BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous surveys showed a poor quality of the web sites providing health information about low back pain. However, the rapid and continuous evolution of the Internet content may question the current validity of those investigations. The present study is aimed to quantitatively assess the quality of the Internet information about low back pain retrieved with the most commonly employed search engines. An Internet search with the keywords "low back pain" has been performed with Google, Yahoo!® and Bing™ in the English language. The top 30 hits obtained with each search engine were evaluated by five independent raters and averaged following criteria derived from previous works. All search results were categorized as declaring compliant to a quality standard for health information (e.g. HONCode) or not and based on the web site type (Institutional, Free informative, Commercial, News, Social Network, Unknown). The quality of the hits retrieved by the three search engines was extremely similar. The web sites had a clear purpose, were easy to navigate, and mostly lacked in validity and quality of the provided links. The conformity to a quality standard was correlated with a marked greater quality of the web sites in all respects. Institutional web sites had the best validity and ease of use. Free informative web sites had good quality but a markedly lower validity compared to Institutional websites. Commercial web sites provided more biased information. News web sites were well designed and easy to use, but lacked in validity. The average quality of the hits retrieved by the most commonly employed search engines could be defined as satisfactory and favorably comparable with previous investigations. Awareness of the user about checking the quality of the information remains of concern.

背景与目标： ：以前的调查显示，提供有关下腰痛的健康信息的网站质量很差。但是，Internet内容的快速和持续发展可能会质疑这些调查的当前有效性。本研究旨在定量评估使用最常用的搜索引擎检索到的有关腰痛的Internet信息的质量。 Google，Yahoo！®和Bing™已使用英语进行了关键字为“腰痛”的Internet搜索。每个搜索引擎获得的前30个匹配均由5个独立的评分者进行了评估，并根据从先前工作得出的标准进行了平均。根据网站类型（机构，免费，商业，新闻，社交网络，未知），所有搜索结果均归类为声明是否符合卫生信息质量标准（例如HONCode）。三个搜索引擎检索到的匹配的质量非常相似。该网站的目的明确，易于浏览，并且大多缺乏所提供链接的有效性和质量。在各个方面，对质量标准的符合与网站质量的显着提高相关。机构网站具有最佳的有效性和易用性。与机构网站相比，免费的信息网站质量好，但有效性明显较低。商业网站提供了更多有偏见的信息。新闻网站的设计良好且易于使用，但缺乏有效性。由最常用的搜索引擎检索到的匹配的平均质量可以定义为令人满意，并且可以与以前的调查相媲美。用户关于检查信息质量的意识仍然值得关注。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The zona pellucida (zona) is a glycoprotein coat that envelopes the oocyte and embryo, binds sperm during fertilization and facilitates transfer of the embryo through the Fallopian tube. Before implantation can occur, the blastocyst must hatch from the zona. Several lines of evidence suggest that the zona is multilaminar. We hypothesized that the multilaminar structure of the zona filaments could be imaged non-destructively with the polarized light microscope. A recent modification of the polarized light microscope (pol-scope), which combines innovations in polarization optics with novel image processing software, allows measurement of birefringence at all points of the image. Hamster metaphase II oocytes were placed on glass coverslips which replaced the bottom of culture dishes, imaged under differential interference contrast (DIC) and pol-scope optics, then digitized and processed to measure birefringence magnitude and orientation. The pol-scope revealed the zona to be divided into outer and inner layers separated by a zone of low retardance. This finding is consistent with filaments in the outer layer oriented tangentially and in the inner layer oriented radially. The multilaminar structure of the mammalian zona suggested by differential lectin binding and by scanning electron microscopy could be imaged non-destructively with the pol-scope. Because the pol-scope provides a non-destructive method to identify macro-molecular organization of the zona, it may prove useful in developmental studies of hatching and to direct resection of the zona.

