BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From the roots of Ozoroa insignis a new orsellinic acid named ozoroalide (1) and anacardic acid methyl ester (2) were isolated and identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods.

背景与目标： ：从Ozoroa insignis的根中分离出一种新的奥数酸，命名为ozoroalide（1）和anacardic酸甲酯（2），并根据分光光度法进行了鉴定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :After a long exposure to far-red light (20 hrs, 715 mn) a short red irradiation does not induce germination again. After shorter exposure to far-red (10 hrs) the reversible red far-red reaction takes place. The germination in complete darkness is probably due to the presence of Pfr (1) in dry seeds.The photoinhibition of the germination by far-red light depends on the level of the photostationary state (P730/PTotal) and on the quantum flux density.

背景与目标： ：长时间暴露于远红外线（20小时，7.15亿）后，短暂的红色照射不会再次引起发芽。短时间暴露于远红色（10小时）后，发生了可逆的红色远红色反应。在完全黑暗中发芽可能是由于干燥种子中存在Pfr（1）。远红光对发芽的光抑制作用取决于光平稳态（P730 / PTotal）的水平和量子通量密度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infection with Dracunculus insignis was established in 7 of 10 ferrets experimentally inoculated intraperitoneally with 10 third-stage larvae (L3's). Worm recovery and infection rate were comparable to animals inoculated with 50 L3's. This study demonstrates that once infective larvae traverse the gut and pass into the peritoneal cavity, very few larvae are required to establish infection.

背景与目标： ：在实验性腹膜内接种10个第三期幼虫（L3's）的10只雪貂中，有7只雪貂感染了龙尾草。蠕虫的恢复和感染率与接种50 L3的动物相当。这项研究表明，一旦感染性幼虫横穿肠道进入腹膜腔，则需要很少的幼虫来进行感染。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study, undertaken as a component of the global Dracunculiasis Eradication Program (DEP), was designed to provide molecular tools to distinguish Dracunculus medinensis, the nematode causing human dracunculiasis, from other tissue-dwelling nematodes, including other Dracunculus species that infect humans and other animals. DNA was extracted from D. medinensis and from a closely related species that infects North American carnivores, D. insignis, so that the genes coding for the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) of the parasites could be amplified, sequenced and compared. Sequences were obtained for 20 specimens of D. medinensis (from humans in Pakistan, Yemen and six African countries endemic for dracunculiasis) and three of D. insignis (from raccoons trapped in the state of Georgia in the southern U.S.A.). All of the D. medinensis 18S-rRNA sequences were found to be 1819 bases long and identical. The three D. insignis 18S-rRNA sequences were also found to be identical to each other but were 1821 bases long and differed from the D. medinensis 18S- rRNA sequence at eight positions (representing a difference of 0.44%). The 18S-rRNA coding region of a Guinea worm extracted from a dog in Ghana was indistinguishable from that of the D. medinensis isolates from human cases. These results provide the basis for the molecular differentiation of D. medinensis that will permit the DEP to determine, rapidly and accurately, whether a worm recovered from an area considered dracunculiasis-free is a specimen of D. medinensis or not.

