BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three hundred and twenty-eight patients aged 45 years and over with major depression, dysthymic disorder or adjustment disorder with depressed mood (according to DSM-III) were asked about childhood loss experiences (death of one or both parents or at least 1 year's separation) and their current state of health. No statistically significant relationships were found between experiences of loss in childhood and type of depression, sex and age at first episode. However, there was an increased incidence of suicide attempts in patients with experiences of loss in childhood, both by separation and by death of parents. The increased suicidal tendency could mainly be attributed to loss of the father.

背景与目标： : 向三百二十八名年龄在45岁及以上的患有严重抑郁症，心境恶劣障碍或情绪低落的适应障碍 (根据dsm-iii) 的患者询问了童年的失落经历 (父母一方或双方的死亡或至少一年的死亡) 分离) 和他们目前的健康状况。儿童期的失落经历与抑郁症的类型，初次发作时的性别和年龄之间没有统计学上的显着关系。然而，由于父母的分居和死亡，童年时期经历过丧失的患者自杀未遂的发生率增加。自杀倾向的增加主要归因于父亲的丧失。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The impact of depression on quality of life (QOL) and social support has neither been well characterized in clinical samples of women with perimenopausal depression (PMD) nor have the relative contributions of depression and other menopausal symptoms (e.g., hot flushes) to declining QOL been clarified. In this study, we compared QOL measures, social support, and functional disability in PMD and non-depressed perimenopausal women. We evaluated women aged 40-60 years who presented with menstrual cycle irregularity, elevated plasma FSH levels, and met criteria for perimenopause. A structured clinical interview was administered to determine the presence or absence of major and minor depression. Outcome measures included the Quality of Life Enjoyment Scale Questionnaire, the Sheehan Disability Scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning, the Social Adjustment Scale, and the Duke Social Support Index. Kruskal-Wallis tests and ANOVAs were used to compare outcome measures. Ninety women with PMD and 51 control women participated in this study. Women with PMD reported significantly decreased QOL, social support, and adjustment and increased disability compared with non-depressed perimenopausal women. Neither perimenopausal reproductive status alone nor the presence of hot flushes had a significant negative impact on QOL measures. PMD is accompanied by significant reductions in QOL, social support, and disability similar to depression in women at other stages of life. PMD may also contribute to decreased QOL in community- or clinic-based samples of perimenopausal women. It remains unclear whether the clinical characteristics we identified reflect pre-existing risk factors for depression during the perimenopause or the effects of a current depression. Future clinical and treatment studies in perimenopausal women should distinguish depressed women when outcome measures include QOL.

背景与目标： : 抑郁症对生活质量 (QOL) 和社会支持的影响在围绝经期抑郁症 (PMD) 妇女的临床样本中既没有得到很好的表征，也没有抑郁症和其他更年期症状 (例如潮热) 的相对贡献。在这项研究中，我们比较了PMD和非抑郁的围绝经期妇女的QOL指标，社会支持和功能障碍。我们评估了40-60岁的女性，这些女性出现月经周期不规则，血浆FSH水平升高并符合围绝经期标准。进行了结构化的临床访谈，以确定是否存在重度和轻度抑郁症。结果指标包括生活质量享受量表问卷，Sheehan残疾量表，全球功能评估，社会适应量表和Duke社会支持指数。使用Kruskal-Wallis测试和ANOVAs比较结果指标。90名PMD妇女和51名对照妇女参加了这项研究。与非抑郁的围绝经期妇女相比，患有PMD的妇女报告的QOL，社会支持和适应能力显着降低，残疾增加。单独的围绝经期生殖状态或潮热的存在都不会对QOL措施产生重大负面影响。PMD伴随着生活质量，社会支持和残疾的显着降低，类似于处于其他生活阶段的女性的抑郁症。PMD也可能导致围绝经期妇女社区或临床样本的QOL降低。目前尚不清楚我们确定的临床特征是否反映了围绝经期抑郁症的先前存在的危险因素或当前抑郁症的影响。当结局指标包括QOL时，围绝经期妇女的未来临床和治疗研究应区分抑郁妇女。