背景与目标： 透明带（zona）是一种糖蛋白涂层，覆盖卵母细胞和胚胎，在受精过程中结合精子，并促进胚胎通过输卵管转移。在发生植入之前，胚泡必须从透明带孵化出来。有几条证据表明，透明带是多层的。我们假设可以使用偏振光显微镜对透明带的多层结构进行无损成像。偏振光显微镜（pol-scope）的最新改进将偏振光学的创新与新颖的图像处理软件结合在一起，可以测量图像所有点的双折射。将仓鼠中期II卵母细胞放在玻璃盖玻片上，该盖玻片代替培养皿的底部，在微分干涉对比（DIC）和pol-scope光学下成像，然后进行数字化处理，以测量双折射的大小和方向。 pol镜显示，透明带分为外层和内层，并由低延迟区隔开。这一发现与切向取向的外层和径向取向的内层中的长丝一致。差异凝集素结合和扫描电子显微镜表明的哺乳动物透明带的多层结构可以用pol镜无损成像。因为pol镜提供了一种非破坏性的方法来识别透明带的大分子组织，所以它可能在孵化的发育研究和直接切除透明带中很有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.

背景与目标： ：灌水是软化干食品以加快消耗时间的水，通常在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比海gra（Quiscalus lugubris）中非常罕见。在将种内竞争和盗窃风险降至最低的条件下，将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时，可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使正常情况下野生动物行为的低频与先前实验中获得的高频率相一致，我们测试了3种情况，其中扣篮在0％到70％之间变化。当通过预先浸泡食物而使不必要的粪便稀少，水远离所提供的干粮时，仅提供一种粮食，所有竞争性互动和盗窃企图都集中在一个人身上。相比之下，当不预先浸泡食物时，扣篮率很高，水接近干粮，并且不止一项（因此成为竞争和盗窃的目标）。这些实验证实，与其他类似原型工具的食品加工技术一样，灌篮率取决于使用情况的成本和收益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Iopentol (Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) and iopromide (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) are low-osmolar, non-ionic, iodinated contrast media (CM) used in abdominal CT examinations. The intravenous safety profile and radiological efficacy of iopentol and iopromide were studied in 518 patients. Specifically, frequency of adverse events (AEs), subjective change in quality of diagnostic information, and quantitative enhancement characteristics were compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A prospective, double-blind, randomized, multicentre, parallel-group study was conducted at 8 hospitals. Patients received 100 ml of either iopentol 300 mg I/ml or iopromide 300 mg I/ml. RESULTS:The incidence of patients with AEs was statistically significantly lower in the iopentol group compared to the iopromide group (2.3% vs. 8.9%, p < 0.001). Discomfort was frequent in both groups (44.8% vs. 49.4%, p = 0.33), sensation of heat and warmth being most common. Overall, diagnostic information was similar in both groups. Both CM gave high percentages of examinations rated as optimal (87.1% vs. 90.5%, p = 0.34) and in which diagnostic confidence was increased (87.5% vs. 91.1%, p = 0.22). No significant differences between the two CM were found concerning quantitative enhancement characteristics. CONCLUSIONS:In this study iopentol was significantly safer than iopromide for contrast enhanced CT examination of the abdomen. Radiological efficacy was similar with both CM.

