BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We conducted an allozyme electrophoretic study to explore potential enzyme markers to distinguish Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand and Lao PDR. Twenty-eight enzymes encoding presumptive 32 loci were established. The enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were diagnostic between two geographically separate isolates from Thailand. Twelve enzymes, ie, aconitate hydratase, aldolase, creatine kinase, enolase, esterases, fumarate hydratase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and pyruvate kinase, also provided diagnostic markers for these two isolates from Thailand and one isolate from Lao PDR.

背景与目标： : 我们进行了同工酶电泳研究，以探索区分泰国和老挝人民民主共和国的Opisthorchis viverrini的潜在酶标记。建立了28种编码推定32个基因座的酶。葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和丙酮酸激酶酶可在来自泰国的两个地理上分开的分离株之间进行诊断。十二种酶，即乌头酸水合酶，醛缩酶，肌酸激酶，烯醇化酶，酯酶，富马酸水合酶，天冬氨酸氨基转移酶，葡萄糖磷酸异构酶，丙氨酸氨基转移酶，异柠檬酸脱氢酶，苹果酸酶和丙酮酸激酶，也提供了诊断标记来自泰国的这两种分离物和来自老挝PDR的一种分离物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Substandard and counterfeit pharmaceutical products, including antimalarial drugs, appear to be widespread internationally and affect both the developing and developed countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of antimalarial drugs, ie, artesunate (ART), chloroquine (CHL), mefloquine (MEF), quinine (QUI), sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) and tetracycline (TT) obtained from the government sector and private pharmacies in 4 Thai provinces: Mae Hong Son, Kanchanaburi, Ranong, and Chanthaburi. Three hundred sixty-nine samples of 6 antimalarial drugs from 27 government hospitals, 27 malaria clinics, and 53 drugstores, were collected. Drug quality was assessed by simple disintegration test and semi-quantitative thin-layer chromatography in each province; 10% passed, 100% failed and doubtful samples were sent to be verified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at the Thai National Drug Analysis Laboratory, (NL). Fifteen point four percent of ART, 11.1% of CHL and 29.4% of QUI were substandard. Based on the finding, drug regulatory authorities in the country took appropriate action against violators to ensure that antimalarial drugs consumed by malaria patients are of good quality.

背景与目标： : 不合格和假冒药品，包括抗疟药，在国际上似乎很普遍，对发展中国家和发达国家都有影响。该研究的目的是调查抗疟药的质量，即青蒿琥酯 (ART)，氯喹 (CHL)，甲氟喹 (MEF)，奎宁 (QUI)，从泰国4个省的政府部门和私人药房获得的磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶 (S/P) 和四环素 (TT): 湄宏顺，北碧府，拉农和Chanthaburi。收集了来自27家政府医院，27家疟疾诊所和53家药店的6种抗疟药物的369个样本。通过每个省的简单崩解试验和半定量薄层色谱法评估药物质量; 10% 通过，100% 个失败和可疑的样品被发送给泰国国家药物分析实验室 (NL) 的高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 验证。ART的15个点4%，CHL的11.1% 和QUI的29.4% 不合格。根据这一发现，该国药品监管当局对违法者采取了适当的行动，以确保疟疾患者食用的抗疟药物质量良好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forty-three Pythium insidiosum clinical isolates recovered from human pythiosis cases in Thailand were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Three random oligonucleotide primers, OPW11, OPW12 and OPX13 generated 39, 34 and 35 DNA patterns with high value of typeability (100%), reproducibility (98.5, 88.8 and 93.3%) and discriminatory power (0.83, 0.82 and 0.77), respectively. Using GelCompar software based on band similarity, the 43 clinical isolates of P. insidiosum could be arranged into 9, 13 and 11 clades using OPW11, OPW12 and OPX13, respectively and the combination of all three primers revealed 36 RAPD patterns. Members in each RAPD pattern varied in both clinical forms and/or geographical locations. RAPD pattern 15 was found in 6 isolates, half of which were found in central region of Thailand. Isolates MCC15 and MCC16 isolated from different patients exhibited identical pattern with all three primers. Our results revealed high genetic heterogeneity among Pythium insidiosum isolates in Thailand. RAPD method should be appropriate for future epidemiological studies of P. insidiosum strains from patients and from natural habitats.

