Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.

译文

:灌水是软化干食品以加快消耗时间的水,通常在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比海gra(Quiscalus lugubris)中非常罕见。在将种内竞争和盗窃风险降至最低的条件下,将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时,可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使正常情况下野生动物行为的低频与先前实验中获得的高频率相一致,我们测试了3种情况,其中扣篮在0%到70%之间变化。当通过预先浸泡食物而使不必要的粪便稀少,水远离所提供的干粮时,仅提供一种粮食,所有竞争性互动和盗窃企图都集中在一个人身上。相比之下,当不预先浸泡食物时,扣篮率很高,水接近干粮,并且不止一项(因此成为竞争和盗窃的目标)。这些实验证实,与其他类似原型工具的食品加工技术一样,灌篮率取决于使用情况的成本和收益。

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