BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a neurological condition characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures originating from mesial structures involving the hippocampus within the temporal lobe. This condition is often associated with pathological features in the hippocampus such as neuronal cell loss, widening of the granule cell layer, astrogliosis and mossy fibre spouting. At present, the mechanisms underlying these pathological features are unclear. However, recent advances in adult neurogenesis studies in mTLE animals and patients suggest that newly generated neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of ongoing epileptogenesis. This article will review the recent animal and human studies on adult neurogenesis in mTLE and discuss how these results suggests that adult endogenous neurogenesis may not always be reparative in the mTLE and may be targeted in new therapeutic strategies for mTLE.

背景与目标： : 颞叶内侧癫痫 (mTLE) 是一种神经系统疾病，其特征是发生自发性复发性癫痫发作，起源于颞叶内海马的内侧结构。这种情况通常与海马的病理特征有关，例如神经元细胞丢失，颗粒细胞层变宽，星形胶质细胞增生和苔藓状纤维喷出。目前，这些病理特征的机制尚不清楚。然而，在mTLE动物和患者中进行的成人神经发生研究的最新进展表明，新生的神经元可能有助于正在进行的癫痫发生的发病机理。本文将回顾最近有关mTLE中成人神经发生的动物和人类研究，并讨论这些结果如何表明成人内源性神经发生可能并不总是在mTLE中修复，并且可能在mTLE的新治疗策略中靶向。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :All cutaneous nevomelanocytic specimens accessioned for histopathologic examination at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1987 were reviewed. The specimens were categorized as malignant melanoma, acquired or congenital benign nevi, blue nevi, spindle and epithelioid cell nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Other processes such as lentigines were excluded. There was a threefold increase in percentage of patients having nevomelanocytic lesions removed (1.5% in 1950 to 4.6% in 1987) compared with total surgical cases over the 37-year period. A progressive increase in numbers and percentages of dysplastic nevi (among nevomelanocytic surgical cases) was noted over a 37-year interval--2 cases (1% of nevomelanocytic cases) in 1950, 4 cases (2%) in 1960, 23 cases (5%) in 1970, and 189 cases (12%) in 1987. These findings confirm the existence of dysplastic nevi by histopathologic criteria as early as 1950 and illustrate the frequencies of various nevomelanocytic surgical specimens among all surgical specimens at four points in time over a 37-year period at a major referral center for pigmented lesions.

背景与目标： : 回顾了在波士顿，1950年，1960、1970和1987的马萨诸塞州总医院接受组织病理学检查的所有皮肤新生细胞标本。标本分为恶性黑色素瘤，后天性或先天性良性痣，蓝痣，梭形和上皮样细胞痣以及发育不良的痣。排除了其他过程，例如扁豆。与37年的总手术病例相比，切除无红细胞病变的患者百分比增加了三倍 (1.5% 1950年至4.6% 1987年)。在37年的间隔内，异常增生的痣的数量和百分比 (在nevoelancytic手术病例中) 逐渐增加-1950年2例 (1% 例nevoelancytic病例)，1960年4例 (2% 例)，1970年23例 (5% 例) 和189例 (12%) 1987年。这些发现早在1950年就通过组织病理学标准证实了发育不良的痣的存在，并说明了在一个主要的色素性病变转诊中心，在37年的时间内，所有手术标本中的四个时间点，各种nevoelanocytic手术标本的频率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Opioid receptor binding was evaluated in parahippocampal cortex (PHC) obtained from patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with and without subacute high frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in this brain area. Mu, delta and nociceptin receptor binding was determined by autoradiography in PHC of five patients (ESAE group) with MTLE history of 14.8 +/- 2.5 years and seizure frequency of 11 +/- 2.9 per month, two of them (40%) with mesial sclerosis. This group demonstrated antiepileptic effects following subacute HFS (130 Hz, 450 micros, 200-400 microA), applied continuously during 16-20 days in PHC. Values were compared with those obtained from patients with severe MTLE (history of 21.7 +/- 2.8 years and seizure frequency of 28.2 +/- 14 per month) in whom electrical stimulation did not induce antiepileptic effects (ESWAE group, n = 4), patients with MTLE in whom no electrical stimulation was applied (MTLE group, n = 4) and autopsy material acquired from subjects without epilepsy (n = 4 obtained from three subjects). Enhanced 3H-DAMGO (MTLE, 755%; ESAE, 375%; ESWAE, 693%), 3H-DPDPE (MTLE, 242%; ESAE, 80%; ESWAE, 346%) and 3H-nociceptin (MTLE, 424%; ESAE, 217%; ESWAE, 451%) binding was detected in the PHC of all epileptic groups. However, tissue obtained from ESAE group demonstrated lower opioid receptor binding (3H-DAMGO, 44.5%, p < 0.05; 3H-DPDPE, 47%, p < 0.05; 3H-nociceptin, 39.3%, p < 0.5) when compared with MTLE group. The present results indicate that a high effectiveness to the antiepileptic effects induced by HFS is associated with reduced opioid peptide binding.

