BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Exiguobacterium sp. VSG-1 was isolated from the soil sample and characterized for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Production of these enzymes by the strain VSG-1 was carried out using steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and found to secrete cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, xylanase, and tannase. The growth and enzyme production were found to be optimum at pH 9.0 and 37 °C. Upon steam explosion of SCB, the cellulose increased by 42 %, whereas hemicelluloses and lignin decreased by 40 and 62 %, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded SCB yielded 640 g/l of total sugars. Fermentation of sugars produced from pretreated SCB was carried out by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at pH 5.0 and 30 °C. The alcohol produced was calculated and found to be 62.24 g/l corresponding to 78 % of the theoretical yield of ethanol. Hence, the strain VSG-1 has an industrial importance for the production of fermentable sugars for biofuels.

背景与目标： : 从土壤样品中分离出VSG-1，并表征其产生木质纤维素分解酶。使用蒸汽分解的甘蔗渣 (SCB) 通过菌株VSG-1生产这些酶，发现它们分泌纤维素酶，果胶酶，甘露聚糖酶，木聚糖酶和鞣酸酶。发现生长和酶产生在pH 9.0和37 °C下是最佳的。在蒸汽爆炸SCB时，纤维素增加了42%，而半纤维素和木质素分别减少了40和62%。蒸汽分解SCB的酶促水解产生640g/l的总糖。通过使用酿酒酵母在pH 5.0和30 °C下进行由预处理的SCB产生的糖的发酵。计算产生的醇，发现为62.24g/l，对应于乙醇理论产率的78%。因此，该菌株VSG-1在生产用于生物燃料的可发酵糖方面具有工业重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the past 100 years, there has been an exponential increase in our understanding of the underlying pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This growth in knowledge has largely stemmed from the intensification of research into AD which has occurred over the past three decades and the incorporation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis as the generally accepted dogma of AD pathogenesis. While at times contentious, the notion that AD arises from aberrations in amyloid-β (Aβ) production and degradation has led to a number of significant breakthroughs in the way in which AD is currently diagnosed and in the attempts at disease modifying therapies, from investigations into the underlying factors mediating the aggregation of Aβ to the development of therapeutic strategies and measures of neuroimaging allowing Aβ burden to be monitored within the AD-affected brain. This review focuses on some of the recent work we have conducted toward elucidating the role of Aβ in AD.

背景与目标： : 在过去的100年中，我们对阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 的潜在病理的理解呈指数增长。知识的增长很大程度上是由于过去三十年来对AD的研究不断深入，以及将淀粉样蛋白级联假说纳入AD发病机理的公认教条。虽然有时引起争议，但AD是由淀粉样 β (a β) 产生和降解的畸变引起的，这一观念已导致AD目前诊断的方式和疾病改变疗法的尝试取得了许多重大突破，从对介导a β 聚集的潜在因素的研究到治疗策略的发展以及神经影像学的测量，允许在受AD影响的大脑中监测a β 负担。本文的重点是我们为阐明a β 在AD中的作用而进行的一些最新工作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Genetic diversity in 92 sugarcane varieties of sub-tropical India was assessed using 30 morphological descriptors and 643 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci. Out of the 30 morphological descriptors, 14 were found polymorphic, and significant variability was recorded for plant height, cane diameter and number of millable canes. Grouping traits like plant growth habit, leaf blade curvature and leaf sheath adherence were found to be predominantly monomorphic. There were a few pairs of varieties (e.g., CoP 9702 and CoP 9302, CoP 9301 and CoSe 01424, UP 05 and Co 1336, CoS 96258 and CoH 110) that showed similar DUS profiles except differing for a few descriptors. The STRUCTURE profile suggest that all the 92 sugarcane varieties had admixtures and no sub-group had a pure unblemished structure profile. An average Nei's genetic distance of 0.49 was found to be a better measure of diversity, whereas, the average band informativeness (Ibav) value of all the 80 SSR primers was 0.434. Although, the mean Ibav values for EST-SSR and genomic-SSR primers were same (0.43), the range of Ibav of EST-SSR (0.04-0.85) was more compared to genomic-SSR (0.12-0.63) primers. The segregation of the varieties based on morphological traits was not in accordance with their geographical distribution or maturity groups, but principal component analysis was able to group the sugarcane varieties that had similar pedigree together. Results indicate that the SSRs have a potential use in the DNA fingerprinting of varieties to prevent any malpractice like unauthorised re-registration of a previously registered sugarcane variety under PPV&FR Act. The marker profiles could also be utilised for variety identification and release, since at present, it has been made mandatory to include it in addition to the morphological descriptors.