背景与目标： ：这项研究是全球根除麦地那龙线虫计划（DEP）的一部分，旨在提供分子工具，将引起人类麦地那龙线虫的线虫Dracunculus medinensis与其他居住在组织内的线虫，包括其他感染人类和人类的线虫。其他动物。 DNA是从D. medinensis和感染北美食肉动物D. insignis的密切相关物种中提取的，因此可以扩增，测序和比较编码该寄生虫小亚基核糖体RNA（18S rRNA）的基因。获得了20份D. medinensis（来自巴基斯坦，也门和六个非洲国家的麦地那龙线虫病）的标本和3份D. insignis（来自美国南部佐治亚州被困的浣熊）的序列。发现所有的D. medinensis 18S-rRNA序列长1819个碱基且相同。还发现了三个D.signis的18S-rRNA序列彼此相同，但长度为1821个碱基，并且在八个位置与Me.ensis的18S-rRNA序列不同（差异为0.44％）。从加纳的一只狗中提取的几内亚蠕虫的18S-rRNA编码区与人类病例中的D. medinensis分离株没有区别。这些结果为D. medinensis的分子分化提供了基础，这将使DEP能够快速，准确地确定从认为没有麦地那龙线虫病的地区回收的蠕虫是否是D. medinensis的标本。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of present study was to examine the effects of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from Platonia insignis on lipid peroxidation level, nitrite formation, and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat striatum prior to pilocarpine-induced seizures as well as to explore its anticonvulsant activity in adult rats prior to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- and picrotoxin (PIC)-induced seizures. Wistar rats were treated with vehicle, atropine (25mg/kg), EAF (0.1, 1, and 10mg/kg), pilocarpine (400mg/kg, P400 group), PTZ (60 mg/kg, PTZ group), PIC (8 mg/kg, PIC group), atropine+P400, EAF+P400, EAF+PTZ, or EAF+PIC. Significant decreases in number of crossings and rearings were observed in the P400 group. The EAF 10+P400 group also had significant increases in these parameters. In addition, in rats treated with P400, there were significant increases in lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels; however, there were no alterations in SOD and catalase activities. In the EAF 10+P400 group, lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels significantly decreased and SOD and catalase activities significantly increased after pilocarpine-induced seizures. Additionally, effects of the EAF were evaluated in PTZ and PIC models. EAF did not increase the latency to development of convulsions induced with PTZ and PIC at the doses tested. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that EAF does not have anticonvulsant activity in the different models of epilepsy studied. Our results indicate that in the in vivo model of pilocarpine-induced seizures, EAF has antioxidant activity, but not anticonvulsant properties at the doses tested.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是检查毛果芸香碱诱发癫痫发作之前，柏拉图徽章的乙酸乙酯级分（EAF）对大鼠纹状体脂质过氧化水平，亚硝酸盐形成以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响，并探讨在戊四氮（PTZ）和微毒素（PIC）诱发的癫痫发作之前，其抗惊厥活性在成年大鼠中。 Wistar大鼠接受媒介物，阿托品（25mg / kg），EAF（0.1、1和10mg / kg），毛果芸香碱（400mg / kg，P400组），PTZ（60 mg / kg，PTZ组），PIC（8）治疗mg / kg，PIC组），阿托品P400，EAF P400，EAF PTZ或EAF PIC。在P400组中，观察到的过境和繁殖数量显着减少。 EAF 10 P400组的这些参数也有明显增加。此外，在用P400治疗的大鼠中，脂质过氧化和亚硝酸盐水平显着增加。但是，SOD和过氧化氢酶活性没有变化。在EAF 10 P400组中，毛果芸香碱诱发癫痫发作后脂质过氧化和亚硝酸盐水平显着降低，SOD和过氧化氢酶活性显着提高。此外，在PTZ和PIC模型中评估了EAF的效果。在所测试的剂量下，EAF不会增加PTZ和PIC诱发的惊厥发展的潜伏期。我们的发现强有力地支持了以下假设：EAF在所研究的不同癫痫模型中不具有抗惊厥活性。我们的结果表明，在毛果芸香碱诱发的癫痫发作的体内模型中，EAF具有抗氧化活性，但在所测试的剂量下不具有抗惊厥特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The preliminary LC-MS investigation on the stems of Nouelia insignis manifested the existence of diterpenoids. As a result, 15 ent-kaurane diterpenoids, including 7 new glycosides (nouelosides A-G, 1-7), were isolated under the direction of LC-MS analysis. The new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR data and chemical methods. Compounds 6 and 15 with the exo-methylene cyclopentanone functional group exhibited obvious nitric oxide production inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 3.84±0.20 and 3.19±0.25μM.