背景与目标： : 在患有或没有亚急性高频电刺激 (HFS) 的难治性颞叶内侧颞叶癫痫 (MTLE) 患者的海马旁皮层 (PHC) 中评估了阿片样物质受体的结合。通过放射自显影法测定了5例 (ESAE组) MTLE病史为14.8/- 2.5年，每月发作频率为11//- 2.9的PHC患者的Mu，delta和伤害肽受体的结合，其中2例 (40%) 患有内侧硬化。该组在亚急性HFS (130Hz，450微子，200-400微子) 在PHC中连续施加16-20天后表现出抗癫痫作用。将电刺激未引起抗癫痫作用的重度MTLE患者 (21.7 +/- 2.8年病史，每月发作频率为28.2 +/- 14次) 的值进行比较 (ESWAE组，n = 4)，未施加电刺激的MTLE患者 (MTLE组，n = 4) 和从无癫痫的受试者获得的尸检材料 (n = 4)。在所有癫痫组的PHC中检测到增强的3H-DAMGO (MTLE，755%; ESAE，375%; ESWAE，693%) 、3H-DPDPE (MTLE，242%; ESAE，80%; ESWAE，346%) 和3H-nociceptin (MTLE，424%; ESAE，217%; ESWAE，451%) 结合。然而，与MTLE组相比，从ESAE组获得的组织显示出较低的阿片样物质受体结合 (3H-DAMGO，44.5%，p <0.05; 3H-DPDPE，47%，p <0.05; 3H-nociceptin，39.3%，p <0.5)。目前的结果表明，HFS诱导的抗癫痫作用的高有效性与阿片肽结合减少有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The reasons for low adherence to cereal dietary guidelines are not well understood but may be related to knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and perceived barriers. This study aims to assess trends in cereal foods consumption, intention to change and factors associated with intake among Western Australian (WA) adults 18 to 64 years. METHOD:Cross-sectional data from the 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2009, and 2012 Nutrition Monitoring Survey Series involving 7044 adults were pooled. OUTCOME VARIABLES:types and amount of cereals (bread, rice, pasta, and breakfast cereal) eaten the day prior. Attitudes, knowledge, intentions, weight status and sociodemographic characteristics were measured. Descriptive statistics, multiple binary logistic and multinomial logistic regressions assess factors associated with consumption. RESULTS:Bread (78%) was the most commonly consumed cereal food. The proportion eating bread decreased across survey years (Odds Ratio OR = 0.31; 95% Confidence Interval; 0.24-0.40 in 2012 versus 1995), as did the amount (4.1 slices of bread in 1995 to 2.4 in 2012). The odds of consuming whole-grain cereal foods increased since 2009 (OR = 1.27; 1.02-1.58 versus 1995 p < 0.05). The likelihood of trying to eat less cereal food in the past year was greater in 2012 compared to 1995 (Relative Risk Ratio RRR 10.88; 6.81-17.4). Knowledge of cereal recommendations decreased over time (OR = 0.20; 0.15-0.27 in 2012 versus 1995 p < 0.001). Overweight and obese respondents were more likely than healthy weight respondents to have tried to eat less cereals (RRR 1.65; 1.22-2.24 and 1.88; 1.35-2.63 respectively). 'I already eat enough' was the main barrier (75% in 1995 to 84% in 2012 (p < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS:WA adults are actively reducing the amount of cereal foods they eat and intake is associated with a misperception of adequacy of intake. Nutrition intervention is needed to increase awareness of the health benefits of cereal foods, particularly whole-grains, and to address barriers to incorporating them daily. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Not applicable.