背景与目标： 目的：Iopentol（Nycomed Imaging AS，挪威奥斯陆）和iopromide（Schering AG，柏林，德国）是用于腹部CT检查的低渗，非离子，碘化造影剂（CM）。研究了518例患者中的碘戊醇和碘普罗胺的静脉内安全性和放射线有效性。具体来说，比较了不良事件（AE）的发生频率，诊断信息质量的主观变化以及定量增强特征。
材料与方法：在8家医院进行了一项前瞻性，双盲，随机，多中心，平行分组的研究。患者接受100 ml的iopentol 300 mg I / ml或iopromide 300 mg I / ml。
结果：与戊普罗米特组相比，碘戊醇组的AE患者发生率在统计学上显着较低（2.3％对8.9％，p <0.001）。两组的不适感都很常见（44.8％vs. 49.4％，p = 0.33），最常见的是热感和温暖感。总体而言，两组的诊断信息相似。两种CM均给出了较高的检查率，被认为是最佳检查（87.1％对90.5％，p = 0.34），并且诊断可信度有所提高（87.5％对91.1％，p = 0.22）。在定量增强特性方面，未发现两个CM之间存在显着差异。
结论：在这项研究中，碘伏特醇比碘普罗胺显着增强腹部CT检查的安全性。两种CM的放射线疗效均相似。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Regarding the evoked potential (EP) as a superposition of evoked EEG rhythms in several frequency ranges, we investigated the following issue: Are distinct evoked rhythms, in particular the alpha (8-15 Hz) response, related to separable physiological processes? Frequency domain analysis of EPs was used to evaluate results of cross-modality experiments, i.e.: responses to auditory stimuli were simultaneously recorded from the auditory cortex (adequate stimulation) and from the visual cortex (inadequate stimulation). Responses to visual stimuli were recorded from the same sites. The results of these experiments and further measurements (EEG and MEG responses in humans, among them multiple sclerosis patients) are consistent in the following respect: The amplitudes of alpha responses are dependent on whether or not a stimulus applied is adequate. Alpha responses may thus be related mostly to primary sensory processing. In contrast, theta responses (4-7 Hz) were observed for adequate as well as inadequate stimuli. They may be related rather to associative and cognitive processing than to primary sensory processing. Thus frequency responses, in particular the alpha response, are not artificial results of digital filtering, but functionally significant brain responses.

背景与目标： ：关于诱发电位（EP）在几个频率范围内的诱发脑电节律的叠加，我们研究了以下问题：明显的诱发节律，特别是alpha（8-15 Hz）反应与可分离的生理过程有关吗？ EP的频域分析用于评估交叉模态实验的结果，即：同时记录听觉皮层（足够的刺激）和视觉皮层（不足的刺激）对听觉刺激的反应。从相同部位记录对视觉刺激的反应。这些实验的结果和进一步的测量结果（人类的EEG和MEG反应，其中包括多发性硬化症患者）在以下方面是一致的：α反应的幅度取决于所施加的刺激是否足够。因此，阿尔法响应可能主要与主要的感觉处理有关。相反，对于适当的和不充分的刺激观察到θ响应（4-7Hz）。它们可能与联想和认知处理有关，而不是与主要的感觉处理有关。因此，频率响应，尤其是alpha响应，不是数字滤波的人工结果，而是功能上重要的大脑响应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this study was to determine if quantitative measurements of regional asynergy add independent prognostic information to global ejection fraction in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Four hundred eighty-six patients with a history of Q-wave myocardial infarction who underwent gated-equilibrium radionuclide angiography at least 3 months after infarction were monitored for a median duration of 4.7 years. During follow-up there were 95 deaths. Four of five regional asynergy indexes analyzed were associated with overall mortality. The strength of the association between overall mortality and the index that proved to be optimal (univariate chi2 = 26.4, p < 0.001) was stronger than for global ejection fraction (univariate chi2 = 21.5, p < 0.001). For patients with global ejection fraction <40%, 4-year survival was 87% for those with a low asynergy index versus 65% for those with a high asynergy index (p = 0.016). In conclusion, indexes of regional asynergy add independent prognostic information to global left ventricular ejection fraction.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是确定是否定量测量区域性无力增加慢性冠状动脉疾病患者总射血分数的独立的预后信息。在梗死后至少3个月接受门控平衡放射性核素血管造影的466例有Q波心肌梗塞病史的患者的中位持续时间为4.7年。在随访期间，有95人死亡。所分析的五个区域无力指数中有四个与总体死亡率相关。总死亡率和被证明是最佳指标（单变量chi2 = 26.4，p <0.001）之间的关联强度要强于总体射血分数（单变量chi2 = 21.5，p <0.001）。