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Female birds skew offspring sex ratios based on environmental and social stimuli; however, the mechanism mediating this phenomenon remains unknown. Growing evidence suggests that testosterone and corticosterone may influence meiosis, as they skew sex ratios when given immediately before chromosomal segregation. It is unclear if these hormones act on the germinal disc (GD) or through a downstream mediator. It is also unknown whether the GD contains receptors for these hormones. If testosterone and/or corticosterone act on the GD to skew sex ratios, then the GD should have receptors for them and that receptor levels should be higher in the GD regions compared to other follicular regions. Furthermore, fluctuations of receptor levels should occur near meiotic segregation. We collected ovarian follicles at 5 h pre-ovulation (just before meiotic segregation) and 20 h pre-ovulation (when sex chromosomes are arrested), and measured androgen receptor (AR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein levels via Western blot. ARs and MRs were on the follicle in the GD and non-GD regions, and at 5 h and 20 h pre-ovulation. Both AR and MR protein levels were higher in the GD region than the non-GD region at both time points, but did not differ between time points. These results suggest that hen ovarian follicles have receptors for testosterone and corticosterone, and that the ability for testosterone to respond may be specifically higher in the GD-region, providing further support for the role of testosterone in the alteration of meiotic segregation.

背景与目标： : 雌鸟根据环境和社会刺激使后代性别比偏斜; 但是，介导这种现象的机制仍然未知。越来越多的证据表明，睾丸激素和皮质酮可能会影响减数分裂，因为它们在染色体分离之前立即给予时会扭曲性别比。尚不清楚这些激素是否作用于生发盘 (GD) 或通过下游介质起作用。还不清楚GD是否包含这些激素的受体。如果睾丸激素和/或皮质酮对GD与偏斜性别比起作用，则GD应具有受体，并且与其他卵泡区域相比，GD区域的受体水平应更高。此外，受体水平的波动应在减数分裂分离附近发生。我们在排卵前5小时 (减数分裂分离之前) 和排卵前20小时 (性染色体停滞时) 收集了卵巢卵泡，并通过Western blot测量了雄激素受体 (AR) 和盐皮质激素受体 (MR) 蛋白水平。ARs和MRs在GD和非GD区域以及排卵前5 h和20 h位于卵泡上。在两个时间点，GD区域的AR和MR蛋白水平均高于非GD区域，但在时间点之间没有差异。这些结果表明，母鸡卵巢卵泡具有睾丸激素和皮质酮的受体，并且睾丸激素在GD区域的反应能力可能更高，这进一步支持了睾丸激素在减数分裂分离改变中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of hybrid PET/MR imaging facilitates the simultaneous investigation of challenge-related changes in ligand binding to neuroreceptors using PET, while concurrently measuring neuroactivation or blood flow with MRI. Having attained a steady state of the PET radiotracer using a bolus-infusion protocol, it is possible to observe alterations in ligand neuroreceptor binding through changes in distribution volumes. Here, we present an iterative procedure for establishing an administration scheme to obtain steady state [11C]flumazenil concentrations in grey matter in the human brain. In order to achieve a steady state in the shortest possible time, the bolus infusion ratio from a previous examination was adapted to fit the subsequent examination. 17 male volunteers were included in the study. Boli and infusions with different weightings were given to the subjects and were characterised by kbol values from 74 ​min down to 42 ​min. Metabolite analysis was used to ascertain the value of unmetabolised flumazenil in the plasma, and PET imaging was used to assess its binding in the grey matter. The flumazenil time-activity curves (TACs) in the brain were decomposed into activity contributions from pure grey and white matter and analysed for 12 ​vol of interest (VOIs). The curves highlighted a large variability in metabolic rates between the subjects, with kbol ​= ​54.3 ​min being a reliable value to provide flumazenil equilibrium conditions in the majority of the VOIs and cases. The distribution volume of flumazenil in all 12 VOIs was determined.