背景与目标： : 使用30个形态学描述符和643个简单序列重复 (SSR) 标记基因座评估了92个亚热带印度甘蔗品种的遗传多样性。在30个形态学描述符中，有14个被发现具有多态性，并且记录了株高，甘蔗直径和可碾磨的甘蔗数量的显着变异性。发现诸如植物生长习性，叶片曲率和叶鞘粘附性等特征的分组主要是单态的。有几对品种 (例如，CoP 9702和CoP 9302，CoP 9301和CoSe 01424，UP 05和Co 1336，CoS 96258和CoH 110) 显示相似的DUS曲线，除了几个描述符不同。结构概况表明，所有92个甘蔗品种均具有外加剂，没有亚组具有纯净的无瑕疵结构概况。发现0.49的平均Nei遗传距离是更好的多样性度量，而所有80个SSR引物的平均条带信息性 (Ibav) 值为0.434。尽管EST-SSR和基因组-SSR引物的平均Ibav值相同 (0.43)，但与基因组-SSR (0.12-0.63) 引物相比，EST-SSR (0.04-0.85) 的Ibav范围更大。基于形态性状的品种分离与它们的地理分布或成熟度不同，但是主成分分析能够将具有相似谱系的甘蔗品种归为一类。结果表明，ssr在品种的DNA指纹识别中具有潜在用途，以防止任何不当行为，例如根据PPV & FR法案对先前注册的甘蔗品种进行未经授权的重新注册。标记轮廓也可以用于品种鉴定和释放，因为目前，除了形态描述符之外，还必须将其包括在内。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The genetic network resulting in the production of an inflorescence is complex, involving one or more pathways including the photoperiod, maturity, gibberellin and autonomous pathways, and induction and repression of genes along the pathways. Understanding the cyclic expression profile of genes involved with photoperiod perception and floral pathway induction in sugarcane, an intermediate-short day plant (ISD), is crucial for identifying key genes and understanding how the profile changes in response to floral induction signals under decreasing daylengths. Homologues of 21 genes, and some gene alleles, associated with photoperiod perception and the flower induction pathway were examined in sugarcane variety Q174 over a 24-h light-dark cycle. The strongest expression of these genes was seen in the immature spindle leaves and levels of expression generally decreased with increasing leaf age. Significant changes in gene expression levels during a 24-h cycle were observed for 16 of the 21 genes tested. We have now defined an important baseline for expression patterns over a 24-h cycle in non-inductive conditions in sugarcane. These results can be utilised to select the optimal time for detecting changes during floral induction, differences between varieties that are responsive/non-responsive to photoperiod induction, and to identify genes that may be manipulated to enhance or inhibit flowering.

背景与目标： : 导致花序产生的遗传网络是复杂的，涉及一个或多个途径，包括光周期，成熟度，赤霉素和自主途径，以及沿该途径诱导和抑制基因。了解甘蔗 (一种中短日植物 (ISD)) 中与光周期感知和花途径诱导有关的基因的循环表达谱，对于识别关键基因并了解在减少的情况下花诱导信号如何变化至关重要日长。在24小时的明暗周期中，在甘蔗品种Q174中检查了与光周期感知和花诱导途径相关的21个基因和一些基因等位基因的同源物。在未成熟的纺锤体叶片中观察到这些基因的最强表达，并且表达水平通常随着叶龄的增加而降低。在测试的21个基因中，有16个在24小时周期内观察到基因表达水平的显着变化。现在，我们已经为甘蔗在非诱导条件下24小时周期内的表达模式定义了重要的基线。这些结果可用于选择最佳时间，以检测花诱导过程中的变化，对光周期诱导有反应/无反应的品种之间的差异，并鉴定可以操纵以增强或抑制开花的基因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Modern sugarcanes are polyploid interspecific hybrids, combining high sugar content from Saccharum officinarum with hardiness, disease resistance and ratooning of Saccharum spontaneum. Sequencing of a haploid S. spontaneum, AP85-441, facilitated the assembly of 32 pseudo-chromosomes comprising 8 homologous groups of 4 members each, bearing 35,525 genes with alleles defined. The reduction of basic chromosome number from 10 to 8 in S. spontaneum was caused by fissions of 2 ancestral chromosomes followed by translocations to 4 chromosomes. Surprisingly, 80% of nucleotide binding site-encoding genes associated with disease resistance are located in 4 rearranged chromosomes and 51% of those in rearranged regions. Resequencing of 64 S. spontaneum genomes identified balancing selection in rearranged regions, maintaining their diversity. Introgressed S. spontaneum chromosomes in modern sugarcanes are randomly distributed in AP85-441 genome, indicating random recombination among homologs in different S. spontaneum accessions. The allele-defined Saccharum genome offers new knowledge and resources to accelerate sugarcane improvement.