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The functions of human brains highly depend on the precise temporal regulation of gene expression, and the temporal brain transcriptome profile across lifespan has been observed. The substantial transcriptome alteration in neural disorders like autism has also been observed and is thought to be important for the pathology. While the cell type composition is known to be variable in brains, it remains unclear how it contributes to the temporal and pathological transcriptome changes in brains. Here, we applied a transcriptome deconvolution procedure to an age series RNA-seq dataset of healthy and autism samples, to quantify the contribution of cell type composition in shaping the temporal and autism pathological transcriptome in human brains. We estimated that composition change was the primary factor of both types of transcriptome changes. On the other hand, genes with substantial composition-independent expression changes were also observed in both cases. Those temporal and autism pathological composition-independent changes, many of which are related to synaptic functions, indicate the important intracellular regulatory changes in human brains in both processes.

背景与目标： : 人脑的功能高度依赖于基因表达的精确时间调控，并且已经观察到跨寿命的颞脑转录组谱。还观察到自闭症等神经疾病的大量转录组改变，并被认为对病理学很重要。尽管已知细胞类型组成在大脑中是可变的，但尚不清楚它如何导致大脑中的时间和病理转录组变化。在这里，我们将转录组反卷积程序应用于健康和自闭症样本的年龄系列RNA-seq数据集，以量化细胞类型组成在塑造人脑中颞部和自闭症病理转录组中的贡献。我们估计成分变化是两种转录组变化的主要因素。另一方面，在这两种情况下，也观察到具有大量与组成无关的表达变化的基因。这些与时间和自闭症病理组成无关的变化，其中许多与突触功能有关，表明了人类大脑在这两个过程中的重要细胞内调节变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Clinicians commonly use verbal and nonverbal measures to test fluency in patients with epilepsy, either during routine cognitive assessment or as part of pre- and postsurgical evaluation. We hypothesized that patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis would perform worse than patients with lateral TLE in both verbal and design fluency. METHODS:We assessed semantic, phonemic, and nonverbal fluency in 49 patients with TLE: 31 with lateral TLE and 18 with mesial TLE plus hippocampal sclerosis. We also gave non-fluency cognitive measures: psychomotor speed, attentional set shifting, selective attention, abstract reasoning, verbal and visual episodic memory, and incidental memory. RESULTS:Patients with mesial TLE performed significantly worse on figural fluency than patients with lateral TLE. Even though group differences on verbal fluency measures were not significant, the patients with mesial TLE had a pattern of poorer performance. The patients with mesial TLE scored significantly worse on measures of selective attention, verbal episodic memory, and incidental memory. CONCLUSIONS:Our study underlines differences in cognitive function between patients with mesial and lateral TLE, particularly in figural fluency. Although we cannot directly assess the role of the hippocampus in cognitive aspects of creative and divergent thinking related to figural fluency, the cognitive discrepancies between these two TLE groups could be ascribed to the mesial TLE hippocampal pathology shown in our study and addressed in the literature on hippocampal involvement in divergent thinking. Our findings could benefit cognitive rehabilitation programs tailored to the needs of patients with TLE.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To examine the trends of substance use and correlated variables in high-school students in Southern Thailand. METHODS:Surveys of high-school years 7, 9 and 11 and vocational school year 2 students in four provinces in Southern Thailand were conducted in 2002-2004 to examine lifetime substance use, use within 1 year and 30 days before the interview, using a self-completed questionnaire. RESULTS:The prevalence of lifetime use of any illicit substance was 5-7% overall (about 7%, 9% and 13% in boys and 2%, 1% and 3% in girls in 2002, 2003 and 