对于总体射血分数<40％的患者，低无反应指数的患者的4年生存率为87％，而无高反应指数的患者的4年生存率为65％（p = 0.016）。综上所述，区域无力指标为整体左心室射血分数增加了独立的预后信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Atomoxetine improves inhibitory control and visual processing in healthy volunteers and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about the neural correlates of these two functions after chronic treatment with atomoxetine. This study aimed to use the counting Stroop task with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to investigate the changes related to inhibitory control and visual processing in adults with ADHD. This study is an 8-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of atomoxetine in 24 drug-naïve adults with ADHD. We investigated the changes of treatment with atomoxetine compared to placebo-treated counterparts using the counting Stroop fMRI and two CANTAB tests: rapid visual information processing (RVP) for inhibitory control and delayed matching to sample (DMS) for visual processing. Atomoxetine decreased activations in the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex, which were correlated with the improvement in inhibitory control assessed by the RVP. Also, atomoxetine increased activation in the left precuneus, which was correlated with the improvement in the mean latency of correct responses assessed by the DMS. Moreover, anterior cingulate activation in the pre-treatment was able to predict the improvements of clinical symptoms. Treatment with atomoxetine may improve inhibitory control to suppress interference and may enhance the visual processing to process numbers. In addition, the anterior cingulate cortex might play an important role as a biological marker for the treatment effectiveness of atomoxetine. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4850-4864, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

背景与目标： ：Atomoxetine可改善健康志愿者和患有注意力不足/多动症（ADHD）的成年人的抑制性控制和视觉处理。然而，关于用阿托西汀长期治疗后这两种功能的神经相关性知之甚少。这项研究旨在利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和剑桥神经心理测试自动电池（CANTAB）的计数Stroop任务来研究与ADHD成人抑制控制和视觉处理有关的变化。这项研究是一项为期8周，安慰剂对照，双盲，随机的阿托西汀临床试验，用于24名无药物治疗的ADHD成人。我们使用计数Stroop功能磁共振成像和两项CANTAB测试，研究了与阿托西汀治疗相比，安慰剂治疗的变化，两种CANTAB测试：用于抑制控制的快速视觉信息处理（RVP）和用于视觉处理的延迟配比样品（DMS）。 Atomoxetine减少了右下额回和前扣带回皮层的激活，这与RVP评估的抑制控制的改善有关。同样，阿托西汀增加了左前胎的激活，这与DMS评估的正确反应的平均潜伏期的改善有关。此外，在治疗前扣带回激活能够预测临床症状的改善。用阿托西汀治疗可以改善抑制控制以抑制干扰，并可以增强加工过程的视觉效果。此外，前扣带回皮质可能作为阿莫西汀治疗效果的生物学标志物发挥重要作用。嗡嗡声大脑Mapp 38：4850-4864，2017.©2017 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The identification of essential proteins in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is of great significance for understanding cellular processes. With the increasing availability of large-scale PPI data, numerous centrality measures based on network topology have been proposed to detect essential proteins from PPI networks. However, most of the current approaches focus mainly on the topological structure of PPI networks, and largely ignore the gene ontology annotation information. In this paper, we propose a novel centrality measure, called TEO, for identifying essential proteins by combining network topology, gene expression profiles, and GO information. To evaluate the performance of the TEO method, we compare it with five other methods (degree, betweenness, NC, Pec, and CowEWC) in detecting essential proteins from two different yeast PPI datasets. The simulation results show that adding GO information can effectively improve the predicted precision and that our method outperforms the others in predicting essential proteins.

