BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Microalgae contributed 60% of the total biomass in the extremely hostile (pH 2 and metal-rich waters) environment of Rio Tinto (which is used as a model for the astrobiology of Mars). These algae are closely related to nonextreme lineages, suggesting that adaptation to Rio Tinto water (RTW) must occur rapidly. Fitness from both the microalga Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides and the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was inhibited when they were cultured in RTW. After further incubation for several weeks, D. chlorelloides survived, as a result of the growth of a variant that was resistant to RTW, but RTW-resistant cells did not appear in M. aeruginosa. A Luria-Delbrück fluctuation test revealed that D. chlorelloides RTW-resistant cells arose randomly by rare spontaneous mutations before the RTW exposure (1.38 x 10(-6) mutants per cell division). The mutants with a diminished fitness are maintained in nonextreme waters as the result of a balance between new RTW-resistant cells arising by mutation and RTW-resistant mutants eliminated by natural selection (equilibrium at c. 15 RTW-resistant per 10(7) wild-type cells). Rapid adaptation of eukaryotic algae to RTW could be the result of selection of RTW-resistant mutants occurring spontaneously in nonextreme populations that arrived fortuitously at the river in the past, or in the present continuously.

背景与目标： 在里约热内卢的极端敌对环境（pH 2和富含金属的水域）中，微藻贡献了总生物量的60％（该环境被用作火星的天体生物学模型）。这些藻类与非极端血统密切相关，这表明对力拓水（RTW）的适应必须迅速发生。当它们在RTW中培养时，微藻小球藻和绿藻蓝藻的适应性均受到抑制。进一步孵育数周后，由于对RTW有抗性的变体的生长，小球藻得以存活，但铜绿假单胞菌中未出现对RTW有抗性的细胞。 Luria-Delbrück波动测试表明，D。chlorelloides耐RTW的细胞是在RTW暴露之前通过罕见的自发突变随机产生的（每细胞分裂1.38 x 10（-6）个突变体）。由于突变产生的新RTW抗性细胞与自然选择消除的RTW抗性突变体之间的平衡，适应性降低的突变体在非极端水域中得以维持（每10（7）野生时约15 RTW抗性的平衡）型细胞）。真核藻类对RTW的快速适应可能是选择RTW抗性突变体的结果，这些突变体是在过去或现在连续偶然到达河流的非极端种群中自发发生的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the distribution, transfer and fate of both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cyanotoxins via phytoplankton routes were systematically investigated in two Chinese lakes. Results indicated that PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation dynamics has significantly positive correlations with the biomass of green alga and diatoms. Total lipid content of phytoplankton is the major factor that influences PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation. Cyanobacterial blooms with relatively lower lipid content could also absorb high amount of PCBs due to their high cell density in the water columns, and this process was proposed as major route for the transfer of PCBs in Chinese eutrophic freshwater. According to these findings, a novel route on fates of PCBs via phytoplankton and a green bioadsorption concept were proposed and confirmed. In the practice of mechanical collections of bloom biomass from Lake Taihu, cyanotoxin/cyanobacteria and PCBs were found to be removed simultaneously very efficiently followed this theory.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，系统地研究了两个中国湖泊中浮游植物路线中多氯联苯（PCBs）和氰毒素的分布，转移和结局。结果表明，PCB吸附/生物富集动力学与绿藻和硅藻的生物量具有显着正相关。浮游植物的总脂质含量是影响PCB吸附/生物累积的主要因素。蓝藻水华中脂质含量相对较低的蓝藻由于其在水柱中的高细胞密度也可以吸收大量的多氯联苯，这一过程被认为是中国富营养化淡水中多氯联苯转移的主要途径。根据这些发现，提出并证实了一种通过浮游植物减少多氯联苯命运的新途径和绿色生物吸附概念。在机械收集太湖大花生物量的实践中，遵循该理论，发现氰毒素/蓝细菌和多氯联苯可以非常有效地同时去除。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:To compare the intermodality and interreader agreement for geographic atrophy (GA) lesion size quantification in green-light fundus autofluorescence (GAF; excitation = 518 nm) versus combined blue-light fundus autofluorescence (BAF; excitation = 488 nm) and near-infrared reflectance (NIR; 820 nm) -based grading. Methods:Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) GAF, BAF, and NIR images of 40 eyes from 29 patients (mean age 79.7 years) with GA secondary to AMD were recorded according to a standardized protocol. GA areas were analyzed in GAF, BAF combined with NIR (BAF+NIR), or BAF alone, by four independent readers using semiautomated software (RegionFinder; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of image modality on the measured square-root lesion area. The coefficient of repeatability (CR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were assessed for the square-root lesion area, lesion perimeter, and circularity. Results:GAF-based measurements were on average 0.062 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.08 mm) larger than BAF+NIR-based measurements and 0.077 mm (95% CI 0.06 - 0.10 mm) larger than BAF-based measurements. Interreader agreement was highest for GAF-based analysis ([CR, ICC] 0.196 mm, 0.995) followed by BAF+NIR (0.232 mm, 0.992) and BAF alone (0.263 mm, 0.991). The same was noted for the lesion perimeter and circularity. Post hoc review revealed that interreader differences were associated with media opacification interfering with lesion boundary demarcation to a larger extent in BAF than in GAF. Conclusions:cSLO-based GAF and combined BAF+NIR imaging with semiautomated lesion delineation allow for an accurate and reproducible quantification of GA. The slightly better interreader agreement using cSLO GAF suggests that its use may be preferable in clinical trials examining the change in lesion size as a clinical endpoint.

