BACKGROUND & AIMS: :R1H tumors were irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy X rays using varying sizes of treatment fields. Damage to tumor cells and tumor stroma was determined separately by analysis of growth delay to ten times treatment volume (GD10vo) and net growth delay. GD10vo comprises irradiation effects on tumor parenchymal cells and on tumor stroma, whereas net growth delay only measures effects on tumor parenchymal cells. Stromal damage was observed to increase with increasing field size; the effect on the tumor parenchymal cells, however, was independent of the field size. An increase of GD10vo of 13 days per cm increase of field size diameter was observed. From this the velocity of neovascularization of the irradiated tumor bed was calculated to be 0.30 to 0.38 mm per day.

背景与目标： : 使用不同大小的治疗场，用15 Gy x射线的单剂量照射R1H肿瘤。通过分析生长延迟至十倍治疗量 (GD10vo) 和净生长延迟，分别确定对肿瘤细胞和肿瘤基质的损害。GD10vo包括对肿瘤实质细胞和肿瘤基质的辐射作用，而净生长延迟仅测量对肿瘤实质细胞的影响。观察到基质损伤随着视野大小的增加而增加; 然而，对肿瘤实质细胞的影响与视野大小无关。观察到每增加cm的场尺寸直径，GD10vo增加13天。由此计算出照射肿瘤床的新血管形成速度为每天0.30至0.38毫米。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) is a bioincompatible solution because of several components. These unphysiological compositions might contribute to the development of peritoneal fibrosis. In the present overview we summarize the influence of each composition of PDF (acidic pH, high concentration of glucose and glucose degradation products; advanced glycation end-products and lactate) on the peritoneal fibrotic changes in long peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We also summarized the report of new approaches to the prevention of peritoneal fibrosis in Japan.

背景与目标： : 常规腹膜透析液 (PDF) 是一种生物不相容的解决方案，因为它有多种成分。这些非生理成分可能有助于腹膜纤维化的发展。在本概述中，我们总结了PDF的每种成分 (酸性pH，高浓度的葡萄糖和葡萄糖降解产物; 晚期糖基化终产物和乳酸) 对长腹膜透析 (PD) 患者腹膜纤维化变化的影响。我们还总结了日本预防腹膜纤维化的新方法的报告。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The aim of this article is to report, from their own perspective, the attitudes and believes towards vaccination, with special emphasis on the influence of sources of information to make the decision to get vaccinated, of health care workers (HCWs), considered as a specific risk group for immunization strategy against A (H1N1) influenza. METHODS:Cross-sectional observational study focused on active health workers in the province of Alicante. Made by face to face questionnaires to a stratified random sample based on occupational categories in hospitals and health care centres. RESULTS:The sources of information differ between subgroups; physicians used journals and/or conferences, nurses obtained information through the Ministry of Health and other nurses, and the remaining workers opted for television and/or the family physician. Of the three studied groups, physicians felt minor concern about the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic (59.4%), had the most confidence in the vaccine (42.3%), were the ones who recommended the vaccine the most (44.4%), who best followed the recommendations to avoid infection (93%), and were the most vaccinated (18.3%). Around three-quarters (75.5%) of the HCWs assessed the provided information as fair, poor or very poor. All HCWs admitted that a social alarm was created. DISCUSSION:The success of future immunization campaigns against influenza in HCWs could increase if information activities were designed to focus on each subgroup of HCWs, by adapting the strategy and improving the quality of information.