2004, respectively). Krathom, a local addictive plant, and cannabis were the most commonly used illicit substances on a lifetime basis with prevalences of 2.3%, 2.8%, 4.9% (p<0.01) and 2.6%, 2.3%, 3.4% (p>0.05) in the surveyed years. The rates of alcohol consumption in the past 30 days were 19.3%, 17.3% and 15.2% (p>0.05) while smoking rates were 14.6%, 8.8% and 10.8% (p<0.05). The significant correlates of current illicit substance use were surveyed year, male, vocational school, school level, and school performance. CONCLUSION:The problem of substance abuse is increasing among Thai adolescents. School-based interventions seem desirable, especially in boys, vocational and public school students.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Recent changes in critical care delivery, including the widespread implementation of health-care bundles, were aimed at reducing complications of critical illness, in particular ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), but no population-based study evaluated its effectiveness. METHODS:Using a previously validated electronic medical record database, we identified adult (≥ 18 years old) critically ill patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota, requiring mechanical ventilation for ≥ 48 h from January 2003 to December 2009. Trained intensivists identified cases of VAP according to different established clinical definitions. The incidence and outcome of VAP was compared before and after implementation of the so-called "VAP bundle." RESULTS:The median age, severity of illness, proportion of surgical patients, and patients with neurologic disease increased over time (P < .05 for trend in all). Regardless of the definition used, the VAP rate remained similar throughout the study period and did not change with the introduction of the VAP bundle. According to previous Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria, the yearly estimates of the VAP incidence ranged between 7.1 and 10.4 cases per 1,000 ventilator-days, with an age-adjusted incidence of 3.1 vs 5.6 per 100,000 population (P = .54 for trends). Standardized hospital mortality ratio of patients at high risk to develop VAP significantly decreased from 1.7 (95% CI, 0.8-3.0) to 0.7 (95% CI, 0.3-1.4; P = .0003 for trend). CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of VAP was unaffected by the implementation of the VAP bundle. Secular changes in hospital mortality are unlikely to be attributed to the VAP bundle per se.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rat auditory cortex is divided anatomically into several areas, but little is known about the functional differences in information processing between these areas. To determine the filter properties of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 65% broader than A1 neurons. The broader receptive fields of PAF neurons result in responses to narrow and broadband inputs that are stronger than A1. In contrast to A1, we found little evidence for an orderly topographic gradient in PAF based on frequency. These neurons exhibit latencies that are twice as long as A1. In response to modulated tones and noise, PAF neurons adapt to repeated stimuli at significantly slower rates. Unlike A1, neurons in PAF rarely exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensory information on larger spectral and longer temporal scales than primary cortex.