背景与目标： 目的：比较绿底眼底自发荧光（GAF；激发= 518 nm）与蓝底眼底自发荧光（BAF；激发= 488 nm）和近-基于红外反射率（NIR; 820 nm）的分级。
方法：按照标准方案记录29例年龄平均为79.7岁，继发于AMD的GA患者的40只眼的椎间扫描激光检眼镜（cSLO）GAF，BAF和NIR图像。四个独立的读者使用半自动化软件（RegionFinder； Heidelberg Engineering，Heidelberg，Germany），在GAF，BAF与NIR（BAF NIR）结合或单独使用BAF中分析了GA区域。使用混合效应模型来评估图像模态对所测量的平方根病变区域的影响。对平方根病变面积，病变周长和圆形度评估了重复性系数（CR）和组内相关系数（ICC）。
结果：基于GAF的测量值比基于BAF NIR的测量值平均大0.062 mm（95％置信区间[CI] 0.04-0.08 mm），比基于BAF的测量值大0.077 mm（95％CI 0.06-0.10 mm）。基于GAF的分析（[CR，ICC] 0.196 mm，0.995）的阅读器间协议最高，其次是BAF NIR（0.232 mm，0.992）和单独的BAF（0.263 mm，0.991）。病变周长和圆形度也相同。事后审查显示，与GAF相比，BAF中阅读者之间的差异与媒介混浊干扰病灶边界的程度更大。
结论：基于cSLO的GAF以及结合BAF NIR成像和半自动病变描述，可以对GA进行准确且可重复的定量。使用cSLO GAF的阅读器之间的协议稍好，这表明在临床研究中（病灶大小变化作为临床终点）可能更可取。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:In the Chlorophyta--the green algal phylum comprising the classes Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae--the chloroplast genome displays a highly variable architecture. While chlorophycean chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) deviate considerably from the ancestral pattern described for the prasinophyte Nephroselmis olivacea, the degree of remodelling sustained by the two ulvophyte cpDNAs completely sequenced to date is intermediate relative to those observed for chlorophycean and trebouxiophyte cpDNAs. Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorellales) is currently the only photosynthetic trebouxiophyte whose complete cpDNA sequence has been reported. To gain insights into the evolutionary trends of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae, we sequenced cpDNA from the filamentous alga Leptosira terrestris (Ctenocladales). RESULTS:The 195,081-bp Leptosira chloroplast genome resembles the 150,613-bp Chlorella genome in lacking a large inverted repeat (IR) but differs greatly in gene order. Six of the conserved genes present in Chlorella cpDNA are missing from the Leptosira gene repertoire. The 106 conserved genes, four introns and 11 free standing open reading frames (ORFs) account for 48.3% of the genome sequence. This is the lowest gene density yet observed among chlorophyte cpDNAs. Contrary to the situation in Chlorella but similar to that in the chlorophycean Scenedesmus obliquus, the gene distribution is highly biased over the two DNA strands in Leptosira. Nine genes, compared to only three in Chlorella, have significantly expanded coding regions relative to their homologues in ancestral-type green algal cpDNAs. As observed in chlorophycean genomes, the rpoB gene is fragmented into two ORFs. Short repeats account for 5.1% of the Leptosira genome sequence and are present mainly in intergenic regions. CONCLUSION:Our results highlight the great plasticity of the chloroplast genome in the Trebouxiophyceae and indicate that the IR was lost on at least two separate occasions. The intriguing similarities of the derived features exhibited by Leptosira cpDNA and its chlorophycean counterparts suggest that the same evolutionary forces shaped the IR-lacking chloroplast genomes in these two algal lineages.