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate first-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students' communication apprehension, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy for communication over the duration of a 15-week patient-counseling course. DESIGN:First-year PharmD students (n=94) were asked to complete a 47-item, self-administered questionnaire on 3 occasions over the duration of the Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course during the fall 2009 and 2010 semesters. ASSESSMENT:Eighty-seven of 94 students completed the survey instrument across data collection periods. There were significant reductions in total communication apprehension scores and in the communication apprehension subscores for meetings and public speaking, and significant increases in self-efficacy over time. No differences were found for outcome expectations of communication scores or the subscores for interpersonal conversations and group discussion. CONCLUSIONS:Communication apprehension may be decreased and self-efficacy for communication increased in first-year PharmD students through a 15-week Nonprescription Drugs/Patient-Counseling course using small-group practice sessions, case studies, and role-play exercises in conjunction with classroom lectures.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this work the Langmuir monolayers were used to prepare multicomponent systems mimicking outer and inner layer of human erythrocyte membranes. The aim of performed experiments was to compare the influence of cholesterol on complex artificial membranes reflecting compositional diversity of the respective membranes leaflets. The properties of both systems in the presence of cholesterol at various concentrations were analyzed by means of thermodynamic description of the interactions between molecules in the investigated monolayers, complemented by the analysis of their morphology performed with the application of Brewster Angle Microcopy. It was found that cholesterol induces highly favorable stabilizing effect on the studied monolayers, increases their condensation and strengthens intermolecular forces. However, the influence of cholesterol was found to be stronger on the mixed film imitating outer membrane layer. Detailed discussion of the obtained results proved that the behavior of cholesterol in the model outer vs. inner layers is strongly determined by their compositional differences. The most important findings resulting from these experiments concern the problem of transbilayer distribution of cholesterol in membranes, which despite numerous investigations seems to be still unclear. The data obtained in this work allow one to suggest that cholesterol tends to accumulate preferentially in outer membrane leaflet or it is localized symmetrically in both layers rather than in inner leaflet.

背景与目标： : 在这项工作中，Langmuir单层用于制备模仿人红细胞膜外层和内层的多组分系统。进行实验的目的是比较胆固醇对复杂人工膜的影响，反映出相应膜小叶的成分多样性。通过热力学描述所研究的单层中分子之间的相互作用，并通过使用Brewster Angle Microcopy对其形态进行分析，来分析两种系统在各种浓度的胆固醇存在下的特性。发现胆固醇对所研究的单层具有非常有利的稳定作用，增加了它们的凝结并增强了分子间力。然而，发现胆固醇对模仿外膜层的混合膜的影响更强。对获得的结果的详细讨论证明，模型外层与内层中胆固醇的行为很大程度上取决于它们的组成差异。这些实验得出的最重要的发现涉及膜中胆固醇的跨双层分布问题，尽管进行了大量研究，但仍不清楚。在这项工作中获得的数据表明，胆固醇倾向于优先在外膜小叶中积累，或者它对称地定位在两层而不是内小叶中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This prospective study assesses the impact of fat and calcium intake on the risk of developing cancer in each large-bowel subsite. The study population is a cohort of Hawaii Japanese men who experience high rates of colon cancer, especially of the sigmoid segment. Total calcium intake is not related to the risk of colon cancer, and separation of calcium into dairy and nondairy sources does not alter the result. There is, however, a significant, monotonic increase in sigmoid colon cancer risk with decreasing total calcium intake. Similar trends are shown for both dairy and nondairy calcium. Dietary calcium is not consumed in large quantities among the Hawaii Japanese, partly because of their limited consumption of milk due to lactose intolerance. If calcium plays a protective role against sigmoid colon cancer, this effect is unlikely to be related to fat intake. Sigmoid colon cancer subjects had lower intakes of fat than other cohort men, and a statistical test for the interaction effect of total calcium and fat intake on colon cancer risk was statistically insignificant (P = 0.2).