背景与目标： : 通过随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD) 分析，从泰国的人pythiosis病例中回收的43株Pythium insidiosum临床分离株。三个随机寡核苷酸引物OPW11、OPW12和OPX13分别产生了39、34和35个DNA模式，其具有高的分型性 (100%) 、重现性 (98.5、88.8和93.3%) 和鉴别能力 (0.83、0.82和0.77)。使用基于条带相似性的gelcomparity软件，可以使用OPW11，OPW12和OPX13将43种阴性假单胞菌临床分离株分别排列为9、13和11个进化枝，并且所有三种引物的组合均显示36种RAPD模式。每种RAPD模式中的成员在临床形式和/或地理位置上都各不相同。在6个分离株中发现了RAPD模式15，其中一半在泰国中部地区发现。从不同患者中分离出的分离株MCC15和MCC16在所有三种引物中均表现出相同的模式。我们的结果表明，泰国的Pythium insidiosum分离株之间具有很高的遗传异质性。RAPD方法应适用于将来对来自患者和自然栖息地的阴险杆菌菌株进行流行病学研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The clones originating from Thailand, Phuket Island, were identified as Paramecium sexaurelia.

背景与目标： : 源自泰国普吉岛的克隆被鉴定为草履虫。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alpha thalassemia is the most common genetic disease in the world with the prevalence of carriers ranging from 5-50% in several populations. Coinheritance of two defective α-globin genes usually gives rise to a symptomatic condition, hemoglobin (Hb) H disease. Previously, it has been suggested from several studies in different populations that nondeletional Hb H disease (--/α(T)α or --/αα(T)) is generally more severe than the deletional type (--/-α). In this report, we describe four rare nondeletional α-thalassemia mutations in Thai individuals, including initiation codon mutation (HBA2:c.1delA), donor splice site mutation (IVSI-1, HBA1:c.95 + 1G>A), Hb Queens Park (HBA1:c.98T>A) [α32(B13)Met>Lys], and Hb Westmead (HBA2:c.369C>G) [α122(H5)His>Gln]. Interactions of the first three mutations with the α(0)-thalassemia resulted in nondeletional Hb H disease; however, their clinical presentations were rather mild and some were detected accidentally. This suggests that a genotype-phenotype correlation of α-thalassemia syndrome might be more heterogeneous and so the type of mutation does not simply imply the prediction of the resulting phenotype. Our data will be of use in future genetic counseling of such conditions that are increasingly identified thanks to the improvement of molecular analysis in routine laboratories.

背景与目标： : α 地中海贫血是世界上最常见的遗传疾病，在几个人群中，携带者的患病率为5-50%。两个有缺陷的 α-珠蛋白基因的共同遗传通常会引起症状，即血红蛋白 (Hb) H病。以前，从不同人群的几项研究中已经表明，非缺失性Hb H疾病 (-/α(T)α 或-/α α(T)) 通常比缺失型 (-/-α) 更为严重。-α)。在本报告中，我们描述了泰国个体中四个罕见的非缺失 α-地中海贫血突变，包括起始密码子突变 (HBA2:c.1delA)，供体剪接位点突变 (IVSI-1，HBA1:c.95 + 1G>A)，Hb Queens Park (HBA1:c.98T>A) [α32(B13)Met>Lys] 和Hb Westmead (HBA2:c.369C>G) [α122(H5)His>Gln]。前三个突变与 α(0)-地中海贫血的相互作用导致非缺失性Hb H疾病; 但是，他们的临床表现相当温和，有些是偶然发现的。这表明 α-地中海贫血综合征的基因型-表型相关性可能更具异质性，因此突变类型并不简单地暗示对最终表型的预测。我们的数据将在未来的遗传咨询中使用，这些疾病由于常规实验室分子分析的改进而日益被发现。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Trace metal elements (TME) can be real threats for living organisms. However, few studies dealt with TME in reservoirs in rural areas where farming practises could induce negative effects. Mae Thang reservoir (northern Thailand) has been studied for 3 years to understand the seasonal behaviour of dissolved TME: Fe, Mn, Cd, Al, Pb, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, U and As and associated physicochemical parameters. In situ measurements of these parameters were done during the dry and the wet seasons as well as water samples along the water column for further analyses and TME determination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In the dry season, the water column was characterized by a strong stratification and anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion. High rain and water input from the watershed during the wet season induced mixing of the water. All TME, except Ni, Co and Cr were less concentrated in the wet season indicating a dilution effect by water input. There was thus no important dissolved pollution coming from the watershed. The anoxic conditions in the dry season enhanced the reduction of Fe and Mn and the desorption processes. Depth, and thus oxic-anoxic conditions were the main drivers of TME in the dry season, while in the wet season, dissolution processes from parent rocks of watershed were favoured. The average concentrations of TME in the reservoir were in the limit of the international and Thai standards. Only localized values in the bottom of the reservoir for Fe and Mn were higher than the limits.