背景与目标： : 现代甘蔗是多倍体种间杂种，将蔗糖的高糖含量与蔗糖的坚固性，抗病性和再生性结合在一起。AP85-441，单倍体S. spontaneum的测序促进了32个伪染色体的组装，该伪染色体包括8个同源组，每个同源组4个，带有35,525个具有定义的等位基因。自发S. spontaneum的基本染色体数从10减少到8是由2条祖先染色体的裂变引起的，然后易位为4条染色体。令人惊讶的是，与抗病性相关的核苷酸结合位点编码基因的80% 位于4个重排的染色体中，51% 位于重排的区域中。对64个spontaneum基因组的重新排序确定了重新排列区域中的平衡选择，从而保持了它们的多样性。现代甘蔗中渗入的自发S. spontaneum染色体随机分布在AP85-441基因组中，表明在不同的自发S. spontaneum种质中的同源物之间随机重组。等位基因定义的糖基因组为加速甘蔗改良提供了新的知识和资源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sucrose is the feedstock for more than half of the world's fuel ethanol production and a major human food. It is harvested primarily from sugarcane and beet. Despite attempts through conventional and molecular breeding, the stored sugar concentration in elite sugarcane cultivars has not been increased for several decades. Recently, genes have been cloned for bacterial isomerase enzymes that convert sucrose into sugars which are not metabolized by plants, but which are digested by humans, with health benefits over sucrose. We hypothesized that an appropriate sucrose isomerase (SI) expression pattern might simultaneously provide a valuable source of beneficial sugars and overcome the sugar yield ceiling in plants. The introduction of an SI gene tailored for vacuolar compartmentation resulted in sugarcane lines with remarkable increases in total stored sugar levels. The high-value sugar isomaltulose was accumulated in storage tissues without any decrease in stored sucrose concentration, resulting in up to doubled total sugar concentrations in harvested juice. The lines with enhanced sugar accumulation also showed increased photosynthesis, sucrose transport and sink strength. This remarkable step above the former ceiling in stored sugar concentration provides a new perspective into plant source-sink relationships, and has substantial potential for enhanced food and biofuel production.