背景与目标： : 这项前瞻性研究评估了脂肪和钙摄入对每个大肠亚部位患癌症风险的影响。该研究人群是夏威夷日本男性的队列，他们的结肠癌发病率很高，尤其是乙状结肠部分。总钙摄入量与结肠癌的风险无关，将钙分离为乳制品和非乳制品来源不会改变结果。然而，随着总钙摄入量的减少，乙状结肠癌的风险显着单调增加。乳制品和非乳制品钙也显示出类似的趋势。在夏威夷日本人中，饮食中的钙并未大量消耗，部分原因是由于乳糖不耐症导致的牛奶消费量有限。如果钙对乙状结肠癌起保护作用，则这种作用不太可能与脂肪摄入有关。乙状结肠癌受试者的脂肪摄入量低于其他队列男性，总钙和脂肪摄入量对结肠癌风险的交互作用的统计学检验无统计学意义 (P = 0.2)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the regulation of human food intake in response to an acute exercise session is of importance for interventions with athletes and soldiers, as well as overweight individuals. However, the influence of hot and cold environments on this crucial function for the regulation of body mass and motor performance has not been summarized. The purpose of this review was to exhaustively search the literature on the effect of ambient temperature during an exercise session on the subsequent subjective feeling of appetite, energy intake (EI) and its regulation. In the absence of stress due to environmental temperature, exercise-induced energy expenditure is not compensated by EI during an ad libitum meal following the session, probably due to decreased acylated ghrelin and increased peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels. No systematic analysis has been yet made for major alterations of relative EI in cold and hot environments. However, observed eating behaviors are altered (proportion of solid/liquid food, carbohydrate/fat) and physiological regulation appears also to be altered. Anorexigenic signals, particularly PYY, appear to further increase in hot environments than in those that are thermoneutral. Ghrelin and leptin may be involved in the observed increase in EI after exercise in the cold, in parallel with increased energy expenditure. The potential influence of ambient thermal environment on eating behaviors after an exercise session should not be neglected.

背景与目标： : 了解对急性运动过程中人类食物摄入量的调节对于对运动员和士兵以及超重个体的干预至关重要。但是，尚未总结冷热环境对调节体重和运动性能的关键功能的影响。这篇综述的目的是详尽地检索有关运动过程中环境温度对随后的主观食欲，能量摄入 (EI) 及其调节的影响的文献。在没有由于环境温度引起的压力的情况下，运动引起的能量消耗在饮食后的饮食过程中未被EI补偿，这可能是由于酰化ghrelin降低和肽酪氨酸 (PYY)，胰高血糖素样肽1 (GLP-1)，和胰多肽 (PP) 水平。尚未对冷热环境中相对EI的主要变化进行系统分析。但是，观察到的饮食行为发生了变化 (固体/液体食物，碳水化合物/脂肪的比例)，生理调节似乎也发生了变化。在炎热的环境中，厌食信号 (尤其是PYY) 似乎比在热中性环境中进一步增加。Ghrelin和leptin可能与寒冷运动后观察到的EI增加有关，同时增加了能量消耗。不应忽略运动后周围热环境对饮食行为的潜在影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Quality of the numerical modelling (MCNP code) of the spectrometric neutron-gamma benchmark experiment, performed at the Polish Calibration Station BGW in Zielona Gora for quantification of the main rock elements: Si, Ca, Fe and H, is considered. Elemental concentrations obtained from the measurements and simulations, for the rock models with water-filled boreholes, are in good agreement. For chlorine present in the borehole, the quality of the numerical reproducibility of the measured elemental concentrations depends on the cross section library used for the Cl(n,gamma)Cl reaction. The standard evaluated nuclear data library ENDF/B-VI Release 2 supplies imperfect data for photon production from thermal neutron capture in Cl. The improved cross sections for Cl(n,gamma)Cl are included in the ENDF/B-VI Release 8 library. Superiority of this new compilation over the previous one is shown in the paper. The accuracies for the Si, Ca and Fe determination have been improved by about 36%, 19.9% and 21.4%, respectively, when the ENDF/B-VI Release 8 library has been used for Cl.