背景与目标： ：对Nouelia insignis茎进行的LC-MS初步研究表明存在二萜类化合物。结果，在LC-MS分析的指导下，分离出了15种新戊香烷双萜类化合物，其中包括7种新的苷（Nouelosides A-G，1-7）。通过广泛的光谱分析，包括HRESIMS，1D和2D NMR数据以及化学方法，确定了这些新化合物。具有外亚甲基环戊酮官能团的化合物6和15表现出明显的一氧化氮生成抑制活性，IC50值为3.84±0.20和3.19±0.25μM。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new diterpenes and ent-15alpha-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid 11,12-acetonide (3), together with 23 known compounds were isolated from the dried aerial parts of Nouelia insignis Franch. The structures of new compounds were determined to be ent-14beta,15alpha-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (1), ent-14beta-hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (2) on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. The structure of ent-11alpha,16alpha-epoxy-15alpha-hydroxy-16S-kaur-19-oic acid (4) was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.

背景与目标： ：从干燥的Nouelia insignis Franch的地上部分中分离出两个新的二萜和15-15-羟基kaur-16-en-19-乙酸十一酸丙酮酯（3），以及23种已知化合物。确定新化合物的结构为ent-14beta，15alpha-dihydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid（1），ent-14beta-hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid（2）根据光谱和化学证据。通过X射线晶体学分析证实了ent-11α，16α-环氧-15α-羟基-16S-kaur-19-oic酸（4）的结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phytoecdysteroid glucosides, brainesterosides A-E, were isolated from the rhizomes of Brainea insignis along with three known phytoecdysteroids, ponasteroside A, ponasterone A, and 20-hydroxyecdysone. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical means. A possible biogenetic pathway is postulated for these compounds. The chemosystematic significance of ponasterone A is discussed.

背景与目标： ：蜕皮甾体苷，脑脂苷A-E与3种已知的植物蜕皮甾体，皂甙A，ponasterone A和20-羟基蜕皮甾酮一起被分离自Brainea insignis的根茎。通过光谱和化学方法阐明了它们的结构。推测这些化合物可能的生物遗传途径。讨论了ponasterone A的化学系统意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four new compounds, maninsigins A-D (1-4), including two new neolignans (1-2) and two new sesquiterpenes (3-4), as well as ten known compounds (5-14), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Manglietia insignis. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. In addition, some compounds were tested for their cytotoxic and neurite outgrowth-promoting activities, as well as their antagonistic activity toward FXR ligand.

背景与目标： 从叶子中分离出四种新化合物，Maninsigins AD（1-4），包括两个新的新木脂素（1-2）和两个新的倍半萜（3-4），以及十个已知的化合物（5-14）。莲gli的茎。它们的结构是在广泛的光谱分析的基础上建立的。另外，测试了某些化合物的细胞毒性和神经突生长促进活性，以及​​它们对FXR配体的拮抗活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Microbial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health problem, which requires urgent attention. Platonia insignis is a native species from the eastern Brazilian Amazon, used in the treatment of burns and wounds. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. insignis (PIHA), the ethyl acetate fraction (PIAE), and its subfraction containing a mixture of biflavonoids (BF). Moreover, the effect of these natural products on the antibiotic activity against S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes was also evaluated. METHODS:Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined against different species of microorganisms. To evaluate the modulatory effect on the Norfloxacin-resistance, the MIC of this antibiotic was determined in the absence and presence of the natural products at subinhibitory concentrations. Inhibition of the EtBr efflux assays were conducted in the absence or presence of the natural products. RESULTS:PIHA showed a microbicidal effect against S. aureus and C. albicans, while PIAE was bacteriosctatic for S. aureus. PIAE and BF at subinhibitory concentrations were able to reduce the MIC of Norfloxacin acting as modulating agents. BF was able to inhibit the efflux of EtBr efflux in S. aureus strains overexpressing specific efflux pump genes. CONCLUSION:P. inignisis a source of efflux pump inhibitors, including volkensiflavone and morelloflavone which were able to potentiate the Norfloxacin activity by NorA inhibition, being also able to inhibit QacA/B, TetK and MsrA. Volkensiflavone and morelloflavone could be used as adjuvant in the antibiotic therapy of multidrug resistant S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pumps.

