BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Composition Profiler is a web-based tool for semi-automatic discovery of enrichment or depletion of amino acids, either individually or grouped by their physico-chemical or structural properties. RESULTS:The program takes two samples of amino acids as input: a query sample and a reference sample. The latter provides a suitable background amino acid distribution, and should be chosen according to the nature of the query sample, for example, a standard protein database (e.g. SwissProt, PDB), a representative sample of proteins from the organism under study, or a group of proteins with a contrasting functional annotation. The results of the analysis of amino acid composition differences are summarized in textual and graphical form. CONCLUSION:As an exploratory data mining tool, our software can be used to guide feature selection for protein function or structure predictors. For classes of proteins with significant differences in frequencies of amino acids having particular physico-chemical (e.g. hydrophobicity or charge) or structural (e.g. alpha helix propensity) properties, Composition Profiler can be used as a rough, light-weight visual classifier.

背景与目标： 背景：Composition Profiler是一种基于Web的工具，可用于半自动发现氨基酸的富集或耗竭，无论是单独地还是通过其物理化学或结构特性对其进行分组。
结果：该程序将两个氨基酸样本作为输入：查询样本和参考样本。后者提供了合适的背景氨基酸分布，应根据查询样品的性质进行选择，例如，标准蛋白质数据库（例如SwissProt，PDB），来自正在研究的生物体的代表性蛋白质样品或具有相反功能注释的蛋白质组。氨基酸组成差异的分析结果以文本和图形形式进行了总结。
结论：作为探索性数据挖掘工具，我们的软件可用于指导蛋白质功能或结构预测因子的特征选择。对于具有特定物理化学（例如疏水性或电荷）或结构（例如α螺旋倾向）性质的氨基酸频率差异显着的蛋白质类别，Composition Profiler可用作粗略，轻量的视觉分类器。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Mechanisms that allow selection of a dominant ovarian follicle from a cohort of growing follicles are unknown. Large healthy, estrogen-active follicles contain more LH receptors than atretic estrogen-inactive follicles, and levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for LH receptor increase in the granulosa cells of dominant follicles as growth progresses. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that changes in the temporal pattern of expression of mRNA for LH and FSH receptors are associated with selection of dominant follicles in cattle. Based on size, the dominant and two largest subordinate follicles were collected from the ovaries of heifers on days 2 (n = 3) or 3 (n = 3) of a follicular wave. On day 2, the dominant follicle was 1 mm larger than the largest subordinate follicle, but by day 3 of the wave the dominant follicle was 2-4 mm larger than the largest subordinate. Follicular fluid concentrations of estradiol and estradiol secretion in vitro by pieces of follicle wall (granulosa and theca cells) were greatest by the dominant compared with the subordinate follicles (P < 0.05). These data indicate that selection of a dominant follicle had occurred by the second day of the follicular wave. By in situ hybridization, mRNAs for LH and FSH receptors, P450 aromatase and P450 17alpha-hydroxylase (17alpha-OH) were localized in frozen sections from each follicle. The expression of mRNA for LH receptor in granulosa cells was always at or near background and was not different between days or follicle types (P = 0.63). In contrast, the expression of mRNA for LH receptor in theca cells of the same sections was readily detectable; there was no difference between follicle types on the second day of the follicular wave, but by the third day expression in the subordinate follicles had decreased (P < 0.05). The expression of mRNA for FSH receptor was highest in granulosa cells of dominant follicles collected on day 3 of the follicular wave (P < 0.05) and was not different between dominant and subordinate follicles on day 2 of the wave (P > 0.05). The expression of mRNA for aromatase in granulosa cells was similar (P > 0.05) between the dominant follicles on days 2 and 3 and the largest subordinate follicle on day 2 of the follicular wave and was much lower in the remaining follicles (P < 0.01). On day 2 of the wave, the expression of mRNA for 17alpha-OH was not different between the dominant and subordinate follicles, but by day 3 the dominant follicles had more mRNA for 17alpha-OH than the subordinate follicles (P < 0.05). These data show that the dominant follicle had been selected by the second day of the follicular wave (based on diameter and estradiol secretion) and that selection occurred in the absence of detectable levels of mRNA for LH receptor in the granulosa cells or differences between dominant and subordinate follicles in mRNA for LH receptor in theca cells or FSH receptor in granulosa cells. However, the divergent pattern of growth between dominant and subordinate follicles (after follicle selection) was associated with higher levels of mRNA for gonadotropin receptors and steroidogenic enzymes in dominant compared with subordinate follicles. Therefore, selection of the dominant follicle in cattle does not appear to involve the regulation of expression of mRNA for gonadotropin receptors, although such regulation may be important at other stages of differentiation of the dominant follicle.