背景与目标： : 大鼠听觉皮层在解剖学上分为几个区域，但对这些区域之间信息处理的功能差异知之甚少。为了确定大鼠后听觉场 (PAF) 神经元的过滤特性，我们比较了对简单音调，调频 (FM) 扫描以及调幅噪声和音调与初级听觉皮层 (A1) 神经元反应的神经生理反应。PAF神经元具有平均比A1神经元宽65% 的兴奋性感受野。PAF神经元的较宽的感受野导致对比a1强的窄和宽带输入的响应。与A1相反，我们几乎没有证据表明PAF中基于频率的有序地形梯度。这些神经元表现出的潜伏期是a1的两倍。响应调制的音调和噪声，PAF神经元以明显较慢的速度适应重复刺激。与A1不同，PAF中的神经元很少对快速重复的声音表现出促进作用。PAF中的神经元对窄带一个倍频FM扫描的速率或方向没有很强的选择性。这些结果表明，与非主要视野一样，PAF在比主要皮层更大的光谱和更长的时间尺度上处理感觉信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In anosognosia for hemiplegia, patients may claim having performed willed actions with the paralyzed limb despite unambiguous evidence to the contrary. Does this false belief of having moved reflect the functioning of the same mechanisms that govern normal motor performance? Here, we examined whether anosognosics show the same temporal constraints known to exist during bimanual movements in healthy subjects. In these paradigms, when participants simultaneously reach for two targets of different difficulties, the motor programs of one hand affect the execution of the other. In detail, the movement time of the hand going to an easy target (i.e., near and large), while the other is going to a difficult target (i.e., far and small), is slowed with respect to unimanual movements (temporal coupling effect). One right-brain-damaged patient with left hemiplegia and anosognosia, six right-brain-damaged patients with left hemiplegia without anosognosia, and twenty healthy subjects were administered such a bimanual task. We recorded the movement times for easy and difficult targets, both in unimanual (one target) and bimanual (two targets) conditions. We found that, as healthy subjects, the anosognosic patient showed coupling effect. In bimanual asymmetric conditions (when one hand went to the easy target and the other went to the difficult target), the movement time of the non-paralyzed hand going to the easy target was slowed by the 'pretended' movement of the paralyzed hand going to the difficult target. This effect was not present in patients without anosognosia. We concluded that in anosognosic patients, the illusory movements of the paralyzed hand impose to the non-paralyzed hand the same motor constraints that emerge during the actual movements. Our data also support the view that coupling relies on central operations (i.e., activation of intention/programming system), rather than on online information from the periphery.

背景与目标： : 在偏瘫失认症中，尽管有明确的相反证据，但患者可能声称对瘫痪的肢体进行了意志坚强的动作。这种移动的错误信念是否反映了控制正常运动性能的相同机制的功能？在这里，我们检查了在健康受试者的双手运动中，是否表现出相同的时间限制。在这些范例中，当参与者同时达到两个不同困难的目标时，一只手的运动程序会影响另一只手的执行。详细地说，手转到容易的目标 (即近和大)，而另一只手转到困难的目标 (即远而小) 的移动时间相对于单手移动 (时间耦合效应) 变慢。一名患有左偏瘫和失认症的右脑受损患者，六名没有失认症的左偏瘫的右脑受损患者以及二十名健康受试者接受了这种双手任务。我们记录了单亲 (一个目标) 和双亲 (两个目标) 条件下容易和困难目标的移动时间。我们发现，作为健康受试者，无诊断患者表现出耦合效应。在双手不对称的情况下 (当一只手到达容易的目标而另一只手到达困难的目标时)，非瘫痪的手到达容易的目标的运动时间因瘫痪的手的 “预定” 运动而变慢到困难的目标。在没有失认症的患者中不存在这种作用。我们得出的结论是，在无症状的患者中，瘫痪的手的虚幻运动给未瘫痪的手施加了与实际运动过程中相同的运动约束。我们的数据也支持这样一种观点，即耦合依赖于中央操作 (即意图/编程系统的激活)，而不是依赖于来自外围的在线信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biotin deficiency (Bt-D) is usually studied at the point at which the animal model exhibits the signs of full-blown deficiency symptoms; in rats, this typically occurs at 6-8 weeks of feeding a deficient diet. To differentiate specific deficiency effects from those of undernutrition, biotin sufficient and deficient rats were studied at 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks on the deficiency diet, before the onset of weight loss and deficiency signs. The deficiency state was confirmed by biochemical and molecular analyses. Blood and liver metabolites were determined and western blots of signaling proteins, and qRT-PCR gene expression studies. The main effects of Bt-D were already well established by the fourth week on the diet; thus, we consider the fourth week as the optimum time to study the consequences of biotin depletion. Early effects, which were already apparent at week 2, included cellular energy deficit (as assessed by increased AMP/ATP ratio), activation of the AMPK energy sensor, and changes of carbon metabolism gene transcripts (e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, liver glucokinase and fatty acid synthetase). Reduced post-prandial blood concentrations of glucose were also observed early; we speculate that these are attributable to augmented sensitivity to insulin and increased glucose utilization, a likely effect of AMPK induction of translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell membranes and increased hexokinase expression. Other late-onset changes (week 4) included increased serum concentrations of lactate and free fatty acids and decreased liver glycogen and serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol. The identification of the early specific molecular and metabolic disturbances of biotin deficiency might be useful in identifying individuals with marginal deficiency of this vitamin, which appears to be common in normal human pregnancy. The study of time-course of other vitamin deficiencies, such as this one, might help to better understand and cope with their effects.