背景与目标： : 在Zielona Gora的波兰校准站BGW进行的光谱中子-伽马基准实验的数值建模 (MCNP代码) 的质量，用于定量主要岩石元素: Si，Ca，Fe和H。对于带有注水钻孔的岩石模型，从测量和模拟中获得的元素浓度非常吻合。对于存在于钻孔中的氯，测得的元素浓度的数值重现性的质量取决于用于Cl(n，γ) Cl反应的横截面库。标准评估的核数据库ENDF/b-vi第2版提供了Cl中热中子俘获光子产生的不完善数据。Cl(n，γ) Cl的改进横截面包含在ENDF/b-vi版本8库中。本文显示了此新编译比前一个编译的优越性。当将ENDF/b-vi版本8文库用于Cl时，Si、Ca和Fe测定的准确度分别提高了约36% 、19.9% 和21.4%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effects of co-culture of human spermatozoa with human immortalized endometrial cells - epithelial or stromal - on sperm movement characteristics, including hyperactivation, were studied using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Epithelial and stromal cell types could be separated following 8-10 days of culture of endometrial cells originating from human biopsies. Both cell types were immortalized by the SV 40 large T antigen. Co-incubation of sperm with epithelial and stromal monolayers enhanced the rate of hyperactivation24.9% (P <0.05) and 17.8% (P = 0.05) versus 9.5% as control, respectively, whereas the majority of motility parameters remained unchanged. Conditioned media had no effect upon sperm parameters, including hyperactivation. Co-incubation with either monolayer was able to maintain sperm motility over a longer period than incubation in control medium alone.

In four patients whose spermatozoa did not exhibit hyperactivation, co-incubation with epithelial cells, but not conditioned medium, allowed normal rates of hyperactivation (range6.9-15.6%).

背景与目标： 使用计算机辅助精子分析 (CASA) 研究了人类精子与人类永生化的子宫内膜细胞 (上皮或基质) 共培养对精子运动特征 (包括过度活化) 的影响。在培养源自人活检的子宫内膜细胞8-10天后，可以分离上皮和基质细胞类型。两种细胞类型都被SV 40大T抗原永生化。与9.5% 对照相比，将精子与上皮和基质单层共同孵育可分别提高高激活率24.9% (P <0.05) 和17.8% (P = 0.05)，而大多数运动参数保持不变。条件培养基对精子参数 (包括过度活化) 没有影响。与单独在对照培养基中孵育相比，与任一单层共同孵育能够在更长的时间内保持精子活力。
在四名精子未表现出过度活化的患者中，与上皮细胞共同孵育，但不是条件培养基，允许正常的过度激活率 (范围6.9-15.6%)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The oxidized and semiquinone anion radical forms of flavin mononucleotide carried by flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase have been studied by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The RR spectra of their oxidized forms are compared with previously published RR data on various flavins and flavoproteins. Taking as a support available X-ray crystallographic data on flavoproteins, we have found correlations between the frequencies of RR bands II (1575-1588 cm-1), III (1534-1557 cm-1), and X (1244-1266 cm-1) and the H-bonding environment and/or the structure of the flavin ring. The present RR data provide strong evidence that the electron density, the conformation, and the H-bonding environment of the oxidized flavin mononucleotide of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase are different. As far as the anionic semiquinone form of flavoproteins is concerned, the behavior of two bands observed at 1280-1300 and 1320-1350 cm-1 suggests that they have vibrational origins similar to those of RR bands II and III of oxidized compounds. On this basis, the differences in conformation and H-bonding environment of the isoalloxazine ring, observed for the oxidized form of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, appear to be preserved upon one-electron reduction of the flavin. For both flavoproteins, the RR spectra of the semiquinone form are affected by pyruvate binding. The data are interpreted in the frame of a change in H-bonding interaction of the C4&dbd;O carbonyl group of the flavin without significant alteration of the isoalloxazine conformation. This modification in electrostatic interaction quantitatively accounts for the pyruvate-induced changes of the oxidized/semiquinone and semiquinone/reduced redox potentials of the flavoproteins. Considering the high homology in the flavin catalytic sites of flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate monooxygenase, the observed differences in H-bonding environment and conformation of the FMN ring are related to the different biological functions of the two flavoproteins.