背景与目标： 背景：在绿藻（绿藻门，包括草藻科，绿藻科，绿藻科和绿藻科）中，叶绿体基因组显示出高度可变的结构。尽管叶绿藻叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）与描述的古藻类Nephroselmis olivacea的祖先模式有很大差异，但迄今为止，两个完全被测序的ulvophyte cpDNA所维持的重塑程度相对于叶绿藻和trebouxiophyte cpDNA所观察到的中等。小球藻（Chlorellales）是目前唯一已报道完整cpDNA序列的光合藻类植物。为了深入了解细叶藻科中叶绿体基因组的进化趋势，我们对丝状藻类海藻Leptosira terrestris（Ctenocladales）的cpDNA进行了测序。
结果：195081bp的叶绿体叶绿体基因组类似于150613bp的小球藻基因组，但缺少大的反向重复序列（IR），但基因顺序差异很大。小球藻cpDNA中存在的六个保守基因在Leptosira基因库中缺失。 106个保守基因，四个内含子和11个自由开放阅读框（ORF）占基因组序列的48.3％。这是迄今为止在绿藻cpDNA中观察到的最低基因密度。与小球藻中的情况相反，但与斜叶绿藻场景中的情况相似，该基因的分布在Leptosira的两条DNA链上高度偏向。与小球藻中的三个基因相比，九个基因相对于其祖先型绿色藻类cpDNA中的同源物具有显着扩展的编码区。如在叶绿素基因组中所观察到的，rpoB基因被片段化为两个ORF。短重复序列占Leptosira基因组序列的5.1％，主要存在于基因间区域。
结论：我们的结果突显了藻藻科中叶绿体基因组的可塑性，并表明至少在两次不同的情况下IR丢失了。 Leptosira cpDNA及其对应的叶绿素对应物表现出的令人着迷的相似之处表明，相同的进化力塑造了这两个藻类谱系中缺少IR的叶绿体基因组。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cancer chemopreventive effects of polyphenols from green tea (GTP) in mouse models of photocarcinogenesis are established. The present study is extended from mouse model to human system in vivo to determine the effect of topical application of GTP to human individuals against UV light-induced DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) in the skin. UVB-induced CPDs were detected by immunohistochemical technique using monoclonal antibodies to thymine dimers. With the gradual increase in UVB dose, both erythema response and CPD formation in the skin was increased. GTP treatment inhibited both UVB-induced erythema response as well as CPD formation. Topical treatment with GTP (approximately 1 mg/cm2 of skin area) 20 min before human buttock skin (sun-protected site) exposure to UVB inhibited CPD formation in epidermis by 81, 70, 60, and 60% at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 minimal erythema dose of UV exposure, respectively. Treatment of human skin with varying doses of GTP (1-4 mg/2.5 cm2 of skin area) before a single dose of UVB exposure (4.0 minimal erythema dose) decreased dose dependently the formation of UVB-induced CPDs in both epidermis and dermis. The inhibition of UVB-induced CPDs by GTP treatment may be, at least in part, responsible for the inhibition of photocarcinogenesis. Our data suggest that GTP may be used as a novel chemopreventive candidate and possible strategy to reduce UV-induced skin cancer risk in the human population.

背景与目标： ：建立了绿茶（GTP）中的多酚在光致癌小鼠模型中的化学预防作用。本研究从小鼠模型扩展到体内的人体系统，以确定局部应用GT​​P对人体产生的抗UV光诱导的DNA伤害，其形式为皮肤中的环丁烷嘧啶二聚体（CPDs）。使用针对胸腺嘧啶二聚体的单克隆抗体，通过免疫组织化学技术检测了UVB诱导的CPD。随着UVB剂量的逐渐增加，皮肤中的红斑反应和CPD形成均增加。 GTP处理既抑制了UVB引起的红斑反应，又抑制了CPD的形成。在人臀部皮肤（防晒部位）暴露于UVB之前20分钟，用GTP（约1 mg / cm2皮肤面积）局部治疗在0.5、1.0、2.0、81、70、60和60％抑制表皮中的CPD形成。和分别为4.0的紫外线最小红斑剂量。在单剂量的UVB暴露（最小红斑剂量为4.0）之前，使用不同剂量的GTP（1-4 mg / 2.5 cm2皮肤面积）治疗人的皮肤，剂量会减少，这取决于表皮和真皮中UVB诱导的CPD的形成。通过GTP处理抑制UVB诱导的CPD可能至少部分负责光致癌作用的抑制。我们的数据表明，GTP可用作新型化学预防候选药物，并可能是降低人群中紫外线诱发的皮肤癌风险的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Liver mitochondria from the great green goby Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas) normally exhibit bioenergetic variables (membrane potential 165+/-7 mV; respiratory control ratio 6.6+/-0.4; ADP/O ratio 1.85+/-0.8; means +/- s.e.m., N=6) and activities of physiological transport systems (phosphate/proton symporter, adenine nucleotide antiporter, Ca(2+) electrophoretic uniporter) comparable with those of rat liver mitochondria. When incubated in the presence of Ca(2+) and an inducer agent such as phosphate, these mitochondria undergo a complete collapse of membrane potential accompanied by a large-amplitude swelling of the matrix, influx of sucrose from the incubation medium, release of endogenous Mg(2+) and K(+) (approximately 90% of the total) and of preaccumulated Ca(2+) and oxidation of endogenous pyridine nucleotides. All these phenomena, which are completely eliminated by cyclosporin A and inhibited with different efficacies by Mg(2+) and spermine, demonstrate that the induction of the permeability transition in this type of mitochondria has characteristics similar to those described in rat liver mitochondria. In contrast, the requirement for very high Ca(2+) concentrations (greater than 100 micromol l(-1) for the induction of the permeability transition represents a very important difference that distinguishes this phenomenon in fish and mammalian mitochondria.