背景与目标： : 生物素缺乏症 (bt-d) 通常在动物模型表现出完全缺乏症状的迹象时进行研究; 在大鼠中，这通常发生在喂养缺乏饮食的6-8周时。为了区分特定的缺乏症影响与营养不良的影响，在体重减轻和缺乏症状开始之前，在缺乏饮食的第2、3、4和5周研究了生物素充足和缺乏的大鼠。通过生化和分子分析证实了缺陷状态。测定了血液和肝脏代谢产物，并对信号蛋白进行了western印迹，并进行了qRT-PCR基因表达研究。到第四周，bt-d的主要作用已经在饮食上得到很好的确立; 因此，我们认为第四周是研究生物素耗竭后果的最佳时间。早期影响 (在第2周已经很明显) 包括细胞能量不足 (通过增加AMP/ATP比率评估)，AMPK能量传感器的激活以及碳代谢基因转录本的变化 (例如，磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶，肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1，肝葡萄糖激酶和脂肪酸合成酶)。早期还观察到餐后血糖浓度降低; 我们推测这些归因于对胰岛素的敏感性增强和葡萄糖利用率增加，AMPK诱导葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUT4转运至细胞膜的可能作用以及己糖激酶表达增加。其他迟发性变化 (第4周) 包括乳酸和游离脂肪酸的血清浓度增加，肝糖原和甘油三酸酯和总胆固醇的血清浓度降低。鉴定生物素缺乏的早期特定分子和代谢紊乱可能有助于鉴定这种维生素的边缘缺乏的个体，这在正常人的怀孕中很常见。对其他维生素缺乏症 (例如这一种) 的时间过程的研究可能有助于更好地理解和应对其影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, we investigated the pattern of short-term temporal variation in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and physico-chemical edaphic properties of some wheat growing areas of the Bundelkhand region, Central India. Rhizospheric soil samples were collected every month from December 2007 to May 2008 from four wheat growing sites around Jhansi (Bundelkhand region). AM fungal root colonization, sporulation and physico-chemical edaphic properties during this period were determined and compared to evaluate the dynamics of response of wheat towards the AMF along crop maturation. Maximum AMF root colonization recorded was 54.3% indicating that AMF, particularly in low phosphorus (P) soils, can be important even in case of less responsive crop like wheat. In the two out of four sites studied, the AMF spore density increased with the increase in soil temperature. Absence of this type of pattern in remaining two sites indicated that site-specific environmental and agricultural conditions may affect the degree of wheat response to AMF. It also suggested that AMF communities inhabiting agroecosystems may exhibit considerable temporal sporulation patterns. The maximum AMF colonization was observed during February-March 2008, whereas maximum AMF sporulation was noticed during March-April 2008. Statistically significant negative correlation of AMF spore density with pH, organic carbon (OC) and available P was observed in the one of the sites studied. Overall assessment of the data indicated that season and location significantly affected the interaction of AM fungi with winter wheat necessitating the further need to understand the ecology of AMF populations with reference to specific host species under different micro-climatic conditions of Bundelkhand region.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，我们调查了印度中部Bundelkhand地区某些小麦种植区的丛枝菌根 (AM) 真菌的短期时间变化模式和理化特性。从2007年12月到2008年5月，每个月都会从Jhansi (Bundelkhand地区) 周围的四个小麦种植场收集根际土壤样品。确定了这一时期的AM真菌根定植，孢子形成和理化性质，并进行了比较，以评估小麦在作物成熟过程中对AMF的响应动态。记录的最大AMF根系定植是54.3% 的，表明AMF，特别是在低磷 (P) 土壤中，即使在响应较小的作物 (如小麦) 的情况下，也可能是重要的。在研究的四个站点中的两个站点中，AMF孢子密度随土壤温度的升高而增加。在其余两个站点中没有这种类型的模式表明，特定站点的环境和农业条件可能会影响小麦对AMF的响应程度。它还表明，居住在农业生态系统中的AMF群落可能表现出相当大的时间孢子形成模式。在2008年2月到3月期间观察到最大的AMF定植，而在2008年3月到4月期间观察到最大的AMF孢子形成。在研究的位点之一中观察到AMF孢子密度与pH，有机碳 (OC) 和有效磷的统计学显着负相关。