背景与目标： : 蔗糖是世界一半以上燃料乙醇生产的原料，也是人类的主要食品。主要从甘蔗和甜菜中收获。尽管通过常规育种和分子育种进行了尝试，但几十年来，优质甘蔗品种中的储存糖浓度一直没有增加。最近，已经克隆了细菌异构酶的基因，该酶将蔗糖转化为糖，这些糖不会被植物代谢，但会被人类消化，比蔗糖具有健康益处。我们假设适当的蔗糖异构酶 (SI) 表达模式可能同时提供有益糖的有价值来源，并克服植物的糖产量上限。引入专门用于液泡区隔的SI基因导致甘蔗品系的总储存糖水平显着增加。高值糖异麦芽酮糖在储存组织中积累，而储存的蔗糖浓度没有任何降低，导致收获果汁中的总糖浓度增加了一倍。糖积累增强的品系也显示出光合作用，蔗糖运输和下沉强度的增加。高于先前储存糖浓度上限的这一显着步骤为植物源汇关系提供了新的视角，并且具有增强食品和生物燃料生产的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For the first time, the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI, EC 5.3.1.8)/mannose-based "positive" selection system has been used to obtain genetically engineered sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid var. CP72-2086) plants. Transgenic lines of sugarcane were obtained following biolistic transformation of embryogenic callus with an untranslatable sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strain E coat protein (CP) gene and the Escherichia coli PMI gene manA, as the selectable marker gene. Postbombardment, transgenic callus was selectively proliferated on modified MS medium containing 13.6 microM 2,4-D, 20 g l(-1) sucrose and 3 g l(-1) mannose. Plant regeneration was obtained on MS basal medium with 2.5 microM TDZ under similar selection conditions, and the regenerants rooted on MS basal medium with 19.7 microM IBA, 20 g l(-1) sucrose, and 1.5 g l(-1) mannose. An increase in mannose concentration from permissive (1.5 g l(-1)) to selective (3 g l(-1)) conditions after 3 weeks improved the overall transformation efficiency by reducing the number of selection escapes. Thirty-four vigorously growing putative transgenic plants were successfully transplanted into the greenhouse. PCR and Southern blot analyses showed that 19 plants were manA-positive and 15 plants were CP-positive, while 13 independent transgenics contained both transgenes. Expression of manA in the transgenic plants was evaluated using a chlorophenol red assay and enzymatic analysis.

背景与目标： : 首次将磷酸甘露糖异构酶 (PMI，EC 5.3.1.8)/基于甘露糖的 “阳性” 选择系统用于获得基因工程甘蔗 (Saccharum spp. hybrid var. CP72-2086) 植物。以不可翻译的甘蔗花叶病毒 (SCMV) 菌株E外壳蛋白 (CP) 基因和大肠杆菌PMI基因manA作为选择标记基因，对胚性愈伤组织进行生物形态转化后，获得了甘蔗的转基因品系。轰击后，转基因愈伤组织在含有13.6 microM 2,4-d，20g l(-1) 蔗糖和3g l(-1) 甘露糖的修饰的MS培养基上选择性增殖。在相似的选择条件下，在具有2.5 microM TDZ的MS基础培养基上获得植物再生，并且再生剂在具有19.7 microM IBA，20g l(-1) 蔗糖和1.5g l(-1) 甘露糖的MS基础培养基上生根。3周后，甘露糖浓度从允许 (1.5g l(-1)) 增加到选择性 (3g l(-1)) 条件，通过减少选择逃逸的数量，提高了整体转化效率。34株生长旺盛的推定转基因植物已成功移植到温室中。PCR和Southern印迹分析表明，有19株植物为manA阳性，有15株植物为CP阳性，而13种独立的转基因包含两种转基因。使用氯酚红测定和酶促分析评估了转基因植物中法力的表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Isolated vacuoles from sugarcane cells took up uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) from the surrounding medium at a rapid rate. After a 7-min incubation of vacuoles with UDP-[14C]Glc, sucrose and sucrose phosphate were identified in the vacuole extract. UDP-Glc in the incubation medium was converted to hexose phosphates, sucrose, and glucose, with very little UDP-Glc remaining. Fructose 6-phosphate was not required for UDP-Glc uptake nor was [(14)C]fructose 6-phosphate taken up even in the presence of UDP-Glc. Glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate also were not taken up into vacuoles. UDP-Glc uptake showed saturation kinetics with a K(m) of 0.7 mM and a V(max) of 11.1 nmol/min per 10(6) vacuoles. The optimum pH for UDP-Glc uptake was between 6.5 and 7.0. Uptake of UDP-Glc could be inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, UDP, and GDP, and to a lesser extent by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. The UDP-Glc binding site was specific for UDP-Glc; adenosine diphosphate glucose was not taken up, and guanosine diphosphate glucose did not compete with UDP-Glc for the binding site. The results suggest that sucrose transfer into vacuoles from sugarcane is via a group translocation mechanism, probably involving five tonoplast-bound enzymes.