背景与目标： : 微量金属元素 (TME) 可能是活生物体的真正威胁。然而，很少有研究涉及农村地区水库中的TME，在这些地区，农业实践可能会产生负面影响。对Mae Thang水库 (泰国北部) 进行了3年的研究，以了解溶解的TME的季节性行为: Fe，Mn，Cd，Al，Pb，V，Cr，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn，Mo，U和As以及相关的理化参数。在干燥和潮湿季节以及沿水柱的水样中对这些参数进行了原位测量，以进一步分析和通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法 (icp-ms) 测定TME。在干旱季节，水柱的特征是hypolimnion中的强分层和缺氧条件。在雨季期间，流域的高雨水和水输入会引起水的混合。除Ni，Co和Cr外，所有TME在雨季的浓度均较低，表明水分输入具有稀释作用。因此，流域没有重要的溶解污染。干旱季节的缺氧条件增强了Fe和Mn的还原和解吸过程。在干旱季节，深度和缺氧条件是TME的主要驱动力，而在雨季，则有利于流域母岩的溶解过程。水库中TME的平均浓度在国际和泰国标准的限制内。仅储层底部的Fe和Mn局部值高于极限值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study is aimed to identify the prevalence of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from patients in a major hospital in northeastern Thailand. A total of 562 stool samples were examined by culture technique, and 56 Blastocystis-positive samples were analyzed further by the combination of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) followed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-tagged site primers (PCR-STS). By RFLP profiles, Blastocystis genotypes were categorized into four groups: group A (12, 21.4%), group B (32, 57.1%), group C (10, 17.9%), and group D (2, 3.6%). By PCR-STS, only four subtypes were identified. All 12 (21.4%) isolates in group A were identified as subtype 1. Similarly, all 32 (57.1%) isolates in group B were subtype 3. In group C, 10 (17.9%) samples were all subtype 7, and two samples (3.6%) in group D were both subtype 6. Of 56 Blastocystis-positive patients, 31 (55.4%) were asymptomatic and 22 (39.4%) have gastrointestinal symptoms. No significant association was observed between the Blastocystis subtypes and the clinical features. Among the Blastocystis-positive patients, the most characteristic stool samples were loose (78.6%) and soft (17.9%). In conclusion, the most common Blastocystis spp. in northeastern Thailand was subtype 3 followed by subtype 1. Relatively minor subtypes, subtype 6 and subtype 7 which are considered as avian subtypes, were found for the first time in humans in Thailand.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在确定从泰国东北部一家主要医院的患者中分离出的囊胚亚型的患病率。通过培养技术共检查了562份粪便样品，并通过结合限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP)，然后通过聚合酶链式反应与序列标记的位点引物 (pcr-sts) 进一步分析了56份囊胚阳性样品。根据RFLP图谱，囊胚基因型分为四组: A组 (12、21.4%)，B组 (32、57.1%)，C组 (10、17.9%) 和D组 (2、3.6%)。通过pcr-sts，仅鉴定出四种亚型。组A中的所有12个 (21.4%) 分离株均鉴定为亚型1。类似地，组B中的所有32 (57.1%) 分离株均为亚型3。C组10个 (17.9% 个) 样本均为亚型7，D组2个样本 (3.6% 个) 均为亚型6。在56例囊胚阳性患者中，31例 (55.4% 例) 无症状，22例 (39.4% 例) 有胃肠道症状。未观察到囊胚亚型与临床特征之间的显着关联。在囊胚阳性患者中，最典型的粪便样本为疏松 (78.6%) 和柔软 (17.9%)。总之，最常见的胚泡藻属。在泰国东北部，亚型为3，其次是亚型1。在泰国的人类中首次发现了相对较小的亚型，即被认为是鸟类亚型的亚型6和亚型7。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Up to 65% of travelers to less developed countries report health problems while traveling. International travel is an increasing concern for health practitioners. To date, there have not been any published analyses of mortality amongst foreign nationals visiting Thailand. Our objectives are to examine the magnitude and characterize the deaths among foreign nationals in Chiang Mai, a popular tourist province in Thailand. METHODS:The study commenced with a review of the Thai death registration. Death certificates were retrieved, reviewed, and classified by the causes of death. Basic statistics and proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) were used to describe the pattern of deaths. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was used to assess the excess mortality risk among foreign nationals. RESULTS:Between January 1, 2010 and May 31, 2011, there were 1,295 registered deaths in Chiang Mai City, of which 102 records (7.9%) were foreign nationals. Median age of decedents was 64 years (range 14-102 y). Female-to-male ratio was 1 : 5.4. The highest mortality was among Europeans (45.1%). Most of the deaths were natural causes (89.2%) including 36 cardiac diseases (PMR = 35.3) and 20 malignancy diseases (PMR = 19.6). Deaths due to external causes were low. The SMRs range between 0.15 and 0.30. CONCLUSION:Communicable diseases and injuries were not the leading causes of death among foreign nationals visiting Chiang Mai, Thailand. It is essential that travelers are aware of mortality risk associated with their underlying diseases and that they are properly prepared to handle them while traveling.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A small but variable subgroup of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who have antibodies to muscle-specific kinase (MuSKAb-MG) can present with distinct phenotypes and are often treatment-resistant. The prevalence, clinical phenotypes and outcomes of treatment of patients with MuSKAb-MG in Thailand were determined. Eight (16.3%) of the 49 patients with generalized MG who were negative for acetylcholine receptor antibodies (AChRAb) were positive for muscle-specific kinase antibodies. Most patients had predominant oculobulbar features and respiratory failure occurred in three. At follow up, three out of the seven patients who underwent thymectomy were in complete stable remission and four had improved and were on reduced immunosuppression medication, suggesting a possible benefit of thymectomy.