对数据的总体评估表明，季节和位置显着影响了AM真菌与冬小麦的相互作用，因此有必要进一步了解Bundelkhand地区不同微气候条件下特定寄主物种的AMF种群生态学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Seven-day working in hospitals is a current priority of international health research and policy. Previous research has shown variability in delivering evidence-based clinical interventions across different times of day and week. We aimed to identify factors influencing such variations in London hyperacute stroke units (HASUs). DESIGN:Interview and observation study to explain patterns of variation in delivery and outcomes of care described in a quantitative partner paper (Melnychuk et al). SETTING:Eight HASUs in London. PARTICIPANTS:We interviewed HASU staff (n=76), including doctors, nurses, therapists and administrators. We also conducted non-participant observations of delivery of care at different times of the day and week (n=45; ~102 hours). We analysed the data for thematic content relating to the ability of staff to provide evidence-based interventions consistently at different times of the day and week. RESULTS:Staff were able to deliver 'front door' interventions consistently by taking on additional responsibilities out of hours (eg, deciding eligibility for thrombolysis); creating continuities between day and night (through, eg, governance processes and staggering rotas); building trusting relationships with, eg, Radiology and Emergency Departments and staff prioritisation of 'front door' interventions. Variations by time of day resulted from reduced staffing in HASUs and elsewhere in hospitals in the evenings and at the weekend. Variations by day of week (eg, weekend effect) resulted from lack of therapy input and difficulties repatriating patients at weekends, and associated increases in pressure on Fridays and Mondays. CONCLUSIONS:Evidence-based service standards can facilitate 7-day working in acute stroke services. Standards should ensure that the capacity and capabilities required for 'front door' interventions are available 24/7, while other services, for example, therapies are available every day of the week. The impact of standards is influenced by interdependencies between HASUs, other hospital services and social services.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to identify trends in bacteria isolated from Korean adults with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Enrolled were CRS patients who underwent sinus bacterial culture during endoscopic sinus surgery between 2007-2008, 2011-2012, and 2017-2018 (n = 510). Patients' clinical characteristics, bacterial culture results, and antibiotic resistance were reviewed. The bacteria isolation rate was 76.3% (73.9% for CRS with nasal polyps and 82.8% for CRS without nasal polyps; p = 0.038). In total, 650 strains were isolated, the most common was Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) (28.0%), followed by Streptococcus species (12.2%), Propionibacterium species (8.0%), Corynebacterium species (7.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.2%), Haemophilus species (5.7%), Klebsiella species (5.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.2%). Furthermore, an analysis of the bacterial trends in the three groups showed significant increases over time for the isolation of CNS (p = 0.006), Klebsiella (p = 0.002), and P. aeruginosa (p = 0.007) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella (p < 0.001) and Enterobacter (p = 0.007) species in terms of antibiotics resistance. This study demonstrates that the frequency of CNS, Klebsiella, and P. aeruginosa in CRS patients and the ESBL-producing Klebsiella and Enterobacter species has significantly increased in CRS patients over the last decade.