背景与目标： : 使用混合PET/MR成像有助于使用PET同时研究与激发相关的配体与神经感受器结合的变化，同时通过MRI测量神经活化或血流。使用推注方案达到PET放射性示踪剂的稳态后，可以通过分布体积的变化观察配体神经受体结合的变化。在这里，我们提出了一个迭代过程，用于建立一个给药方案，以获得人脑灰质中的稳态 [11C] 氟马西尼浓度。为了在尽可能短的时间内达到稳态，先前检查的推注比例适应了随后的检查。研究包括了17名男性志愿者。对受试者进行了Boli和不同权重的输注，其特征是从74分钟到42分钟的kbol值。代谢物分析用于确定未代谢的值血浆中的氟马西尼，PET成像用于评估其在灰质中的结合。脑中的氟马西尼时间-活动曲线 (TACs) 被分解为来自纯灰质和白质的活动贡献，并分析了12体积的兴趣 (VOIs)。这些曲线突出了受试者之间代谢率的巨大差异,以kbol = 54.3 min为可靠值，在大多数VOIs和情况下提供氟马西尼平衡条件。确定氟马西尼在所有12个VOIs中的分布体积。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The outlines of a theory of the pathophysiology of depression are presented. The classic monoamine theory of depression as well as its more recent elaborations suggests that a deficit in monoamine neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft is the primary cause of depression. We suggest that the primary defect emerges in the regulation of firing rates in brainstem monoaminergic neurons, which brings about a decrease in the tonic release of neurotransmitters in their projection areas, an increase in postsynaptic sensitivity and, concomitantly, exaggerated responses to acute increases in presynaptic firing rate and transmitter release. We propose that the initial defect involves, in particular, the noradrenergic innervation from the locus coeruleus, which in turn leads to dysregulation of 5-HT-ergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

背景与目标： 提出了抑郁症病理生理学理论的概述。抑郁症的经典单胺理论及其最近的阐述表明，突触间隙中单胺神经递质的缺陷是抑郁症的主要原因。我们建议，主要缺陷出现在脑干单胺能神经元放电速率的调节中，这导致其投射区域神经递质的强直释放减少，突触后敏感性增加，以及伴随而来的对急性增加的过度反应突触前放电速率和递质释放。我们建议最初的缺陷尤其涉及来自蓝斑的去甲肾上腺素能神经支配，这反过来又导致5-ht能和多巴胺能神经传递的失调。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The question addressed by the study is: how do people who function well after experiencing a stressful event resulting in a disability differ in their personality traits from those who show dysfunction? This was examined by means of the concept of sense of coherence (SOC). Two groups of subjects were assessed: the individuals with disability and their spouses. The subjects with disability all suffered from some form of paralysis resulting from either spinal cord injury or cerebrovascular. SOC was found to be significantly related to disability adjustment for both the individuals with disability and their spouses, indicating that SOC is a personality factor that explains individual differences in coping with a disability, regardless of level of severity.

背景与目标： : 研究解决的问题是: 经历导致残疾的压力事件后功能良好的人与表现出功能障碍的人在人格特征上有何不同？这是通过连贯感 (SOC) 的概念进行检查的。评估了两组受试者: 残疾人及其配偶。患有残疾的受试者都因脊髓损伤或脑血管而遭受某种形式的瘫痪。发现SOC与残疾人及其配偶的残疾调整显着相关，这表明SOC是一种人格因素，可以解释应对残疾的个体差异，而不论其严重程度如何。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Structural and system theories propose that disruptions in family subsystem functioning increase risk for youth maladjustment. While there is growing evidence to support this proposition, studies that specifically focus on the larger family system remain relatively rare. Furthermore, the pathways that connect problems in family subsystem alliances to externalizing or internalizing problems in youth are as yet largely unexplored. This study examined youth emotional reactivity (anger and sadness) to family conflict as an indirect pathway of the association between family boundary disturbances and youth adjustment in a sample of two-parent families (N = 270). Observational coding was used to group families into Balanced, Dyadic, or Disengaged family alliance structures and to assess youth emotional reactivity, and parent-report was used to assess youth psychopathology. Structural equation modeling indicated both anger and sadness served as indirect pathways through which family boundary disturbances are linked with youth adjustment. In addition, gender was tested as a moderator and important gender differences were found. Specifically, boys were directly impacted by dyadic disturbances while girls were directly impacted by family disengagement. The findings help target goals for intervention and indicate that worthwhile objectives may include realigning family subsystem boundaries, changing family communication patterns, and improving affective coping skills for youth.