背景与目标： 已通过共振拉曼 (RR) 光谱研究了黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶携带的黄素单核苷酸的氧化和半醌阴离子自由基形式。将其氧化形式的RR光谱与先前发布的各种黄素和黄素蛋白的RR数据进行比较。以可用的关于黄素蛋白的x射线晶体学数据为支持，我们发现RR波段II (1575-1588厘米-1)，III (1534-1557厘米-1)，和X (1244-1266厘米-1) 和H键环境和/或黄素环的结构。当前的RR数据提供了有力的证据，表明黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化黄素单核苷酸的电子密度，构象和H键环境不同。就黄素蛋白的阴离子半醌形式而言，在1280-1300和1320-1350厘米-1处观察到的两个带的行为表明它们具有类似于氧化化合物的RR带II和III的振动起源。在此基础上，对于黄色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的氧化形式观察到的异alloxazine环的构象和H键环境的差异似乎在黄素的单电子还原后得以保留。对于两种黄素蛋白，半醌形式的RR光谱均受丙酮酸结合的影响。在C4和dbd的H键相互作用变化的框架内解释数据; 黄素的O羰基，而异alloxazine构象没有明显改变。静电相互作用中的这种修饰定量地解释了丙酮酸诱导的黄素蛋白的氧化/半醌和半醌/降低的氧化还原电位的变化。考虑到黄细胞色素b2和L-乳酸单加氧酶的黄素催化位点的高度同源性，观察到的H键环境和FMN环构象的差异与两种黄素蛋白的不同生物学功能有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the relative influence of age and edentulousness upon mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of dentate and edentulous female subjects. STUDY DESIGN:Seventy-two patients (43-79 years of age; mean age, 62.5 years), of whom 49 were edentulous and 23 dentate, underwent dual x-ray energy absorptiometry (DXA) to determine the BMD of the body of mandible. Mandibular BMD was measured using DXA. The investigators independently determined rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) on the mandibular images, and the computer calculated the BMD of these specified regions. For the dentate patients, the ROIs were placed to exclude the roots of teeth. RESULTS:A linear multiple regression model was fitted to the dependent variable, mandibular body BMD, with age and whether the patient was edentulous or dentate being explanatory factors in the statistical model. The variable describing the dentate/edentulous state was not significant in the statistical model (P = .91). The model showed that age was significantly related negatively to the BMD of the mandibular body (P = .01). CONCLUSION:Age was a predictor of mandibular BMD but edentulousness was not.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships between eating and affective disorders remain complex and unclear. Brain glucose metabolism of anorectic patients has been demonstrated to be reduced both globally and regionally, with a particular relative hypometabolism in the parietal cortex. To explore the possible influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology on brain metabolism, we studied age- and sex-matched low-weight anorectic and depressed patients, normal-weight depressed patients, and healthy volunteers. Absolute global and regional glucose activity levels were reduced in low-weight patients, with the lowest values being found for anorectic patients. In relative values, anorectic patients showed a significant parietal hypometabolism in comparison to control subjects while they had higher metabolism in the caudate nuclei when compared with the other groups. Absolute hypometabolism of glucose seems to be a consequence of low weight as it was found in both low-weight anorectic and low-weight depressive patients. In addition, absolute glucose values were significantly correlated with body mass index in all subjects. Future positron emission tomographic studies in psychiatric patients should control for alimentary parameters.