背景与目标： : 这项研究旨在确定从患有慢性鼻鼻窦炎 (CRS) 的韩国成年人中分离出的细菌的趋势。纳入的CRS患者在2007-2008，2011-2012和2017-2018之间的内窥镜鼻窦手术期间接受了鼻窦细菌培养 (n = 510)。回顾了患者的临床特征，细菌培养结果和抗生素耐药性。细菌隔离率为76.3% (具有鼻息肉的CRS 73.9%，无鼻息肉的CRS 82.8%; p = 0.038)。共分离出650株，最常见的是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS) (28.0%)，其次是链球菌 (12.2%) 、丙酸杆菌 (8.0%) 、棒状杆菌 (7.5%) 、金黄色葡萄球菌 (6.2%) 、嗜血杆菌 (5.7%) 、克雷伯菌 (5.1%)，和铜绿假单胞菌 (4.2%)。此外，对三组细菌趋势的分析显示，随着时间的推移，CNS的分离显着增加 (p = 0.006)，克雷伯菌 (p = 0.002)，铜绿假单胞菌 (P = 0.007) 和产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL) 的克雷伯菌 (p < 0.001) 和肠杆菌 (p = 0.007) 对抗生素的耐药性。这项研究表明，在过去的十年中，CRS患者中CNS，克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌的频率以及产生ESBL的克雷伯菌和肠杆菌的频率显着增加。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The hippocampus has been known to process temporal information as part of memory formation. While time cells have been observed in the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex, a number of the behavioral tasks used present potential confounds that may cause some contamination of time cell observations due to animal movement. Here, we report the development of a novel nose poke-based temporal discrimination task designed to be used with in vivo calcium imaging for the analysis of hippocampal time cells in freely moving mice. First, we developed a ten second held nose poke paradigm for use in mice to deliver a purer time metric for the analysis of time cell activity in hippocampus CA1. Second, we developed a temporal discrimination task that involves the association of held nose poke durations of differing lengths with differential spatial cues presented in arms on a linear I-maze. Four of five mice achieved successful temporal discrimination within three weeks. Calcium imaging has been successfully performed in each of these tasks, with time cell activity being detected in the 10s nose poke task, and calcium waves being observed in discrete components of the temporal discrimination task. The newly developed behavior tasks in mice serve as novel tools to accelerate the study of time cell activity and examine the integration of time and space in episodic memory formation.

背景与目标： : 已知海马体处理时间信息是记忆形成的一部分。虽然在海马和内侧内嗅皮层中观察到时间细胞，但使用的许多行为任务都存在潜在的混淆，这些混淆可能会由于动物运动而导致时间细胞观察的某些污染。在这里，我们报告了一种新型的基于鼻子戳的时间辨别任务的开发，该任务旨在与体内钙成像一起用于分析自由移动小鼠的海马时间细胞。首先，我们开发了一种用于小鼠的十秒握鼻戳范式，以提供更纯净的时间指标来分析海马ca1中的时间细胞活性。其次，我们开发了一项时间辨别任务，该任务涉及将不同长度的握持鼻子戳持续时间与线性I迷宫上手臂中呈现的差分空间提示相关联。五只小鼠中有四只在三周内获得了成功的时间歧视。在这些任务中的每个任务中都成功地执行了钙成像，在10s的鼻子戳任务中检测到时间细胞活动，并且在时间辨别任务的离散分量中观察到钙波。小鼠中新开发的行为任务是加速时间细胞活动研究并检查情节记忆形成中时间和空间整合的新颖工具。