背景与目标： : 结构和系统理论提出，家庭子系统功能的中断会增加青年适应不良的风险。尽管越来越多的证据支持这一主张，但专门针对较大家庭系统的研究仍然相对罕见。此外，将家庭子系统联盟中的问题与青年问题的外部化或内部化联系起来的途径尚未探索。这项研究考察了青年对家庭冲突的情感反应性 (愤怒和悲伤)，这是家庭边界干扰与青年适应之间关联的间接途径。在两个父母家庭的样本中 (N = 270)。使用观察性编码将家庭分为平衡，二元或脱离的家庭联盟结构，并评估年轻人的情绪反应性，并使用父母报告评估年轻人的心理病理学。结构方程模型表明，愤怒和悲伤都是家庭边界干扰与青年适应联系的间接途径。此外，作为主持人对性别进行了测试，并发现了重要的性别差异。具体来说，男孩直接受到二元干扰的影响，而女孩直接受到家庭脱离的影响。研究结果有助于针对干预目标，并表明有价值的目标可能包括调整家庭子系统边界，改变家庭沟通方式以及提高青年的情感应对能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study extends research examining the implications of parent-youth informant discrepancies on youth victimization. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified dyads distinguished by patterns of parent and youth report of victimization. Analyses examined how latent classes were related to adjustment (i.e., anxiety/depression, aggression, and delinquency) concurrently and at follow-up assessment (~2.5 years) in a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample. Participants were 485 youths (58.1% male; M age = 12.83 years, SD = 1.60) and their primary caregivers from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. This study compared three classes of youths: (a) Parent > Youth (24.0%), (b) Youth > Parent (21.5%), and (c) Relative Agreement (54.5%). Findings did not support the hypothesis that groups reflecting parental underreporting of youth victimization experiences would show poor adjustment relative to all other classes longitudinally. Surprisingly, youths who self-reported lower levels of victimization than parents reported were at risk for maladjustment over time. This type of discrepant dyad may deserve more careful attention than previously considered in the literature.

背景与目标： : 本研究扩展了研究父母-青年线人差异对青年受害的影响的研究。潜在阶级分析 (LCA) 确定了以父母和青年受害报告的模式为特征的二元组。在社会经济和种族不同的样本中，分析研究了潜在类别与调整 (即焦虑/抑郁，攻击和犯罪) 同时以及随访评估 (〜2.5年) 之间的关系。参与者是来自芝加哥社区人类发展项目的485名青年 (58.1% 名男性; M年龄 = 12.83岁，SD = 1.60岁) 及其主要照顾者。这项研究比较了三类年轻人 :( a) 父母> 青年 (24.0%)，(b) 青年> 父母 (21.5%) 和 (c) 相对同意 (54.5%)。研究结果不支持以下假设: 反映父母对青少年受害经历的报告不足的群体相对于所有其他类别的纵向调整不佳。令人惊讶的是，自我报告的受害程度低于父母报告的年轻人随着时间的推移有适应不良的风险。这种类型的不一致的二元组可能比以前在文献中考虑的要更仔细地注意。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although the psychiatric consultant in the general hospital setting is frequently called on to distinguish major depression from adjustment disorder, no studies to date have examined whether the two diagnoses are in fact distinguishable. Analysis of computerized data base records from 944 cases seen by psychiatric consultants from 1981-1987 revealed 59 cases of major depression and 130 cases of adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Patients with major depression were more likely to be older (p less than 0.001), widowed (p less than 0.001), and living alone (p less than 0.005). Patients with adjustment disorder with depressed mood received higher ratings on Axis IV (p less than 0.01), and lower severity of illness ratings (p less than 0.001) were seen later in the hospital stay (p less than 0.05), and they were more likely to be rated by the consultant as improved by the time the case was terminated (p less than 0.001). The results suggest that the two disorders may be distinguished in the consultation population and that adjustment disorder with depressed mood may have descriptive validity in the medical inpatient setting.