背景与目标： ：绿色虾虎鱼带状疱疹（Pallas）的肝线粒体通常表现出生物能变量（膜电位165 / -7 mV;呼吸控制比6.6 /-0.4; ADP / O比1.85 /-0.8;平均值/ sem，N = 6）和与大鼠肝线粒体可比的生理转运系统（磷酸/质子同向转运蛋白，腺嘌呤核苷酸反向转运蛋白，Ca（2）电泳单向转运蛋白）的活动。当在Ca（2）和诱导剂（如磷酸盐）的存在下孵育时，这些线粒体经历膜电位的完全塌陷，伴随着基质的大幅度溶胀，蔗糖从孵育培养基中大量涌入，内源性Mg释放（2）和K（）（约占总数的90％）以及预先积累的Ca（2）和内源吡啶核苷酸的氧化作用。所有这些现象，完全被环孢菌素A消除，并被Mg（2）和精胺以不同的效率抑制，证明这种类型的线粒体中通透性转变的诱导具有与大鼠肝线粒体中描述的特征相似的特征。相反，对于非常高的Ca（2）浓度（大于100 micromol l（-1））的诱导渗透性过渡的要求代表了一个非常重要的区别，该区别区分了鱼类和哺乳动物的线粒体中的这一现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Green roofs have been treated as practical low impact development (LID) strategies to retain stormwater runoff and alleviate the rainfall-induced flooding risks in urban regions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hydrological effects of the spatial location of green roofs in urbanized catchments. In the built-up region of Beijing, 12 urbanized catchments with various architectural patterns were chosen as the study areas. To distinguish the spatial characteristics of roof surfaces, we defined the effective roof surfaces to distinguish from other types of roofs, which have more convenient or direct hydrological connections to drainage systems. A hydrological model was then used to simulate the stormwater mitigation performance of green roofs for the study catchments, which were assigned to different rainfall conditions. The simulation results confirmed the benefits of implementing green roofs for urban stormwater regulation. However, the spatial variability of green roofs showed inherent influences on the runoff mitigation capacity in urbanized catchments. Greening on effective roof surfaces would provide more effective stormwater regulation benefits, for reductions in both runoff volume and peak flow. In addition, the spatial arrangement characteristics of roof surfaces also influenced the hydrological efficiency of green roofs. The effect of the spatial location of green roofs on runoff mitigation was rainfall-dependent. These findings provide insights into the hydrological role of green roofs, and suggest that proper siting of LID facilities should be a consideration for urban stormwater management in order to fulfill the hydrological efficiency and cost-effectiveness planning target.

背景与目标： ：绿色屋顶已被视为实用的低影响开发（LID）策略，以保留雨水径流并减轻城市地区降雨引起的洪水风险。这项研究的目的是分析城市化集水区中绿色屋顶空间位置的水文影响。在北京建成区，研究区选择了12个具有各种建筑模式的城市化集水区。为了区分屋顶表面的空间特征，我们定义了有效的屋顶表面，以与其他类型的屋顶区分开来，其他类型的屋顶与排水系统之间的联系更为便捷或直接。然后，使用水文模型来模拟研究集水区的绿色屋顶缓解雨水的性能，这些集水区被分配给了不同的降雨条件。仿真结果证实了为城市雨水调节实施绿色屋顶的好处。然而，绿化屋顶的空间变异性显示了对城市化集水区径流缓解能力的内在影响。有效屋顶表面的绿化将提供更有效的雨水调节效益，以减少径流量和峰值流量。此外，屋顶表面的空间布置特征也影响了绿色屋顶的水文效率。绿化屋顶的空间位置对径流减缓的影响与降雨有关。这些发现提供了对绿色屋顶的水文作用的见解，并建议将LID设施的正确位置选为城市雨水管理的考虑因素，以实现水文效率和成本效益计划目标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:The present study provided a comprehensive description regarding the application of a mixture of three nonliving classes of algae as a promising and inexpensive biosorbent for removing toxic nickel (Ni(II)) ions from the aqueous medium. Methods:The biosorption process was tested by varying several experimental parameters such as pH (2-8), contaminant concentration (20-300 mg/L), biosorbent content (0.2-2 g/100 mL), and temperature (20-40 °C). In addition, the competition effects of the presence of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions on the Ni(II) removal efficiency was studied by varying their concentrations from 30 to 40 mg/L. Results:The microscopic analysis of algae demonstrated that the used biosorbent consisted mainly of Chrysophyta (80%), Chlorophyte (14%), and Cyanophyta (6%). Results demonstrated that these environmental parameters influenced the removal efficiency with a different degree and there was no stable effects rank at conditions under examination. FT-IR and SEM analysis revealed that the biosorbent surface consists of many strong and active groups of negative valences such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, thus