背景与目标： : 饮食和情感障碍之间的关系仍然复杂且不清楚。厌食症患者的脑葡萄糖代谢已被证明在全球和区域范围内均降低，顶叶皮层中存在特定的相对低代谢。为了探讨体重减轻或抑郁症状对大脑代谢的可能影响，我们研究了年龄和性别相匹配的低体重厌食和抑郁症患者，正常体重的抑郁症患者以及健康志愿者。低体重患者的绝对全球和区域葡萄糖活性水平降低，厌食症患者的最低值。在相对值中，与对照组相比，厌食患者表现出明显的顶叶代谢低下，而与其他组相比，他们在尾状核中的代谢更高。葡萄糖的绝对低代谢似乎是低体重的结果，因为在低体重的厌食症和低体重的抑郁症患者中都发现了它。此外，在所有受试者中，绝对葡萄糖值与体重指数显着相关。未来精神病患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究应控制饮食参数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy and the safety of intrathecal neostigmine in patients undergoing anterior and posterior vaginoplasty under spinal anaesthesia. Thirty-six patients were randomly divided into three groups to receive: normal saline (1 ml), morphine (100 micrograms in 1 ml of saline) or neostigmine (100 micrograms in 1 ml of saline) intrathecally just before a spinal injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%, 4 ml). The mean [SD] time to the first analgesic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) administration was significantly prolonged by intrathecal neostigmine (10.7 [4.3] h) and morphine (15.3 [3.0] h) compared with saline (4.5 [1.0] h). The three groups also differed in the number of patients requiring subcutaneous morphine to complement the analgesia provided by the intramuscular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the mean [SD] times for their administration: eight patients in the saline group (8.0 [3.8] h), one patient in the morphine group (18 h) and two patients in the neostigmine group (8 and 12.9 h). The morphine and neostigmine groups showed similar analgesic effectiveness. The characteristics of spinal anaesthesia were not modified by intrathecal morphine or neostigmine. Severe nausea and vomiting, sweating and distress during surgery were the most obvious adverse effects of intrathecal neostigmine. On the other hand, less hypotension was observed in the neostigmine group. The usefulness of intrathecal neostigmine as the sole postoperative analgesic may be restricted by the severity of its adverse effects.

背景与目标： : 进行了一项临床试验，以评估在脊髓麻醉下进行前，后阴道成形术的患者的术后镇痛效果和鞘内新斯的明的安全性。36名患者被随机分为三组，分别接受生理盐水 (1毫升)，吗啡 (100微克生理盐水1毫升) 或新斯的明 (100微克生理盐水1毫升)，在脊柱注射高压布比卡因 (0.5%，4毫升) 之前。鞘内注射新斯的明 (10.7 [4.3] h) 和吗啡 (15.3 [3.0] h) 与盐水 (4.5 [1.0] h) 相比，首次给药 (非甾体类抗炎药) 的平均 [SD] 时间显著延长。这三组在需要皮下吗啡以补充肌肉内非甾体抗炎药提供的镇痛作用的患者数量和平均给药 [SD] 时间方面也有所不同: 生理盐水组的八名患者 (8.0 [3.8] h)，吗啡组1例 (18 h)，新斯的明组2例 (8和12.9 h)。吗啡和新斯的明组显示出相似的镇痛效果。鞘内注射吗啡或新斯的明不会改变脊髓麻醉的特征。鞘内注射新斯的明最明显的不良反应是严重的恶心和呕吐，术中出汗和窘迫。另一方面，新斯的明组低血压较少。鞘内注射新斯的明作为唯一的术后镇痛药的有用性可能会受到其不良反应的严重程度的限制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The behavior of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)/cholesterol/tetradecane and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/cholesterol/tetradecane were examined using x-ray diffraction and the osmotic stress method. DOPE/tetradecane, with or without cholesterol, forms inverted hexagonal (HII) phases in excess water. DOPC/tetradecane forms lamellar phases without cholesterol at lower temperatures. With tetradecane, as little as 5 mol% cholesterol in DOPC induced the formation of HII phases of very large dimension. Increasing levels of cholesterol result in a systematic decrease in the HII lattice dimension for both DOPE and DOPC in excess water. Using osmotic pressure to control hydration, we applied a recent prescription to estimate the intrinsic curvature and bending modulus of the HII monolayers. The radii of the intrinsic curvature, RPO, at a pivotal plane of constant area within the monolayer were determined to be 29.4 A for DOPE/tetradecane at 22 degrees C, decreasing to 27 A at 30 mol% cholesterol. For DOPC/tetradecane at 32 degrees C, RPO decreased from 62.5 A to 40 A as its cholesterol content increased from 30 to 50 mol%. These data yielded an estimate of the intrinsic radius of curvature for pure DOPC of 87.3 A. The bending moduli kc of DOPE/tetradecane and DOPC/tetradecane, each with 30 mol% cholesterol, are 15 and 9 kT, respectively. Tetradecane itself was shown to have little effect on the bending modulus in the cases of DOPE and cholesterol/DOPE. Surprisingly, cholesterol effected only a modest increase in the kc of these monolayers, which is much smaller than estimated from its effect on the area compressibility modulus in bilayers. We discuss possible reasons for this difference.