背景与目标： 背景：微生物对抗生素的耐药性是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，亟待关注。 Platonia insignis是来自巴西东部亚马逊的原生物种，用于烧伤和伤口的治疗。
目的：评估权威假单胞菌（PIHA），乙酸乙酯级分（PIAE）及其包含双黄酮类混合物（BF）的子级分的水醇提取物的抗菌活性。此外，还评估了这些天然产物对针对过表达外排泵基因的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的抗生素活性的影响。
方法：测定对不同种类微生物的最低抑菌浓度。为了评估对诺氟沙星抗性的调节作用，在不存在和存在亚抑菌浓度的天然产物的情况下，测定该抗生素的MIC。在不存在或存在天然产物的情况下进行EtBr外排测定的抑制。
结果：PIHA对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌具有杀菌作用，而PIAE对金黄色葡萄球菌具有杀菌作用。亚抑菌浓度下的PIAE和BF能够降低诺氟沙星作为调节剂的MIC。 BF能够抑制过表达特定外排泵基因的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株中EtBr外排。
结论：P。激发了外排泵抑制剂的来源，其中包括Volkensiflavone和morelloflavone，它们能够通过NorA抑制来增强Norfloxacin的活性，还能够抑制QacA / B，TetK和MsrA。 Volkensiflavone和morelloflavone可以用作过度表达外排泵的耐多药金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的抗生素治疗的佐剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The pattern of shell occupation by the hermit crab Dardanus insignis (Saussure, 1858) from the subtropical region of southeastern coast of Brazil was investigated in the present study. The percentage of shell types that were occupied and the morphometric relationships between hermit crabs and occupied shells were analyzed from monthly collections conducted during two years (from January 1998 to December 1999). Individuals were categorized according to sex and gonadal maturation, weighed and measured with respect to their cephalothoracic shield length (CSL) and wet weight (CWW). Shells were measured regarding their aperture width (SAW), dry weight (SDW) and internal volume (SIV). A total of 1086 hermit crabs was collected, occupying shells of 11 gastropod species. Olivancillaria urceus (Roding, 1798) was most commonly used by the hermit crab D. insignis, followed by Buccinanops cochlidium (Dillwyn, 1817), and Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767). The highest determination coefficients (r2 > 0.50, p < 0.01) were recorded particularly in the morphometric relationships between CSL vs. CWW and SAW vs. SIV, which are important indication that in this D. insignis population the great majority the animals occupied adequate shells during the two years analysed. The high number of used shell species and relative plasticity in pattern of shell utilization by smaller individuals of D. insignis indicated that occupation is influenced by the shell availability, while larger individuals demonstrated more specialized occupation in Tonna galea (Linnaeus, 1758) shell.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，研究了巴西东南沿海亚热带地区的寄居蟹达达努斯·印尼迪斯（Dardanus insignis，Saussure，1858年）对贝壳的占领方式。根据两年（1998年1月至1999年12月）每月收集的数据分析了被占领的贝壳类型的百分比以及寄居蟹与被占领贝壳之间的形态关系。根据性别和性腺成熟度对个体进行分类，称重并根据其头颈胸盾长度（CSL）和湿重（CWW）进行测量。测量了壳的孔径宽度（SAW），干重（SDW）和内部体积（SIV）。总共收集了1086只寄居蟹，占据了11种腹足动物的壳。寄居蟹D. insignis最常使用的是Olivancillaria urceus（Roding，1798年），其次是Buccinanops cochlidium（Dillwyn，1817年）和Stramonita haemastoma（Linnaeus，1767年）。特别是在CSL与CWW和SAW与SIV之间的形态计量关系中，记录了最高的测定系数（r2> 0.50，p <0.01），这很重要地表明，在该D. insignis种群中，绝大多数动物都占据了足够的壳在分析的两年中。较小的D. insignis个体使用的贝壳种类数量众多，并且在贝壳利用模式中具有相对可塑性，这表明占领受贝壳可用性的影响，而较大的个体表现出对Tonna galea（Linnaeus，1758）贝壳更为专业的占领。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The human body is colonized by a diverse collective of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. The smallest entity of this microbial conglomerate are the bacterial viruses. Bacteriophages, or phages for short, exert significant selective pressure on their bacterial hosts, undoubtedly influencing the human microbiome and its impact on our health and well-being. Phages colonize all niches of the body, including the skin, oral cavity, lungs, gut, and urinary tract. As such our bodies are frequently and continuously exposed to diverse collections of phages. Despite the prevalence of phages throughout our bodies, the extent of their interactions with human cells, organs, and immune system is still largely unknown. Phages physically interact with our mucosal surfaces, are capable of bypassing epithelial cell layers, disseminate throughout the body and may manipulate our immune system. Here, I establish the novel concept of an "intra-body phageome," which encompasses the collection of phages residing within the classically "sterile" regions of the body. This review will take a phage-centric view of the microbiota, human body, and immune system with the ultimate goal of inspiring a greater appreciation for both the indirect and direct interactions between bacteriophages and their mammalian hosts.