exhibiting several morphological properties of interest. Further, it was found that the Temkin model best fitted the isotherm biosorption data. The kinetic study showed that the Ni(II) biosorption was rapid within first 20 min of reaction time, thereby following a pseudo-second-order model, which in turn demonstrated a chemisorption process of Ni(II) ions reaction with the biosorbent binding sites. Also, the thermodynamic study suggested that the biosorption process of Ni(II) onto algal biomass was a spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The maximum uptake of Ni(II) was 9.848 mg/g under optimized conditions and neutral environment. Conclusions:Thus, this significant finding suggested a favorable and eco-friendly treatment mechanism for removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous medium via biosorption onto the used mixture of nonliving algal biomass.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究提供了三种非生命藻类混合物作为有前途且廉价的生物吸附剂从水性介质中去除有毒镍（Ni（II））离子的应用的全面描述。
方法：通过改变多个实验参数来测试生物吸附过程，例如pH（2-8），污染物浓度（20-300 mg / L），生物吸附剂含量（0.2-2 g / 100mL）和温度（20-40） °C）。此外，通过将其浓度从30毫克/升改变为40毫克/升，研究了Pb（II），Cu（II）和Zn（II）离子的存在对Ni（II）去除效率的竞争影响。
结果：藻类的显微分析表明，所用生物吸附剂主要由金藻（80％），绿藻（14％）和蓝藻（6％）组成。结果表明，这些环境参数在不同程度上影响去除效率，并且在检查条件下没有稳定的影响等级。 FT-IR和SEM分析表明，生物吸附剂表面由许多具有负价的强而活跃的负价基团组成，例如羟基和羧基，因此表现出令人关注的几种形态学特性。此外，发现Temkin模型最适合等温线生物吸附数据。动力学研究表明，在反应时间的前20分钟内Ni（II）的生物吸附迅速，因此遵循伪二级模型，这反过来证明了Ni（II）离子与生物吸附剂结合位点反应的化学吸附过程。 。而且，热力学研究表明，Ni（II）在藻类生物质上的生物吸附过程本质上是自发的并且是吸热的。在优化条件和中性环境下，Ni（II）的最大吸收量为9.848 mg / g。
结论：因此，这一重要发现提出了一种有利且环保的处理机制，该机制可通过生物吸附到使用过的非藻类生物质混合物上而从水性介质中去除Ni（II）离子。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus hirsutus mediated seed extract for nanoparticle synthesis. BACKGROUND:Gastrointestinal bacteria are known for causing deadly infections in humans. They also possess multi-drug resistance and interfere with clinical treatments. Applied nanotechnology has been known to combat such infectious agents with little interference from their special attributes. Here we synthesize silver nanoparticles from Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract against two gastro-intestinal bacterial species: Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes. OBJECTIVE:To collect, dry, and process seeds of Artocarpus hirsutus for nanoparticle synthesis. To evaluate the morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles with bacteria. METHODS:Artocarpus hirsutus seeds were collected and processed and further silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV, FTIR, and SEM. These nanoparticles were employed to study the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against Enterobacter aerogenes and Listeria monocytogenes using well diffusion method. Further, morphological interaction of silver nanoparticles on bacteria was studied using SEM. RESULTS:Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Artocarpus hirsutus seed extract and characterization studies confirmed that silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with 25-40 nm size. Antibacterial study exhibited better activity against Enterobacter aerogenes with a maximum zone of inhibition than on Listeria monocytogenes. SEM micrographs indicated that Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria were more susceptible to silver nanoparticles due to the absence of cell wall. Also, the size and charge of silver nanoparticles enable easy penetration of the bacterial cell wall. CONCLUSION:In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the seed extract of Artocarpus hirsutus for the first time exploiting the fact that Moraceae species have high phytonutrient content which aided in nanoparticle synthesis. This nanoparticle can be employed for large scale synthesis which when coupled with the pharmaceutical industry can be used to overcome the problems associated with conventional antibiotics to treat gastrointestinal bacteria.