背景与目标： : 具有肌肉特异性激酶 (MuSKAb-MG) 抗体的重症肌无力 (MG) 患者的一个小但可变的亚组可以表现出不同的表型，并且通常对治疗耐药。确定了泰国MuSKAb-MG患者的患病率，临床表型和治疗结果。乙酰胆碱受体抗体 (AChRAb) 阴性的49例全身性MG患者中有8例 (16.3% 例) 肌肉特异性激酶抗体呈阳性。大多数患者具有主要的眼球特征，其中三例发生呼吸衰竭。在随访中，接受胸腺切除术的7例患者中有3例完全稳定缓解，4例改善并接受了减少的免疫抑制药物治疗，这表明胸腺切除术可能具有益处。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four yeast strains (TM1-01(T), TM1-07, TM3-47 and TM3-49) were isolated by membrane filtration from estuarine water collected from a mangrove forest in Phang-Nga province, southern Thailand. Analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit rDNA sequence revealed that the sequences of the four strains were identical. The closest recognized species in terms of pairwise sequence similarity was Pichia deserticola, but the level of nucleotide substitution (4.8 %) was sufficient to justify the description of a separate species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four strains occupy a basal position with respect to Pichia membranifaciens and close relatives. The four strains showed identical phenotypic characteristics, including proliferation by multilateral budding, absence of ascospores, arthrospores and ballistospores and negative reactions for Diazonium blue B and urease. The major ubiquinone was Q-7. On the basis of the above findings, these four strains were assigned to a single novel species of the genus Candida, for which the name Candida thaimueangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TM1-01(T) (=CBS 10360(T)=NBRC 101967(T)=BCC 21229(T)).