背景与目标： ：蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络中必需蛋白质的鉴定对理解细胞过程具有重要意义。随着大规模PPI数据可用性的提高，已经提出了许多基于网络拓扑的集中度检测方法来检测PPI网络中的必需蛋白。但是，当前大多数方法主要集中在PPI网络的拓扑结构上，而在很大程度上忽略了基因本体注释信息。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的集中度度量，称为TEO，它通过结合网络拓扑，基因表达谱和GO信息来鉴定必需蛋白质。为了评估TEO方法的性能，我们将其与其他五种方法（度，中间性，NC，Pec和CowEWC）进行比较，以检测来自两个不同酵母PPI数据集的必需蛋白质。仿真结果表明，添加GO信息可以有效地提高预测精度，并且我们的方法在预测必需蛋白质方面优于其他方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Complement C3, when its cDNA was transfected into COS-1 cells, was synthesized as a precursor, pro-C3, which was intracellularly processed into the alpha and beta subunits, although not completely. A cDNA for rat alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) was mutated in vitro to encode its variant with the modified active site (Met352----Arg). In cells co-transfected with the mutant alpha 1-PI cDNA and the C3 cDNA, pro-C3 expressed was secreted without being processed into the subunits. Co-transfection of the mutant alpha 1-PI cDNA and the albumin cDNA also resulted in the inhibition of intracellular conversion of proalbumin into serum-type albumin. No inhibition of the processing of each preform was observed in cells co-transfected with the normal alpha 1-PI cDNA. Taken together, the results indicate that the alpha 1-PI variant (Met352----Arg) expressed inhibits specifically an intracellular enzyme which is involved in the proteolytic processing of both pro-C3 and proalbumin.

背景与目标： 补体C3，当其cDNA转染到COS-1细胞中时，被合成为前体pro-C3，pro-C3在细胞内被加工成α和β亚基，尽管不完全。大鼠α1-蛋白酶抑制剂（α1-P​​I）的cDNA在体外发生突变，以编码其具有修饰的活性位点的变体（Met352-Arg）。在用突变体α1-PI cDNA和C3 cDNA共转染的细胞中，表达的pro-C3被分泌而没有被加工成亚基。突变体α1-PI cDNA和白蛋白cDNA的共转染也导致抑制了原白蛋白向血清型白蛋白的细胞内转化。在用正常的α1-PI cDNA共转染的细胞中未观察到每种预型体的加工受到抑制。两者合计，结果表明表达的α1-PI变体（Met352 ---- Arg）特异性抑制细胞内酶，该酶参与pro-C3和proalbumin的蛋白水解过程。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Many viruses take advantage of cellular trafficking machineries to assemble and release new infectious particles. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we demonstrate that the Golgi/autophagosome-associated Rab33B is required for hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation in hepatoma cell lines. While Rab33B is dispensable for the secretion of HBV subviral envelope particles, its knockdown reduced the virus yield to 20% and inhibited nucleocapsid (NC) formation and/or NC trafficking. The overexpression of a GDP-restricted Rab33B mutant phenocopied the effect of deficit Rab33B, indicating that Rab33B-specific effector proteins may be involved. Moreover, we found that HBV replication enhanced Rab33B expression. By analyzing HBV infection cycle steps, we identified a hitherto unknown membrane targeting module in the highly basic C-terminal domain of the NC-forming core protein. Rab33B inactivation reduced core membrane association, suggesting that membrane platforms participate in HBV assembly reactions. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses provided further hints that the viral core, rather than the envelope, is the main target for Rab33B intervention. Rab33B-deficiency reduced core protein levels without affecting viral transcription and hampered core/NC sorting to envelope-positive, intracellular compartments. Together, these results indicate that Rab33B is an important player in intracellular HBV trafficking events, guiding core transport to NC assembly sites and/or NC transport to budding sites.