背景与目标： 使用x射线衍射和渗透应力方法检查了二油基磷脂酰乙醇胺 (DOPE)/胆固醇/十四烷和二油基磷脂酰胆碱 (DOPC)/胆固醇/十四烷的行为。含或不含胆固醇的涂料/十四烷在过量的水中形成倒置的六边形 (HII) 相。DOPC/十四烷在较低温度下形成无胆固醇的层状相。使用十四烷时，DOPC中只有5 mol % 的胆固醇会诱导形成非常大尺寸的HII相。胆固醇水平的增加导致过量水中DOPE和DOPC的HII晶格尺寸系统性降低。使用渗透压控制水合作用，我们应用了最近的处方来估算HII单层的固有曲率和弯曲模量。在单层内恒定面积的枢转平面上的本征曲率半径RPO被确定为在22 ℃ 下的涂料/十四烷的29.4 a，在30摩尔 % 胆固醇下降至27 A。对于32 ℃ 的DOPC/十四烷，随着其胆固醇含量从30摩尔 % 增加到50摩尔 %，RPO从62.5 A降低到40 A。这些数据产生了87.3 A的纯DOPC的固有曲率半径的估计。胆固醇含量为30 mol % 的DOPE/十四烷和DOPC/十四烷的弯曲模量kc分别为15和9 kT。在涂料和胆固醇/涂料的情况下，十四烷本身对弯曲模量的影响很小。令人惊讶的是，胆固醇仅影响了这些单层的kc的适度增加，这比根据其对双层中的面积可压缩模量的影响所估计的要小得多。我们讨论这种差异的可能原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To study the influence of resistance phenotypes (based on sentinel antibiotics: penicillin and amoxicillin with/without clavulanate) on the cefuroxime versus cefditoren susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae recovered from children with acute otitis media. METHODS:Middle ear isolates (193 S. pneumoniae and 114 H. influenzae) received in the Spanish Reference Laboratory (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) were tested. Antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin, amoxicillin with/without clavulanate, cefuroxime and cefditoren was determined by agar dilution using Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood for S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus Test Medium for H. influenzae. Strains were classified according to penicillin susceptibility (S. pneumoniae) or beta-lactamase production (H. influenzae). RESULTS:The decrease in penicillin susceptibility of S. pneumoniae (from the susceptible to the resistant category) decreased amoxicillin and cefuroxime susceptibility rates from 100% to 34% and 0%, respectively. All pneumococcal strains were inhibited by 0.5 mg/L cefditoren, including those from penicillin-resistant serotypes 14, 23F, 6B and 9V with higher amoxicillin versus penicillin MICs. Susceptibility rates of beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae strains were 93.8% and 85.4% to amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefuroxime, respectively. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (MIC>or=8/4 mg/L) was 12.1% (8 out of 66) and 6.3% (3 out of 48) in beta-lactamase-negative and -positive strains, respectively. All H. influenzae strains were inhibited by