背景与目标： : 尽管经常要求综合医院的精神病顾问将重度抑郁症与适应障碍区分开，但迄今为止尚无研究检查这两种诊断是否实际上是可区分的。1981-1987年的精神病顾问对944例病例的计算机数据库记录进行分析，发现59例重度抑郁症和130例情绪低落的适应障碍。重度抑郁症患者更可能年龄较大 (p小于0.001)，丧偶 (p小于0.001) 和独居 (p小于0.005)。情绪低落的适应障碍患者在IV轴上的评分较高 (p小于0.01)，而在住院时间较晚 (p小于0.05) 的疾病评分较低 (p小于0.001)，而且他们更有可能被顾问评为在案件终止时有所改善 (p小于0.001)。结果表明，在咨询人群中可以区分这两种疾病，并且情绪低落的调节障碍在医疗住院患者中可能具有描述性有效性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Social adjustment is impaired in depressed patients. The difficulty to adjust to social circumstances has been hypothesized to be one of the causes of depression, as well as a consequence of the disorder. Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene has been previously associated with social adjustment levels in patients with mood disorders. METHODS:We investigated whether variations on the HTR1A (rs6295) and HTR2A (rs7997012) genes were associated with levels of social adjustment using the Social Adjustment Scale in two samples of depressed patients (total n=156). RESULTS:Patients carrying the GG genotype of the HTR2A-rs7997012 showed better social adjustment in areas of work and family unit bonding. LIMITATIONS:These findings did not survive correction for multiple testing and should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSION:Our finding is in line with previous observations that have associated the G allele of the HTR2A-rs7997012 with higher rate of antidepressant response. The HTR2A-rs7997012 is worthy of further investigation in studies examining factors that are related to depression course and outcome.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:We sought to identify perioperative factors associated with long-term adjustment to an incontinent ostomy. METHODOLOGY:The Ostomy Adjustment Scale (OAS), a demographic form, and a $5 gift certificate were mailed to 200 ostomates. Associations between items from the Survey of Perioperative Factors of Ostomy Adjustment, demographic forms, and total OAS scores were assessed using bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS:The survey response rate was 74%. About half (70/146, 49%) of the respondents were women, 99% (144/145) were Caucasian, and 74% (109/146) were married. Their mean age was 65+/-14 years. Fifty-six percent (79/141) of the respondents had an ileostomy, 28% (39/141) had a colostomy, and 15% (21/141) had a urostomy. The mean OAS score for all the respondents was 159.5+/-26.2, indicating a good overall adjustment to an incontinent ostomy. In bivariate analyses, the factor associated with a lower OAS score indicating poorer adjustment was distress related to affording and obtaining ostomy supplies. The more helpful the ostomates found the preoperative education provided by a wound, ostomy, and continence specialist nurse, the better was their adjustment as indicated by a higher OAS score. Having ongoing/recurrent illness and having an ostomy created by a specialty surgeon were also associated with better adjustment. When multiple factors were considered in a stepwise regression analysis, adjustment was lowered by distress about obtaining ostomy supplies. Adjustment was improved when preoperative education provided by a wound, ostomy, and continence specialist nurse was considered helpful for the ongoing/ recurrent illness. CONCLUSION:Many ostomates have a good long-term adjustment to ostomy surgery and value education provided by a wound, ostomy, and continence nurse. Perioperative patient education and addressing patient distress over obtaining supplies are areas that can benefit from wound, ostomy, and continence nurse intervention.