背景与目标： ：许多病毒利用细胞运输设备来组装和释放新的传染性颗粒。使用RNA干扰（RNAi），我们证明了高尔基体/自噬体相关的Rab33B是乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）在肝癌细胞系中繁殖所必需的。尽管Rab33B对于HBV亚病毒包膜颗粒的分泌是必不可少的，但其敲除将病毒的产量降低到20％，并抑制了核衣壳（NC）的形成和/或NC的运输。 GDP受限的Rab33B突变体的过表达表型化了缺乏的Rab33B的作用，表明可能参与了Rab33B特异的效应蛋白。此外，我们发现HBV复制增强了Rab33B的表达。通过分析HBV感染的循环步骤，我们在形成NC的核心蛋白的高碱性C末端结构域中确定了迄今未知的膜靶向模块。 Rab33B失活减少了核心膜的缔合，表明膜平台参与了HBV组装反应。生化和免疫荧光分析提供了进一步的提示，即病毒核心而不是包膜是Rab33B干预的主要目标。 Rab33B缺乏症降低了核心蛋白水平，而没有影响病毒的转录，也没有阻碍核心/ NC对包膜阳性细胞内区室的分选。总之，这些结果表明，Rab33B是细胞内HBV转运事件的重要参与者，指导核心转运至NC装配位和/或NC转运至萌芽位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often experience intrusive thoughts. These intrusions may be due to biases in information processing mechanisms, including attention, memory, and learning. To examine this hypothesis, we presented a modified negative priming (NP) paradigm with idiographically selected words to 19 individuals with OCD (OCs) and 19 matched non-anxious control participants (NACs). The words included OCD-relevant threat, OCD-relevant positive, and neutral words. This paradigm typically elicits positive priming because participants may learn the contingency between the prime and probe that facilitates responding [Frings and Wentura (2006). Strategy effects counteract distractor inhibition: NP with constantly absent probe distractors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 854-864]. As predicted, NACs showed facilitation (i.e., positive priming) rather than NP for all word types, whereas OCs exhibited facilitation for only neutral words. For positive words, OCs exhibited no priming and for threat words they exhibited NP. These results suggest that for idiographic, OCD-relevant threat information, individuals with OCD show difficulty learning the contingency between the information in the prime and probe displays relative to the NACs.

背景与目标： ：患有强迫症（OCD）的人经常会遇到打扰性想法。这些入侵可能是由于信息处理机制（包括注意力，记忆力和学习）上的偏见所致。为了检验这一假设，我们向19名患有强迫症（OCs）的人和19名相匹配的非焦虑控制参与者（NAC）提出了一种经过修改的负启动（NP）范式，其中包括按字形选择的单词。这些词包括与强迫症有关的威胁，与强迫症有关的肯定和中立的词。这种模式通常会引发积极的启动，因为参与者可能会了解启动和探测之间的偶然性，以促进响应[Frings and Wentura（2006）。策略效果抵消了干扰因素的抑制作用：NP不断缺乏探针干扰因素。实验心理学杂志：人类的感知和表现，32，854-864]。正如预测的那样，NAC对所有单词类型都显示了促进作用（即正向启动）而不是NP，而OC仅对中性单词显示了促进作用。对于肯定的单词，OC显示没有启动功能，对于威胁的单词则显示NP。这些结果表明，对于特定的，与OCD相关的威胁信息，患有OCD的个人显示出难以学习相对于NAC的原始显示和探测显示中的信息之间的偶然性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rat auditory cortex is divided anatomically into several areas, but little is known about the functional differences in information processing between these areas. To determine the filter properties of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 65% broader than A1 neurons. The broader receptive fields of PAF neurons result in responses to narrow and broadband inputs that are stronger than A1. In contrast to A1, we found little evidence for an orderly topographic gradient in PAF based on frequency. These neurons exhibit latencies that are twice as long as A1. In response to modulated tones and noise, PAF neurons adapt to repeated stimuli at significantly slower rates. Unlike A1, neurons in PAF rarely exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than primary cortex.