背景与目标： : 通过膜过滤从泰国南部攀牙省红树林的河口水中分离出四个酵母菌株 (TM1-01(T)，TM1-07，TM3-47和TM3-49)。对大亚单位rDNA序列的D1/D2结构域的分析表明，这四个菌株的序列是相同的。就成对序列相似性而言，最接近的公认物种是deserticola毕赤酵母，但是核苷酸取代的水平 (4.8%) 足以证明对单独物种的描述是合理的。系统发育分析表明，这四个菌株相对于膜毕赤酵母和近亲毕赤酵母具有基础地位。这四个菌株显示出相同的表型特征，包括多边出芽增殖，没有子囊孢子，节孢子和and孢子以及重氮蓝B和脲酶的阴性反应。主要的泛醌是Q-7的。根据上述发现，将这四种菌株分配给念珠菌属的一个新物种，其名称为念珠菌thaimueangensis sp。11月是提出的。类型应变是TM1-01(T) (= CBS 10360(T)= NBRC 101967(T)= BCC 21229(T))。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A survey of freshwater snail, Bithynia funiculata, was conducted in four locations, Doi Saket, Mueang, Saraphi and Mae Rim Districts of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, between June and October, during the rainy season of 2004. A total of 2,240 snails was collected and classified into 7 families and 15 genera; of which 352 B. funiculata were obtained. B. funiculata was found most abundant in July and September. The infection rate of trematode cercariae in B. funiculata was 9.6% (19/352), while that of pleurolophocercous was 0.3% (1/352). Virgulate cercaria was the most common type, followed by lophocercous, monostome and pleurolophocercous. B. funiculata prefers habitats with clear water, which was less than 30 cm depth, temperatures between 24.48 and 31.78 degrees C, dissolved oxygen 2.03-7.66 mg/l, saturated dissolved oxygen 26.70-95.00%, conductivity 0.000-0.2642 mS/cm, turbidity 16.00-288.00 NTU and pH 6.58-7.56. Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis using loose soil mixed with clay revealed that the breeding grounds of this snail species was in the paddy fields and village environs of the Ping, Kuang and Fang river basins.

背景与目标： : 在雨季2004年期间，在泰国北部清迈省的Doi Saket，Mueang，Saraphi和Mae Rim地区四个地点对6月和10月之间的淡水蜗牛Bithynia funiculata进行了调查。总共收集了2,240个蜗牛，并将其分为7个科和15个属; 其中获得了352个B. funiculata。B. funiculata在7月和9月中含量最高。丝虫吸虫的感染率为9.6% (19/352)，而侧耳虫的感染率为0.3% (1/352)。女星尾cars是最常见的类型，其次是lophocercous，monostome和pleurolophocercous。B. funiculata偏爱具有清水的生境，其深度小于30厘米，温度在24.48至31.78 ℃ 之间，溶解氧2.03-7.66 mg/l，饱和溶解氧26.70-95.00%，电导率0.000-0.2642 mS/cm，浊度16.00-288.00 NTU和pH 6.58-7.56。使用松散土壤与粘土混合的地理信息系统 (GIS) 分析表明，这种蜗牛的繁殖地位于平河，匡河和方河流域的稻田和村庄周围。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fifteen strains of extremely halophilic bacteria were isolated from fish sauce (nam-pla) collected in Thailand at various stages of the fish-fermentation process. The isolates were strictly aerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive rods. They grew optimally in the presence of 20-26 % NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0). Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 42.1-43.1 mol%. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, a representative strain, PS11-2(T), was found to be closely related to Lentibacillus juripiscarius JCM 12147(T) (97.3 % similarity). The 15 strains were included in the same species on the basis that the levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with strain PS11-2(T) were greater than 70 %. They could be distinguished from L. juripiscarius and other Lentibacillus species on the basis of several phenotypic characteristics and low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness (

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The epidemic of dengue virus infections has spread markedly in Yunnan province of China in recent years due to an increase in the number of imported dengue cases. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report a whole genome sequence and molecular characterization of an imported DENV-4 isolate from Thailand. The current strain, 2013JH285, has an RNA genome of 10,772 nucleotides that shares 99.0% nucleotide and 99.7% amino acid sequence identity with the 2013 Thailand strain CTI2-13. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence revealed that the 2013JH285 strain belongs to genotype I of DENV-4. Recombination analysis suggested that the 2013JH285 strain originated from inter-genotypic recombination of DENV-4 strains. The new complete DENV-4 genome sequence reported here might contribute to further understanding of the molecular epidemiology and disease surveillance of DENV-4 in China.