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) has been the most widely used scale to quantify premorbid status in schizophrenia, coming to be regarded as the gold standard of retrospective assessment instruments. AIMS:To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the PAS (PAS-S). METHOD:Retrospective study of 140 individuals experiencing a first episode of psychosis (n=77) and individuals who have schizophrenia (n=63), both adult and adolescent patients. Data were collected through a socio-demographic questionnaire and a battery of instruments which includes the following scales: PAS-S, PANSS, LSP, GAF and DAS-sv. The Cronbach's alpha was performed to assess the internal consistency of PAS-S. Pearson's correlations were performed to assess the convergent and discriminant validity. RESULTS:The Cronbach's alpha of the PAS-S scale was 0.85. The correlation between social PAS-S and total PAS-S was 0.85 (p<0.001); while for academic PAS-S and total PAS-S it was 0.53 (p<0.001). Significant correlations were observed between all the scores of each age period evaluated across the PAS-S scale, with a significance value less than 0.001. There was a relationship between negative symptoms and social PAS-S (0.20, p<0.05) and total PAS-S (0.22, p<0.05), but not with academic PAS-S. However, there was a correlation between academic PAS-S and general subscale of the PANSS (0.19, p<0.05). Social PAS-S was related to disability measures (DAS-sv); and academic PAS-S showed discriminant validity with most of the variables of social functioning. PAS-S did not show association with the total LSP scale (discriminant validity). CONCLUSION:The Spanish version of the Premorbid Adjustment Scale showed appropriate psychometric properties in patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis and who have a chronic evolution of the illness. Moreover, each domain of the PAS-S (social and academic premorbid functioning) showed a differential relationship to other characteristics such as psychotic symptoms, disability or social functioning after onset of illness.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The association between plant water stress and synthesis of red, anthocyanin pigments in leaves has led some plant biologists to propose an osmotic function of leaf reddening. According to this hypothesis, anthocyanins function as a solute in osmotic adjustment (OA), contributing to depression of osmotic potential (Ψ(π)) and maintenance of turgor pressure during drought-stressed conditions. Here we calculate the percent contribution of anthocyanin to leaf Ψ(π) during OA in two angiosperm evergreen species, Galax urceolata and Gaultheria procumbens. Both species exhibit dramatic leaf reddening under high light during winter, concomitant with declines in leaf water potential and accumulation of solutes. Data previously published by the authors on osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψ(π,100)) of G. urceolata and G. procumbens leaves before and after leaf reddening were used to estimate OA. In vivo molar concentrations of anthocyanin, glucose, fructose, and sucrose measured from the same individuals were converted to pressure equivalents using the Ideal Gas Law, and percent contribution to OA was estimated. Estimated mean OA during winter was -0.7MPa for G. urceolata and -0.8MPa for G. procumbens. In vivo concentrations of anthocyanin (3-10mM) were estimated to account for ∼2% of OA during winter, and comprised <0.7% of Ψ(π,100) in both species. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose combined accounted for roughly 50 and 80% of OA for G. urceolata and G. procumbens, respectively, and comprised ∼20% of Ψ(π,100). We observed that a co-occurring, acyanic species (Vinca minor) achieved similar OA without synthesizing anthocyanin. We conclude that anthocyanins represent a measurable, albeit meager, component of OA in red-leafed evergreen species during winter. However, due to their low concentrations, metabolic costliness relative to other osmolytes, and striking red color (unnecessary for an osmotic function), it is unlikely that they are synthesized solely for an osmoprotectant role.