背景与目标： ：大鼠听觉皮层解剖上分为几个区域，但对这些区域之间信息处理的功能差异知之甚少。若要确定大鼠后听觉场（PAF）神经元的过滤器属性，我们比较了神经生理反应对简单音调，调频（FM）扫描以及调幅噪声和音调与初级听觉皮层（A1）神经元的反应。 PAF神经元具有比A1神经元平均宽65％的兴奋性感受野。 PAF神经元的较宽的感受野会导致对窄且宽带的输入的响应强于A1。与A1相比，我们没有发现基于频率的PAF中有序地形梯度的证据。这些神经元的潜伏期是A1的两倍。响应于调制的音调和噪声，PAF神经元以明显较慢的速度适应重复刺激。与A1不同，PAF中的神经元很少表现出对快速重复声音的促进作用。 PAF中的神经元对窄带1倍频程FM扫描的速率或方向没有强大的选择性。这些结果表明，PAF像非主要视野一样，在比主要皮质更大的光谱范围和更长的时间尺度上处理感觉信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intrinsic flexibility of DNA has hampered the development of efficient protein-DNA docking methods. In this study we extend HADDOCK (High Ambiguity Driven DOCKing) [C. Dominguez, R. Boelens and A. M. J. J. Bonvin (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 1731-1737] to explicitly deal with DNA flexibility. HADDOCK uses non-structural experimental data to drive the docking during a rigid-body energy minimization, and semi-flexible and water refinement stages. The latter allow for flexibility of all DNA nucleotides and the residues of the protein at the predicted interface. We evaluated our approach on the monomeric repressor-DNA complexes formed by bacteriophage 434 Cro, the Escherichia coli Lac headpiece and bacteriophage P22 Arc. Starting from unbound proteins and canonical B-DNA we correctly predict the correct spatial disposition of the complexes and the specific conformation of the DNA in the published complexes. This information is subsequently used to generate a library of pre-bent and twisted DNA structures that served as input for a second docking round. The resulting top ranking solutions exhibit high similarity to the published complexes in terms of root mean square deviations, intermolecular contacts and DNA conformation. Our two-stage docking method is thus able to successfully predict protein-DNA complexes from unbound constituents using non-structural experimental data to drive the docking.

背景与目标： ：DNA的固有灵活性已阻碍了有效的蛋白质-DNA对接方法的发展。在这项研究中，我们扩展了HADDOCK（高歧义性驱动DOCKing）[C。 Dominguez，R.Boelens和A.M.J.J.Bonvin（2003）J.Am.化学Soc。 125，1731-1737]明确涉及DNA的灵活性。 HADDOCK使用非结构性实验数据来驱动刚体能量最小化，半柔性和水提纯阶段的对接。后者允许所有DNA核苷酸和蛋白质残基在预测界面处具有柔韧性。我们评估了由噬菌体434 Cro，大肠杆菌Lac头饰和噬菌体P22 Arc形成的单体阻遏物-DNA复合物的方法。从未结合的蛋白质和典型的B-DNA开始，我们正确地预测了复合物的正确空间分布以及已发布复合物中DNA的特定构象。该信息随后用于生成预先弯曲和扭曲的DNA结构的库，该库用作第二轮对接的输入。最终的顶级解决方案在均方根偏差，分子间接触和DNA构象方面与已发表的复合物具有高度相似性。因此，我们的两阶段对接方法能够使用非结构性实验数据来驱动对接，从而从未结合的成分中成功预测蛋白质-DNA复合物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The auditory system of monkeys includes a large number of interconnected subcortical nuclei and cortical areas. At subcortical levels, the structural components of the auditory system of monkeys resemble those of nonprimates, but the organization at cortical levels is different. In monkeys, the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate complex projects in parallel to a core of three primary-like auditory areas, AI, R, and RT, constituting the first stage of cortical processing. These areas interconnect and project to the homotopic and other locations in the opposite cerebral hemisphere and to a surrounding array of eight proposed belt areas as a second stage of cortical processing. The belt areas in turn project in overlapping patterns to a lateral parabelt region with at least rostral and caudal subdivisions as a third stage of cortical processing. The divisions of the parabelt distribute to adjoining auditory and multimodal regions of the temporal lobe and to four functionally distinct regions of the frontal lobe. Histochemically, chimpanzees and humans have an auditory core that closely resembles that of monkeys. The challenge for future researchers is to understand how this complex system in monkeys analyzes and utilizes auditory information.