背景与目标： : 来自甘蔗细胞的分离液泡以快速的速度从周围培养基中吸收尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖 (UDP-Glc)。液泡与UDP-[14C]Glc孵育7分钟后，在液泡提取物中鉴定出蔗糖和蔗糖磷酸。在孵育培养基中UDP-Glc转化为己糖磷酸盐，蔗糖和葡萄糖，仅剩很少的UDP-Glc。即使在存在UDP-Glc的情况下，也不需要6-磷酸果糖来吸收UDP-Glc，也不需要 [(14)C] 6-磷酸果糖。6-磷酸葡萄糖和1-磷酸葡萄糖也没有被吸收到液泡中。UDP-Glc的吸收表现出饱和动力学，每10(6) 个液泡的K(m) 为0.7 mM，V(max) 为11.1 nmol/min。UDP-Glc吸收的最佳pH在6.5和7.0之间。对氯苯磺酸可以抑制UDP-Glc的吸收酸，UDP和GDP，并在较小程度上通过羰基氰化物间-氯苯基腙。UDP-Glc结合位点对UDP-Glc具有特异性; 二磷酸腺苷葡萄糖不被吸收，鸟苷二磷酸葡萄糖与UDP-Glc的结合位点没有竞争。结果表明，蔗糖从甘蔗转移到液泡中是通过基团易位机制，可能涉及五种液泡膜结合酶。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sustainability in crop production has emerged as one of the most important concerns of present era's agricultural systems. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) has been characterized as a set of microorganisms used for enhancing plant growth and a tool for biological control of phytopathogens. However, the inconsistent performance of these bacteria from laboratory/greenhouse to field level has emerged due to prevailing abiotic stresses in fields. Sugarcane crop encounters a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses during its long developmental stages. Nevertheless, the selection of antagonistic PGPB with abiotic stress tolerance would be beneficial for end-user by the successful establishment of product with required effects under field conditions. Stress tolerant Bacillus xiamenensis strain (PM14) isolated from the sugarcane rhizosphere grown in the fields was examined for various PGP activities, enzyme assays, and antibiotic resistance. Strain was screened for in vitro tolerance against drought, salinity, heat stress, and heavy metal toxicity. Inhibition co-efficient of B. xiamenensis PM14 was also calculated against six phyto-pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum falcatum (53.81), Fusarium oxysporum (68.24), Fusarium moniliforme (69.70), Rhizoctonia solani (71.62), Macrophomina phaseolina (67.50), and Pythium splendens (77.58). B. xiamenensis is reported here for the first time as the rhizospheric bacterium which possesses resistance against 12 antibiotics and positive results for all in vitro PGP traits except HCN production. Role of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase in the amelioration of biotic and abiotic stress was also supported by the amplification of acds gene. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed B. xiamenensis as the potential antagonistic PGPR and bio-control agent. Results of greenhouse experiment against sugarcane red rot indicated that inoculation of B. xiamenensis to sugarcane plants could suppress the disease symptoms and enhance plant growth. Augmented production of antioxidative enzymes and proline content may lead to the induced systemic resistance against red rot disease of sugarcane. Thus, the future application of native multi-stress tolerant bacteria as bio-control agents in combination with current heat, drought, salinity, and heavy metal tolerance strategy could contribute towards the global food security.