背景与目标： ：人体被各种各样的微生物定居，包括细菌，真菌，原生动物和病毒。该微生物集团的最小实体是细菌病毒。噬菌体（简称噬菌体）对细菌宿主施加显着的选择性压力，无疑会影响人类微生物组及其对我们的健康和福祉的影响。噬菌体定居于身体的所有壁ni，包括皮肤，口腔，肺，肠和泌尿道。因此，我们的身体经常不断暴露于各种噬菌体中。尽管噬菌体在整个人体中普遍存在，但它们与人类细胞，器官和免疫系统的相互作用程度仍是未知之数。噬菌体与我们的粘膜表面发生物理相互作用，能够绕过上皮细胞层，在整个人体中传播，并可能操纵我们的免疫系统。在这里，我建立了“体内噬菌体”的新概念，其中涵盖了在体内经典的“无菌”区域内存在的噬菌体的集合。这篇综述将以噬菌体为中心，对微生物群，人体和免疫系统进行研究，其最终目标是激发人们对噬菌体与其哺乳动物宿主之间间接和直接相互作用的更多认识。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :From 106 ferrets experimentally infected with Dracunculus insignis, 273 female worms and 42 male worms were recovered. The percentage of female worms that mated, the location of all worms, and the rate of emergence of gravid females were recorded. Of 174 mature female worms recovered, only 11% had emerged before necropsy. Eighty-one percent of the male worms and 87% of all unmated (immature) females were found on the trunk of the animal or on the skin overlying it. Gravid female worms were found on the extremities (legs) 88% of the time. Almost one-third of gravid female worms were found on the left front leg. On 4 occasions, females were found in unusual locations: the tail, the cheek, the lumbar region of the spinal cord, and the peritoneal cavity associated with the omentum. The results showed that only a small percentage of mature female worms emerge, which suggests that infected persons harbor many more gravid female worms than indicated by reports of emergent worms. More than one-third of female worms were not mated, but it is likely that these immature females would be capable of further development. Furthermore, male worms have been observed to survive for up to 330 days, suggesting that male or unmated female worms may carry over from one transmission season to the next.

背景与目标： ：从实验性感染了印度龙的106只雪貂中，发现了273只雌性蠕虫和42只雄性蠕虫。记录交配的雌虫的百分比，所有蠕虫的位置以及妊娠雌虫的出现率。在恢复的174种成熟雌性蠕虫中，尸检前仅出现11％。在动物的躯干或覆盖它的皮肤上发现了81％的雄性蠕虫和87％的所有未交配（未成熟）雌性。 88％的时间在四肢（腿）上发现了严重的雌性蠕虫。在左前腿发现了约三分之一的妊娠雌虫。有4次在不寻常的位置发现雌性：尾巴，脸颊，脊髓的腰部区域以及与网膜相关的腹膜腔。结果表明，只有很少一部分成熟的雌性蠕虫出现，这表明受感染的人所藏的雌性蠕虫比出现的蠕虫报告所指示的要多得多。超过三分之一的雌性蠕虫没有交配，但这些未成熟的雌性很可能能够进一步发育。此外，据观察，雄性蠕虫可以存活多达330天，这表明雄性或未交配的雌性蠕虫可能会从一个传播季节延续到下一个传播季节。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new furan derivative named 3-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl) propanoic acid (1) was isolated for the first time. Its structure was elucidated by UV, IR, NMR, HR-ESI-MS and the single-crystal X-ray diffraction spectroscopic data. Meanwhile, the antifungal and antibacterial activities of compound 1 was tested, it exhibited potent antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum with MIC value of 16 µg/mL and medium antibacterial activity against Streptococcus lactis with MIC value of 32 µg/mL.