背景与目标： ：猴子的听觉系统包括大量相互连接的皮层下核和皮层区域。在皮下层，猴子的听觉系统的结构成分类似于非灵长类动物，但是在皮层上的组织是不同的。在猴子中，内侧膝状复合体的腹侧核平行于三个初级样听觉区域（AI，R和RT）的核心突出，构成了皮质加工的第一阶段。这些区域相互连接并投射到相对的大脑半球的同位和其他位置，并投射到八个拟议的皮带区域周围的阵列，作为皮质处理的第二阶段。带区又以重叠的方式突出到侧副带区域，该侧副带区域至少具有鼻侧和尾侧细分，作为皮质处理的第三阶段。副腰带的划分分布在颞叶的相邻听觉和多峰区域以及额叶的四个功能不同的区域。在组织化学上，黑猩猩和人类的听觉核心与猴子非常相似。未来研究人员面临的挑战是了解猴子中这个复杂的系统如何分析和利用听觉信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glyoxysomes are a subclass of peroxisomes involved in lipid mobilization. Two distinct peroxisomal targeting signals (PTSs), the C-terminal PTS1 and the N-terminal PTS2, are defined. Processing of the PTS2 on protein import is conserved in higher eukaryotes. The cleavage site typically contains a Cys at P1 or P2. We purified the glyoxysomal processing protease (GPP) from the fat-storing cotyledons of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) by column chromatography, preparative native isoelectric focusing, and 2D PAGE. The GPP appears in two forms, a 72-kDa monomer and a 144-kDa dimer, which are in equilibrium with one another. The equilibrium is shifted on Ca(2+) removal toward the monomer and on Ca(2+) addition toward the dimer. The monomer is a general degrading protease and is activated by denatured proteins. The dimer constitutes the processing protease because the substrate specificity proven for the monomer (Phi-Arg/Lys downward arrow) is different from the processing substrate specificity (Cys-Xxx downward arrow/Xxx-Cys downward arrow) found with the mixture of monomer and dimer. The Arabidopsis genome analysis disclosed three proteases predicted to be in peroxisomes, a Deg-protease, a pitrilysin-like metallopeptidase, and a Lon-protease. Specific antibodies against the peroxisomal Deg-protease from Arabidopsis (Deg15) identify the watermelon GPP as a Deg15. A knockout mutation in the DEG15 gene of Arabidopsis (At1g28320) prevents processing of the glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase precursor to the mature form. Thus, the GPP/Deg15 belongs to a group of trypsin-like serine proteases with Escherichia coli DegP as a prototype. Nevertheless, the GPP/Deg15 possesses specific characteristics and is therefore a new subgroup within the Deg proteases.

背景与目标： 乙醛酸小体是脂质动员涉及的过氧化物酶体的一个亚类。定义了两个不同的过氧化物酶体靶向信号（PTS），即C末端PTS1和N末端PTS2。在高等真核生物中，有关蛋白质进口的PTS2的加工方法是保守的。切割位点通常在P1或P2处含有Cys。我们通过柱色谱，制备型天然等电聚焦和2D PAGE技术从西瓜（Citrullus vulgaris）的储脂子叶中纯化了乙醛酸加工蛋白酶（GPP）。 GPP以两种形式出现：72 kDa单体和144 kDa二聚体，它们彼此平衡。 Ca（2）的去除朝向单体，Ca（2）的添加朝向二聚体移动。单体是一种一般的降解蛋白酶，并被变性的蛋白质激活。二聚体构成了加工蛋白酶，因为已证明对单体的底物特异性（Phi-Arg / Lys向下箭头）不同于在单体混合物中发现的加工底物特异性（Cys-Xxx向下箭头/ Xxx-Cys向下箭头）。二聚体。拟南芥基因组分析揭示了三种预计在过氧化物酶体中存在的蛋白酶，Deg蛋白酶，pitrilysin样金属肽酶和Lon蛋白酶。针对拟南芥中过氧化物酶体Deg蛋白酶的特异性抗体（Deg15）将西瓜GPP鉴定为Deg15。拟南芥DEG15基因（At1g28320）中的敲除突变可防止乙醛酸苹果酸脱氢酶前体加工成成熟形式。因此，GPP / Deg15属于一组以大肠杆菌DegP为原型的胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶。然而，GPP / Deg15具有特定的特征，因此是Deg蛋白酶中的一个新的亚组。