背景与目标： 目的：评价面包果介导的种子提取物对纳米粒子合成的抗菌活性。
背景：胃肠道细菌导致人类致命的感染。它们还具有多药耐药性并干扰临床治疗。已知应用纳米技术可在不受其特殊属性干扰的情况下与此类传染源抗争。在这里，我们从面包果种子提取物中合成了针对两种胃肠道细菌的银纳米颗粒：产气肠杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特菌。
目的：收集，干燥和加工面包果种子进行纳米颗粒合成。评估银纳米粒子与细菌的形态相互作用。
方法：收集和处理面包果种子，并通过共沉淀法合成银纳米颗粒。使用XRD，UV，FTIR和SEM对合成的纳米颗粒进行表征。这些纳米颗粒被用于通过良好扩散方法研究纳米颗粒对产气肠杆菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的抗菌活性。此外，使用SEM研究了银纳米颗粒在细菌上的形态相互作用。
结果：利用面包果种子提取物合成了银纳米颗粒，表征研究证实银纳米颗粒为球形，尺寸为25-40 nm。抗菌研究显示，与单核细胞增生李斯特菌相比，对产气肠杆菌具有最大的抑制作用，具有更好的抑制作用。 SEM显微照片表明，由于不存在细胞壁，所以产气肠杆菌对银纳米颗粒更敏感。而且，银纳米颗粒的大小和电荷使细菌细胞壁易于渗透。
结论：在这项研究中，利用禾本科物种具有高植物营养素含量的事实，首次利用面包果种子提取物合成了银纳米颗粒。该纳米颗粒可用于大规模合成，当与制药工业结合使用时，可用于克服与常规抗生素相关的治疗胃肠道细菌的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Common materials used in tissue engineering are not cost-effective and natural origin. Hence, we designed green, safe, and antibacterial bionanocomposite (bio-NC) films based on polysaccharides, chitosan (CS) and gum tragacanth (GT) for the bone tissue engineering. For this aim, different percentages of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and green silver (Ag)-doped TiO2 NPs (TiO2@Ag hybrid) were employed as nanofiller to improve the properties of the CS-GT film. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of the bio-NC films were examined with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FE-SEM images showed a rough surface for the CS-GT/TiO2@Ag bio-NC films, and TEM images showed better dispersion of TiO2@Ag hybrid than TiO2 NPs into the CS-GT matrix. Also, these bio-NC films were considered for the bioactivity test and the results showed formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the prepared bio-NC films. Furthermore, addition of GT led to an increase in the bioactivity of the CS-GT blend. Finally, antibacterial behavior of the prepared bio-NC films was investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with/without ultraviolet irradiation and the results indicated better antibacterial performance for the CS-GT/TiO2@Ag bio-NC film (TiO2:Ag = 1:1) under both conditions.

背景与目标： ：在组织工程中使用的常用材料并非具有成本效益和天然来源。因此，我们设计了基于多糖，壳聚糖（CS）和黄tr胶（GT）的绿色，安全和抗菌的仿生复合材料（bio-NC）膜，用于骨组织工程。为了这个目的，采用不同百分比的二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO2 NPs）和掺杂绿银（Ag）的TiO2 NPs（TiO2 @ Ag杂化）作为纳米填料，以改善CS-GT膜的性能。此外，用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM），傅立叶变换红外，X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜（TEM）检查了生物NC膜的理化特性。 FE-SEM图像显示CS-GT / TiO2 @ Ag生物NC膜的表面粗糙，而TEM图像显示TiO2 @ Ag杂化物比TiO2 NPs更好地分散到CS-GT基质中。另外，考虑将这些生物NC膜进行生物活性测试，结果表明在制备的生物NC膜的表面上形成了羟基磷灰石。此外，添加GT导致CS-GT共混物的生物活性增加。最后，研究了制备的生物NC膜在有/无紫外线照射下对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能，结果表明CS-GT / TiO2 @ Ag生物NC膜具有更好的抗菌性能（TiO2：Ag = 1：1）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Members of the Watanabea clade of Trebouxiophyceae are genetically diverse and widely distributed in all kinds of habitats, especially in most terrestrial habitats. Ten new strains of terrestrial algae isolated from the tropical rainforest in China, and four published strains were investigated in this study. Morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S, ITS, rbcL, and tufA genes were used to identify the new strains. Four previously described species were reinvestigated to supplement molecular data and autospores' morphological photographs. The phylogenetic analyses based on 18S only, the concatenated dataset of 18S and ITS, as well as the concatenated dataset of rbcL and tufA, showed the same phylogenetic positions and relationships of these new strains. According to the phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparisons results, we described these 10 strains as four new members within the Watanabea clade, Polulichloris yunnanensis sp. nov., Polulichloris ovale sp. nov., Massjukichlorella orientale sp. nov., and Massjukichlorella minus sp. nov., and two known species, Massjukichlorella epiphytica, and Mysteriochloris nanningensis. Additionally, we provide strong evidence proving that Phyllosiphon, Mysteriochloris, Polulichloris, and Desertella all reproduce through unequal sized autospores.

