to the family Sphingobacteriaceae, being related to Pedobacter africanus DSM 12126T (97.0%), Pedobacter caeni LMG 22862T (96.9%), Pedobacter cryoconitis DSM 14825T (96.8%) and Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366T (96.6%). The phylogenetic distance from any other Pedobacter species with a validly published name was greater than 3.4% (i.e.<96.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that values for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Gsoil 104T and its phylogenetically closest neighbours were below 37%. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were C16:1omega7c, iso-C15:0, C16:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 2-OH. These chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain Gsoil 104T to the genus Pedobacter. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 104T represents a novel species in the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 104T (=KCTC 12576T=LMG 23399T).

背景与目标： ：从韩国抱川县人参田的土壤样品中分离出革兰氏阴性，严格需氧，杆状，无运动，无芽孢形成的细菌菌株，称为Gsoil 104T，并进行了分类学表征通过使用多相方法。根据16S rRNA基因序列相似性，Gsoil 104T菌株显示为Sphingobacteriaceae家族，与非洲Pedobacter DSC 12126T（97.0％），caPedobacter caeni LMG 22862T（96.9％），Pedobacter低温锥虫DSM 14825T（96.8％）相关。 ）和肝杆菌（Pedobacter heparinus）DSM 2366T（96.6％）。与其他任何具有有效公布名称的Pedobacter物种的系统发育距离均大于3.4％（即<96.6％的16S rRNA基因序列相似性）。 DNA-DNA杂交实验表明，菌株Gsoil 104T与其系统发育上最接近的邻居之间的DNA-DNA相关性值低于37％。基因组DNA的GC含量为43.6mol％。主要的呼吸醌为MK-7。主要脂肪酸为C16：10mega7c，iso-C15：0，C16：0，iso-C17：0 3-OH和iso-C15：0 2-OH。这些化学分类数据支持菌株Gsoil 104T与Pedobacter属的隶属关系。基于其表型特性和系统发育上的独特性，Gsoil 104T菌株代表了Pedobacter属中的一个新物种，其名称为Pedobacter ginsengisoli sp。十一月被提议。类型应变是Gsoil 104T（= KCTC 12576T = LMG 23399T）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Background: Given a hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination goal by 2030, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend scaling up HCV screening and treatment with highly-effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of various screening and treatment strategies for chronic HCV patients in South Korea in patients aged over 40 as compared to currently screening only high-risk patients.Methods: A published Markov disease progression model was used with a screening/treatment decision-tree to model different screening and treatment strategies for Korean HCV patients (aged over 40) from a national payer perspective over a lifetime time horizon. The screening strategies included "screen-all" (upfront only: "once"; or upfront and age 65: "twice") or a "high-risk only" screening strategy followed by treatment. Treatment strategies included either ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF), SOF + ribavirin (SOF + RBV; in GT2 only), or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB). Model inputs were sourced from published literature and costing databases and validated by Korean hepatologists.Results: Regardless of treatment strategy, a "screen all twice" scenario led to the lowest rates of advanced liver disease events compared to "screen all once" and "high-risk only" screening scenarios. In this screening scenario, treatment with LDV/SOF for GT1/2 dominates (i.e. is more effective and less4costly) LDV/SOF in GT1 and SOF + RBV in GT2, while GLE/PIB is not cost-effective relative to LDV/SOF (₩105,124,920/QALY) at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 1xGDP per capita.Conclusion: Screening all South Korean patients twice followed by LDV/SOF treatment is cost-effective as compared current high-risk screening. Adopting this strategy can help achieve WHO HCV elimination goals.

背景与目标： 背景：鉴于到2030年消除丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的目标，世界卫生组织（WHO）指南建议扩大对HCV的筛查和使用高效直接作用抗病毒药（DAA）的治疗。这项研究调查了韩国40岁以上慢性HCV患者与目前仅筛查高风险患者相比，各种筛查和治疗策略的成本效益。从国家付款者的角度来看，在整个生命周期内为韩国HCV患者（40岁以上）建立不同筛查和治疗策略的治疗决策树。筛查策略包括“全部筛查”（仅在前期：“一次”；或在65岁以上且在前期：“两次”）或“仅高风险”筛查策略，然后进行治疗。治疗策略包括：ledipasvir / sofosbuvir（LDV / SOF），SOF®利巴韦林（SOF®RBV；仅在GT2中），或glecaprevir / pibrentasvir（GLE / PIB）。模型输入来自已发表的文献和成本数据库，并由韩国肝病专家进行了验证。结果：无论采取何种治疗策略，“全屏筛查”方案与“全屏筛查”和“高筛查”相比，导致晚期肝病事件的发生率最低。 -仅风险”筛选方案。在这种筛查方案中，用LDV / SOF治疗GT1 / 2占主导地位（即更有效且成本更低），GT1中的LDV / SOF占GT2中的SOF RBV，而GLE / PIB相对于LDV / SOF则不具有成本效益（₩ （105,124,920 / QALY）的支付意愿为人均GDP的1倍。结论：与目前的高风险筛查相比，对所有韩国患者进行两次筛查，然后进行LDV / SOF治疗是具有成本效益的。采用该策略可以帮助实现WHO消除HCV的目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study describes the impact of diabetes and the meaning of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for 22 male and female patients in Korea. Open-ended interviews yielded six HRQOL themes: health, overall well-being, harmonious relationships and family responsibilities, a rewarding life, spiritual life, and material support. The physical impact of diabetes included decreased energy, limitations, and physical suffering; while its psychological/spiritual impact extended to general stress, helplessness, fear, depression, anger, and relationship with God. Like Americans, Koreans valued health, psychological well-being and interpersonal support. In addition, the Koreans valued smooth, harmonious interpersonal relationships, overall well-being pertaining to living a comfortable and honorable life.