背景与目标： 尚不能从一群生长的卵泡中选择占优势的卵巢卵泡的机制。大型健康的，具有雌激素活性的卵泡比非定型的无雌激素的卵泡包含更多的LH受体，随着生长的进行，优势卵泡的颗粒细胞中LH受体的信使RNA（mRNA）的水平会增加。本研究的目的是检验以下假设：牛的LH和FSH受体的mRNA表达的时间变化与选择的优势卵泡有关。根据大小，在卵泡波的第2天（n = 3）或第3天（n = 3）从小母牛的卵巢中收集主要和两个最大的次要卵泡。在第2天，优势卵泡比最大的次级卵泡大1毫米，但是到波浪的第3天，优势卵泡比最大从属卵泡大2-4 mm。与下级卵泡相比，卵泡壁中的卵泡液浓度和卵泡壁碎片（颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞）的雌二醇分泌最大（P <0.05）。这些数据表明，在卵泡波的第二天就发生了优势卵泡的选择。通过原位杂交，LH和FSH受体，P450芳香化酶和P45017α-羟化酶（17α-OH）的mRNA位于每个卵泡的冷冻切片中。颗粒细胞中LH受体的mRNA表达始终在本底或接近本底，并且在天数或卵泡类型之间无差异（P = 0.63）。相反，在相同切片的caca细胞中，LH受体的mRNA表达很容易检测到。卵泡波第二天的卵泡类型之间没有差异，但是到第三天，从属卵泡中的卵泡表达降低（P <0.05）。 FSH受体的mRNA表达在卵泡波第3天时在优势卵泡的颗粒细胞中最高（P <0.05），而在卵泡波的第2天在优势卵和从属卵泡之间无差异（P> 0.05）。卵泡波第2天和第3天的优势卵泡与第2天最大的从属卵泡之间的颗粒细胞芳香化酶mRNA表达相似（P> 0.05），而在其余卵泡中则低得多（P <0.01） 。在第2天，优势和次级卵泡中17alpha-OH的mRNA表达没有差异，但是到第3天，优势卵泡中的17alpha-OH的mRNA比次级卵泡更多（P <0.05）。这些数据表明，在卵泡波的第二天就已经选择了优势卵泡（基于直径和雌二醇的分泌），并且这种选择是在颗粒细胞中没有检测到LH受体的mRNA水平或优势与优势之间存在差异的情况下发生的。卵泡膜细胞中LH受体或颗粒细胞中FSH受体的mRNA中的次级卵泡。然而，与下级卵泡相比，显性卵泡和下级卵泡（选择卵泡后）之间的不同生长方式与促性腺激素受体和类固醇生成酶的mRNA水平更高有关。因此，在牛中选择优势卵泡似乎并不涉及促性腺激素受体mRNA的表达调控，尽管这种调控在优势卵泡分化的其他阶段可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The present study examined the differences of self-ratings of 4 h sleep in three statesL-WE, where the percentage of waking time and urinary epinephrine are low (< 20% waking time); H-W, where the percentage of waking time and epinephrine levels increase along the basal regression line as determined by a previous study (20-100% waking time and < 7 ng/min); H-E, where epinephrine levels increase more than expected from the basal regression line for the two parameters (> 7 ng/min). Eight healthy male subjects participated twice in a 4 h polysomnograph experiment with four types of sleep onset (total of 64 observations). In group L-WE (52 observations for eight subjects), there were no excessively negative feelings on sleep latency, sleep depth, and feelings of sleep compared with usual sleep according to the questionnaire. Subjective sleep diagrams in group L-WE were similar to polysomnographic findings. Thus, group L-WE was thought objectively and subjectively to have a good sleep state. Groups H-W (eight observations for four subjects) and H-E (four observations for two subjects) had negative feelings regarding sleep depth and feelings of sleep compared with usual sleep. Approximately half the group H-W underrated their sleep compared with objective diagrams, while all cases in group H-E remarkably underrated their sleep in the subjective diagrams. The state of remarkable adrenal medullary secretory activity seen in group H-E and that of the slightly increased activity shown in group H-W were included in poor sleep states objectively and subjectively.

背景与目标： 本研究研究了三个州L-WE的4小时睡眠自我评价的差异，其中L-WE的醒来时间和尿肾上腺素的百分比较低（醒来时间<20％）。 H-W，如先前研究确定的那样，苏醒时间和肾上腺素水平的百分比沿基线回归线增加（苏醒时间为20-100％，<7 ng / min）； H-E，其中两个参数（> 7 ng / min）的肾上腺素水平增加超过基线回归线的预期。八名健康的男性受试者两次参加了4小时多导睡眠图实验，其中有四种类型的睡眠发作（总共64次观察）。根据问卷调查，在L-WE组（对八个受试者的52项观察）中，与通常的睡眠相比，在睡眠潜伏期，睡眠深度和睡眠感觉上没有过度的负面感觉。 L-WE组的主观睡眠图与多导睡眠图检查结果相似。因此，客观地和主观地认为L-WE组具有良好的睡眠状态。与常规睡眠相比，H-W组（四个受试者的八个观察结果）和H-E组（两个受试者的四个观察结果）对睡眠深度和睡眠感觉有负面感觉。与客观图表相比，H-W组大约一半的人低估了他们的睡眠，而在客观图表中，H-E组的所有病例均明显低估了他们的睡眠。 H-E组所见的肾上腺髓质分泌活动显着状态和H-W组所显示的肾上腺髓质分泌活动略有增加的状态被客观地和主观地纳入了不良睡眠状态。