背景与目标： ：Trebouxiophyceae的Watanabea进化枝成员在遗传上是多样的，并且广泛分布在各种生境中，尤其是在大多数陆地生境中。从中国热带雨林中分离出十种新的陆地藻菌株，并研究了四种已发表的菌株。基于18S，ITS，rbcL和tufA基因的形态学观察和分子系统发育分析用于鉴定新菌株。对四个先前描述的物种进行了重新研究，以补充分子数据和自孢子的形态照片。仅基于18S的系统发育分析，18S和ITS的串联数据集以及rbcL和tufA的串联数据集显示了这些新菌株相同的系统发生位置和关系。根据系统发育分析和形态学比较结果，我们将这10个菌株描述为Watanabea进化枝，云南Polulichloris yunnanensis sp。中的四个新成员。十一月，卵圆孢菌。东方马氏藻11月。十一月，和Massjukichlorella minus sp.。十一月，和两个已知的物种，附生马氏藻和南宁的Mysteriochloris南宁。此外，我们提供了有力的证据证明，Phyllosiphon，Mysteriochloris，Poulichloris和Desertella均通过不等大小的自生孢子繁殖。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marine algae Gelidium and algal composite material were investigated for the continuous removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution in a packed bed column. The biosorption behaviour was studied during one sorption-desorption cycle of Cu(II) in the flow through column fed with 50 and 25 mg l(-1) of Cu(II) in aqueous solution, at pH 5.3, leading to a maximum uptake capacity of approximately 13 and 3 mg g(-1), respectively, for algae Gelidium and composite material. The breakthrough time decreases as the inlet copper concentration increases, for the same flow rate. The pH of the effluent decreases over the breakthrough time of copper ions, which indicates that ion exchange is one of the mechanisms involved in the biosorption process. Temperature has little influence on the metal uptake capacity and the increase of the ionic strength reduces the sorption capacity, decreasing the breakthrough time. Desorption using 0.1M HNO(3) solution was 100% effective. After two consecutive sorption-desorption cycles no changes in the uptake capacity of the composite material were observed. A mass transfer model including film and intraparticle resistances, and the equilibrium relationship, for adsorption and desorption, was successfully applied for the simulation of the biosorption column performance.

背景与目标： ：海藻胶质和藻类复合材料已被研究用于在填充床塔中从水溶液中连续去除Cu（II）。在一个流通于色谱柱中的Cu（II）的吸附-解吸循环中，在pH 5.3的水溶液中加入50和25 mg l（-1）的Cu（II），研究了其生物吸附行为。藻类胶体和复合材料的容量分别约为13和3 mg g（-1）。对于相同的流量，穿透时间随着入口铜浓度的增加而减少。废水的pH值随着铜离子的穿透时间而降低，这表明离子交换是生物吸附过程涉及的机制之一。温度对金属的吸收能力影响很小，离子强度的增加降低了吸附能力，缩短了穿透时间。解吸使用0.1M HNO（3）溶液是100％有效的。在两个连续的吸附-解吸循环之后，没有观察到复合材料的吸收能力的变化。包括膜和颗粒内电阻的传质模型，以及吸附和解吸的平衡关系，已成功地用于模拟生物吸附柱的性能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Susac syndrome is a rare microangiopathy of the brain, retina, and cochlea that mainly affects young women. We studied the management of this disease using retinal fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies. METHODS:Retrospective, observational case series of seven patients with Susac syndrome identified in ophthalmology and internal medicine departments. We reviewed medical, ophthalmologic, and angiographic records at study enrollment and during long-term treatment. Mean follow-up was 37 months. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular inflammation score, ophthalmoscopy data, automated perimetry score, and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic features were analyzed with the results of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and spinal fluid analysis and ENT signs. RESULTS:Retinal fluorescein angiography showed focal nonperfused retinal arterioles with hyperfluorescent walls in all cases. Indocyanine green angiography showed normal choroidal circulation. Retinal vasculitis was uncontrolled in a patient treated with steroids. Improvement of retinal arteriole perfusion occurred during immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSION:Absence of intraocular inflammation and focal, labile nonperfused retinal arterioles with integrity of choroidal circulation are monomorphic ophthalmologic features that could immediately suggest the diagnosis of Susac syndrome. Early ophthalmologic examination aided by retinal fluorescein angiography could be useful for managing cases of unexplained neurologic symptoms in women.