背景与目标： : 植物水分胁迫与叶片中红色，花色苷色素的合成之间的联系已导致一些植物生物学家提出了叶片变红的渗透功能。根据该假设，花青素在渗透调节 (OA) 中起溶质作用，有助于在干旱胁迫条件下降低渗透势 (Ψ(π)) 和维持膨大压力。在这里，我们计算了两种被子植物常绿物种Galax urceolata和procumberns在OA期间花青素对叶 Ψ(π) 的贡献百分比。两种物种在冬季在高光下均表现出明显的叶片变红，同时叶片水势下降和溶质积累。作者先前发表的关于叶片变红之前和之后的大叶和平卧叶片全膨大 (Ψ(π，100)) 渗透势的数据用于估计OA。使用理想气体法将从同一个体测得的体内花青素，葡萄糖，果糖和蔗糖的摩尔浓度转换为压力当量，并估算了对OA的贡献百分比。冬季，G. urceolata的估计平均OA为-0.7MPa，G.Procumens的估计平均OA为-0.8MPa。据估计，花青素的体内浓度 (3-10mm) 占冬季OA的约2%，并且在两种物种中均 <Ψ(π，100) 的0.7%。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的组合分别占牛膝和牛膝G的OA的大约50和80%，并且包括20% 的 Ψ(π，100)。我们观察到，共生的acyanic物种 (Vinca minor) 在没有合成花青素的情况下获得了相似的OA。我们得出的结论是，花青素代表冬季红叶常绿物种中OA的可测量成分，尽管微不足道。但是，由于它们的低浓度，相对于其他渗透物的代谢成本以及醒目的红色 (对于渗透功能而言是不必要的)，因此不太可能仅出于渗透保护剂的作用而合成它们。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, we compared the accuracy of warfarin dosage-adjustments predictions using a computer program to the skill of an experienced anticoagulation nurse-specialist. The computer program predicts the steady state warfarin dose by applying Bayesian forecasting techniques to a mathematical model of the dynamic pharmacologic response to warfarin. Fifty patients who were receiving chronic warfarin therapy and who required a dosage adjustment because their prothrombin time was greater than or equal to 2 s away from their target prothrombin time were enrolled. The baseline characteristics of each group were similar, including the mean of the absolute value of the differences between initial prothrombin times and corresponding target prothrombin times. After a new a new warfarin dose was predicted, the prothrombin time was measured at least 7 days after dosage adjustment. Overall, the results in each group were comparable. There was no significant difference between groups and the mean of the absolute value of the differences between final prothrombin times and target prothrombin times, nor was there a difference in the proportion of patients who had a final prothrombin time within 2 s of the target prothrombin time. We conclude that the accuracy of warfarin dosage adjustments made using computer modeling is comparable to the skill of an anticoagulation nurse-specialist.

背景与目标： : 在一项前瞻性，随机临床试验中，我们将使用计算机程序对华法林剂量调整预测的准确性与经验丰富的抗凝护士专家的技能进行了比较。计算机程序通过将贝叶斯预测技术应用于华法林动态药理反应的数学模型来预测稳态华法林剂量。纳入了50名接受慢性华法林治疗且因凝血酶原时间距离目标凝血酶原时间大于或等于2 s而需要调整剂量的患者。各组的基线特征相似，包括初始凝血酶原时间和相应目标凝血酶原时间之间差异的绝对值的平均值。预测新的华法林剂量后，在剂量调整后至少7天测量凝血酶原时间。总体而言，每组的结果具有可比性。两组间和最终凝血酶原时间与目标凝血酶原时间的差异绝对值的平均值无显著差异，在目标凝血酶原时间2 s内有最终凝血酶原时间的患者比例也无差异。我们得出的结论是，使用计算机建模进行华法林剂量调整的准确性与抗凝护士专家的技能相当。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4,6-diamine nucleosides 2b-d stabilize the dA-dT base pair significantly when the dA-residue is replaced. Oligonucleotide duplexes incorporating 2b-d show a 4-6 degrees C Tm increase per modification. The 7-bromo compound 2b harmonizes the stability of the dA-dT vs. the dG-dC pair. According to this the stability of such duplexes depends no longer on the base pair composition of a DNA molecule.

背景与目标： : 吡唑并 [3,4-d] 嘧啶-4，6-二胺核苷2b-d在取代dA残基时显著稳定dA-dT碱基对。掺入2b-d的寡核苷酸双链体显示每次修饰4-6 ℃ Tm增加。7-溴化合物2b协调了dA-dT对dG-dC对的稳定性。根据此稳定性这种双链体不再取决于DNA分子的碱基对组成。