背景与目标： ：这项研究描述了糖尿病对韩国22位男性和女性患者的影响以及与健康相关的生活质量（HRQOL）的含义。不限成员名额的访谈产生了六个HRQOL主题：健康，整体幸福感，和谐的关系和家庭责任，充实的生活，精神生活和物质支持。糖尿病对身体的影响包括能量减少，局限性和身体痛苦。而其心理/精神影响则扩展到普遍的压力，无助，恐惧，沮丧，愤怒以及与上帝的关系。像美国人一样，韩国人也非常重视健康，心理健康和人际关系支持。此外，韩国人重视平稳，和谐的人际关系，这与安居乐业有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Stroke is the second leading cause of death in Korea but long-term survival of Korean stroke patients has not been studied. Thus, we examined 6-year survival and causes of death in a nationally representative inpatient sample. METHODS:Between January 2000 and March 2000 in 152 sample hospitals, 4,299 first-ever stroke patients were identified and followed-up for vital status until December 2005. Mortality and mortality-related factors were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS:Ischemic stroke was the most common subtype (62.9%), followed by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH, 21.2%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH, 6.4%). Six-year mortality was estimated at 37.1% for all strokes, 37.2% for ischemic, 41.0% for ICH, and 29.2% for SAH. Common causes of death were stroke (58.2%), malignancies (10.3%), other cardiovascular diseases (7.7%), and diabetes (6.8%). Six-year mortality was associated with old age (hazard ratio 1.70 per 10 years, 95% CI 1.62-1.78), male sex (1.29, 1.16-1.43), subtypes of ICH (1.30, 1.15-1.48) and SAH (1.43, 1.14-1.80), longer hospital admission (1.01 per 10 days, 1.00-1.03), and loss of consciousness (1.32, 1.13-1.55). CONCLUSIONS:More than 60% of Korean patients with first-ever stroke survived to 6 years. Major causes of death were stroke, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.

背景与目标： 背景：中风是韩国第二大死亡原因，但尚未研究韩国中风患者的长期生存。因此，我们在全国有代表性的住院患者样本中检查了6年生存率和死亡原因。
方法：从2000年1月至2000年3月，在152家样本医院中，共鉴定了4299名首发中风患者，并对其生命状况进行了随访，直到2005年12月为止。采用Kaplan-Meier方法和Cox比例危险度评估了死亡率和死亡率相关因素。回归分析。
结果：缺血性中风是最常见的亚型（62.9％），其次是脑出血（ICH，21.2％）和蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH，6.4％）。估计所有卒中的六年死亡率为37.1％，缺血性为37.2％，ICH为41.0％，SAH为29.2％。死亡的常见原因是中风（58.2％），恶性肿瘤（10.3％），其他心血管疾病（7.7％）和糖尿病（6.8％）。六年死亡率与年龄（危险比率：每10年1.70，95％CI 1.62-1.78），男性（1.29、1.16-1.43），ICH（1.30、1.15-1.48）和SAH（1.43， 1.14-1.80），更长的住院时间（每10天1.01，1.00-1.03）和意识丧失（1.32，1.13-1.55）。
结论：首例中风的韩国患者中有60％以上存活至6年。死亡的主要原因是中风，癌症，心血管疾病和糖尿病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Since the identification of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global number of confirmed cases as of March 15, 2020, is 156,400, with total death in 5,833 (3.7%) worldwide. Here, we summarize the morality data from February 19 when the first mortality occurred to 0 am, March 10, 2020, in Korea with comparison to other countries. The overall case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Korea was 0.7% as of 0 am, March 10, 2020.

背景与目标： ：自从鉴定出2019年首例冠状病毒病（COVID-19）以来，截至2020年3月15日，全球确诊病例为156,400例，全球死亡总数为5,833（3.7％）。在这里，我们将2月19日韩国首例死亡率发生到2020年3月10日凌晨0点之间的道德数据进行了汇总，并与其他国家进行了比较。截至2020年3月10日凌晨0点，韩国COVID-19的整体病死率为0.7％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ostreol A was isolated from cultures of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea. The compound, a non-palytoxin derivative, has a polyhydroxy chain ending with the primary amino group and contains an amide bond, along with two tetrahydropyran rings in the chain. Its chemical structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods and confirmed by mass analysis. The compound exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test at a concentration of 0.9μg/mL.

背景与目标： ：Ostreol A是从附生的鞭鞭藻Ostreopsis cf.的培养物中分离得到的。来自韩国济州岛沿海水域的卵。该化合物是一种非palytoxin衍生物，具有一个以伯氨基为末端的多羟基链，并含有一个酰胺键以及链中的两个四氢吡喃环。通过核磁共振（NMR）光谱法阐明了其化学结构，并通过质量分析对其进行了确认。该化合物在盐水虾杀伤力测试中以0.9μg/ mL的浓度显示出显着的细胞毒性。