背景与目标： : 近年来，由于输入性登革热病例的增加，登革热病毒的流行在中国云南省明显蔓延。据我们所知，本研究是第一个报告从泰国进口的DENV-4分离株的全基因组序列和分子特征的研究。当前菌株2013JH285具有10,772个核苷酸的RNA基因组，与CTI2-13的2013泰国菌株共享99.0% 个核苷酸和99.7% 个氨基酸序列同一性。全基因组序列的系统发育分析表明，2013JH285菌株属于DENV-4的基因型I。重组分析表明，2013JH285菌株起源于DENV-4菌株的基因型间重组。这里报道的新的完整DENV-4基因组序列可能有助于进一步了解中国DENV-4的分子流行病学和疾病监测。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake occurred off the northwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The tsunami that followed severely impacted all 6 southwestern provinces of Thailand, where approximately 20,000 children were directly affected. OBJECTIVE:To assess trauma experiences and the prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among children in tsunami-affected provinces in southern Thailand. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:Population-based mental health surveys were conducted among children aged 7 to 14 years in Phang Nga, Phuket, and Krabi provinces from February 15-22, 2005 (2 months posttsunami), and September 7-12, 2005 (9 months posttsunami). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Trauma experiences and symptoms of PTSD and depression as measured by a tsunami-modified version of the PsySTART Rapid Triage System, the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index, and the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale. RESULTS:A total of 371 children (167 displaced and living in camps, 99 not displaced from villages affected by the tsunami, and 105 not displaced from unaffected villages) participated in the first survey. The prevalence rates of PTSD symptoms were 13% among children living in camps, 11% among children from affected villages, and 6% among children from unaffected villages (camps vs unaffected villages, P = .25); for depression symptoms, the prevalence rates were 11%, 5%, and 8%, respectively (P = .39). In multivariate analysis of the first assessment, having had a delayed evacuation, having felt one's own or a family member's life to have been in danger, and having felt extreme panic or fear were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. Older age and having felt that their own or a family member's life had been in danger were significantly associated with depression symptoms. In the follow-up survey, 72% (151/210) of children from Phang Nga participated. Prevalence rates of symptoms of PTSD and depression among these children did not decrease significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS:This assessment documents the prevalence of mental health problems among children in tsunami-affected provinces in southern Thailand at 2 and 9 months posttsunami. Traumatic events experienced during the tsunami were significantly associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression. These data may be useful to target mental health services for children and may inform the design of these interventions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to establish a human challenge model of Shigella related disease for vaccine testing, a dose-escalating inpatient trial was performed. Three groups of 12 healthy adult volunteers were orally challenged with 93,440 and 1680 CFU of Shigella sonnei strain 53G. Subjects were admitted to the Vaccine Trial Centre (VTC) at Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand. The primary purpose of this study was to identify the dose of S. sonnei 53G required to elicit clinical disease in at least 70% of Thai adult subjects. At the highest dose of 1680 CFU, the attack rate was 75%, while at the two lower doses, the attack rate was approximately 50%. This human challenge model, which is the first of its kind in an endemic region, will provide an opportunity for S. sonnei vaccine evaluation in endemic populations.

背景与目标： : 为了建立志贺氏菌相关疾病的人类挑战模型以进行疫苗测试，进行了剂量递增的住院试验。用93,440和1680 CFU的宋内志贺氏菌53G口服攻击三组12名健康成人志愿者。受试者被送往泰国曼谷Mahidol大学的疫苗试验中心 (VTC)。这项研究的主要目的是确定至少70% 泰国成年受试者引起临床疾病所需的S. sonnei 53G剂量。在1680 CFU的最高剂量下，发作率为75%，而在两个较低剂量下，发作率约为50%。这种人类挑战模型是流行地区的同类模型中的第一个，它将为在流行人群中评估S. sonnei疫苗提供机会。