背景与目标： ：首次分离出一种新的呋喃衍生物，名为3-（5-氧代-2,5-二氢呋喃-3-基）丙酸（1）。通过UV，IR，NMR，HR-ESI-MS和单晶X射线衍射光谱数据阐明了其结构。同时，测试了化合物1的抗真菌和抗菌活性，它对禾谷镰孢具有强效的抗微生物活性，MIC值为16μg/ mL，对乳酸链球菌具有中等的抗菌活性，MIC值为32μg/ mL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Platonia insignis Mart. (Clusiaceae), commonly known as "bacuri," is a timber and fruit native species of the Brazilian Amazon. Some plants of the Clusiaceae family have their pharmacological properties associated with the presence of xanthone and polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols derivatives, which have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo potential of extracts, fractions, and garcinielliptone FC isolated from of Platonia insignis seeds as a natural antioxidant. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Male Wistar rats (250-280 g; 2 months old) were treated with Tween 80 0.05% dissolved in 0.9% saline (i.p, vehicle - control group), ethanol extract (EE), hexane extract (HE), dichloromethane fraction (DMF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and garcinielliptone FC (GFC) isolated from P. insignis at doses 2 mg/kg (i.p.). All groups were observed for 24 h after the treatment. The antioxidant enzymatic activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were measured using spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS:There were no marked alterations in SOD and CAT activities in rat hippocampus after pretreatment with EE, HE, DMF, EAF, and GFC. However, the pretreatment with GFC induced a significantly increase of 13, 17, 19, and 13% in SOD activities when compared to EE, HE, DMF, or EAF groups, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that GFC isolated from P. insignis has a significant potential to be used as a natural antioxidant agent probably due to the modulation of enzymatic activity of hippocampal SOD.

背景与目标： 背景：Platonia insignis Mart。 （Clusiaceae），俗称“ bacuri”，是巴西亚马逊河地区的一种木材和水果原生种。伞形科的一些植物具有与黄酮和具有抗氧化和抗癌活性的多环多烯丙基化酰基间苯三酚衍生物有关的药理特性。
目的：本研究的目的是评估从柏叶籽作为天然抗氧化剂分离出的提取物，级分和藤黄内酯FC的体内潜力。
材料与方法：雄性Wistar大鼠（250-280μg； 2个月大），将Tween 80 0.05％溶于0.9％生理盐水（ip，赋形剂-对照组），乙醇提取物（EE），己烷提取物（HE），从徽章假单胞菌中分离出的二氯甲烷级分（DMF），乙酸乙酯级分（EAF）和藤黄素FC（GFC）的剂量为2 mg / kg（ip）。治疗后观察所有组24 h。使用分光光度法测量抗氧化剂的酶活性[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）]。
结果：EE，HE，DMF，EAF和GFC预处理后，大鼠海马的SOD和CAT活性没有明显变化。但是，与EE，HE，DMF或EAF组相比，用GFC预处理分别导致SOD活性显着增加13％，17％，19％和13％。
讨论与结论：我们的发现强有力地支持了这样的假设，即从徽章假单胞菌中分离出的GFC具有潜在的天然抗氧化剂作用，这可能是由于海马SOD的酶促活性调节所致。