背景与目标： 目的：Susac综合征是一种罕见的大脑，视网膜和耳蜗微血管病变，主要影响年轻女性。我们使用视网膜荧光素和吲哚菁绿血管造影术研究了该病的治疗方法。
方法：回顾性，观察性病例系列在眼科和内科部门确定的7例Susac综合征患者。我们在研究入组时和长期治疗期间回顾了医学，眼科和血管造影记录。平均随访37个月。分析最佳校正的视力，眼内炎症评分，检眼镜数据，自动视野检查评分以及荧光素和吲哚菁绿血管造影特征，并进行脑磁共振成像，脊髓液分析和ENT征象。
结果：在所有病例中，视网膜荧光素血管造影显示局灶性非灌注性视网膜小动脉具有高荧光壁。吲哚菁绿血管造影显示脉络膜循环正常。接受类固醇治疗的患者的视网膜血管炎未得到控制。在用环磷酰胺进行免疫抑制治疗期间，视网膜小动脉灌注得到改善。
结论：眼内炎症的缺乏和局灶性，不稳定的非灌注性视网膜小动脉具有脉络膜循环的完整性是眼科疾病的单形特征，可立即提示Susac综合征的诊断。视网膜荧光素血管造影术辅助的早期眼科检查可用于治疗女性无法解释的神经系统症状。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, we demonstrated expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and neomycin resistant (Neo(R)) genes in porcine embryos following nuclear transfer from porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) transduced with the EGFP and Neo(R) genes by retrovirus-mediated infection. Nuclear transfer of the nonstarved transfected PFF into enucleated oocytes was accomplished by cell to cell fusion. Out of 188 porcine eggs reconstructed by nuclear transfer, 116 (61.7%) eggs cleaved and 25 (13.3%) developed to morula and blastocyst stages. Of these 25 morulae and blastocysts, 25 (100%) embryos emitted green fluorescence. Expression of the both EGFP and Neo(R) genes was detected as early as the 2-cell stage. As determined by EGFP gene expression, mosaicism was not observed in any embryo. These results suggest that porcine oocytes reconstructed by nuclear transfer with transfected PFFs can successfully develop to the blastocyst stage. In addition, this approach might be applicable to the production of transgenic pigs with complex genetic modifications.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，我们证明了从猪胚胎成纤维细胞（PFF）进行核转移后，猪胚胎中的绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）和新霉素抗性（Neo（R））基因在猪胚胎中的表达通过逆转录病毒介导的感染。非饥饿转染的PFF向去核卵母细胞的核转移是通过细胞间融合来完成的。在通过核移植重建的188个猪卵中，有116个（61.7％）卵裂开，有25个（13.3％）卵发育到桑ula和胚泡期。在这25个桑ula和胚泡中，有25个（100％）胚胎发出绿色荧光。早在2细胞阶段就检测到了EGFP和Neo（R）基因的表达。如通过EGFP基因表达所确定的，在任何胚胎中均未观察到镶嵌现象。这些结果表明，用转染的PFF通过核转移重建的猪卵母细胞可以成功地发展到胚泡期。此外，这种方法可能适用于生产具有复杂基因修饰的转基因猪。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of green tea extract administration on age-related cognition in young and old male Wistar rats. METHODS:Young and old rats were orally administered 0.5% green tea extract for a period of eight weeks and were evaluated by passive avoidance, elevated maze plus paradigm and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity. RESULTS:Treatment of young and old rats with the extract resulted in no significant difference in performance on the rota rod treadmill test/righting reflex time. Green tea extract significantly improved learning and memory in older rats, with increased retention latency to enter difference in passive avoidance test. In the elevated maze test, green tea treatment resulted in significantly more number of entries in the enclosed arm by the young and old rats. Decline in acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in the cerebrum of green tea treated old rats in comparison to the green tea treated young rats. CONCLUSION:Green tea extract administration is effective in enhancing learning and memory in aged rats, and hence, may serve useful in reversing age-related deficits.

背景与目标： 目的：研究绿茶提取物对雄性和老年雄性Wistar大鼠年龄相关认知的影响。
方法：对成年和成年大鼠口服0.5％的绿茶提取物，持续8周，并通过被动回避，迷宫加范式和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化进行评估。
结果：用提取物处理年轻和老龄大鼠，在旋转棒跑步机测试/扶正反射时间上的表现没有显着差异。绿茶提取物可显着改善老年大鼠的学习和记忆能力，并增加保留潜伏期，从而使被动回避测试产生差异。在高迷宫测试中，绿茶处理导致幼鼠和老鼠进入封闭臂的次数明显增加。与绿茶处理的幼鼠相比，绿茶处理的老鼠的大脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性下降。
结论：绿茶提取物给药可有效增强衰老大鼠的学习和记忆能力，因此可能有助于逆转与年龄有关的缺陷。