背景与目标： : 作物生产的可持续性已成为当今农业系统最重要的问题之一。植物生长促进细菌 (PGPB) 已被表征为用于促进植物生长的一组微生物和植物病原体的生物控制工具。然而，由于田间普遍存在的非生物胁迫，这些细菌从实验室/温室到田间水平的不一致表现已经出现。甘蔗作物在其漫长的发育阶段会遇到生物和非生物胁迫的组合。尽管如此，通过成功建立在现场条件下具有所需效果的产品，选择具有非生物胁迫耐受性的拮抗PGPB对最终用户将是有益的。检查了从田间种植的甘蔗根际分离出的耐胁迫性夏门氏芽孢杆菌 (PM14) 的各种PGP活性，酶测定和抗生素抗性。筛选了菌株对干旱，盐度，热胁迫和重金属毒性的体外耐受性。还计算了夏门芽孢杆菌PM14对六种植物致病性真菌的抑制共效率，包括镰孢炭疽菌 (53.81)，尖孢镰刀菌 (68.24)，小镰刀菌 (69.70)，茄状根瘤菌 (71.62)，菜豆 (67.50) 和腐霉 (77.58)。这里首次报道了夏门氏菌作为根际细菌，它对12种抗生素具有抗性，并且对除HCN生产外的所有体外PGP性状均具有阳性结果。acds基因的扩增也支持1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶在改善生物和非生物胁迫中的作用。此外，体外和体内实验表明，夏蒙芽孢杆菌是潜在的拮抗PGPR和生物防治剂。针对甘蔗红腐的温室试验结果表明，将夏蒙芽孢杆菌接种到甘蔗植株上可以抑制病害症状，促进植株生长。抗氧化酶和脯氨酸含量的增加可能导致诱导的对甘蔗红腐病的系统抗性。因此，未来将天然耐多胁迫细菌作为生物防治剂，结合当前的热量，干旱，盐度和重金属耐受策略，可以为全球粮食安全做出贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efficient biosynthesis of succinate from a renewable biomass resource by engineered Escherichia coli is reported in this paper. Fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate by engineered E. coli BA204, a pflB, ldhA, and ppc deletion strain overexpressing the ATP-forming phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Bacillus subtilis 168, produced a final succinate concentration of 15.85 g L(-1) with a high yield of 0.89 g L(-1) total sugar under anaerobic conditions. During dual-phase fermentations, initial aerobic growth facilitated subsequent anaerobic succinate production, with a final succinate concentration of 18.88 g L(-1) and a yield of 0.96 g g(-1) total sugar after 24 h of anaerobic fermentation. The high succinate yield from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate demonstrated a great potential application of renewable biomass as a feedstock for the economical production of succinate using metabolically engineered E. coli.

背景与目标： : 本文报道了通过工程大肠杆菌从可再生生物质资源中高效生物合成琥珀酸酯。通过工程化大肠杆菌BA204发酵甘蔗渣水解产物，这是一种pflB，ldhA和ppc缺失菌株，过表达枯草芽孢杆菌168形成ATP的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶，在厌氧条件下，产生15.85g L(-1) 的最终琥珀酸盐浓度和0.89g L(-1) 的总糖的高产率。在双相发酵过程中，初始好氧生长促进了随后的厌氧琥珀酸酯生产，最终琥珀酸酯浓度为18.88g L(-1)，厌氧发酵24小时后总糖产量为0.96g g(-1)。甘蔗渣水解产物中琥珀酸的高产量证明了可再生生物质作为使用代谢工程大肠杆菌经济生产琥珀酸的原料的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Based on the enrichment culture strategy, a novel N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)-tolerant cellulase-producing strain Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 was isolated from soil samples. After the optimization of culture condition, the highest FPA (13.4 U/mL) and CMCase (24.5 U/mL) were obtained. In both culture and reaction media containing NMMO 25% (w/v), the cellulase from Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 still had good activity. Furthermore, high saccharification rate was obtained in aqueous-NMMO media. Moreover, the fermentability of the hydrolyzates, obtained after enzymatic in situ saccharification of the NMMO-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, was evaluated using Saccharomyce scerevisiae. In conclusion, Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 is a promising candidate as high NMMO-tolerant cellulase producer and has potential application in future.

背景与目标： : 基于富集培养策略，从土壤样品中分离出了一种新型的耐N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物 (NMMO) 的产纤维素酶菌株半乳CCZU11-1。优化培养条件后，获得最高的FPA (13.4 U/mL) 和CMCase (24.5 U/mL)。在含有NMMO 25% (w/v) 的培养基和反应培养基中，来自半乳CCZU11-1的纤维素酶仍具有良好的活性。此外，在NMMO水溶液介质中获得了很高的糖化率。此外，使用酿酒酵母评估了NMMO预处理的甘蔗渣的酶促原位糖化后获得的水解产物的可发酵性。总之，半乳霉菌属CCZU11-1作为高NMMO耐受性纤维素酶生产者是有前途的候选者，并且在未来具有潜在的应用前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) eliminated the ACA's "shared responsibility payment," which penalized those who failed to comply with the requirement to purchase health insurance. In this article the authors explain efforts in several states to respond to this change by adopting individual health insurance mandates at the state level. Although there are good reasons to think that states may be reluctant to consider establishing their own mandates, New Jersey, the District of Columbia, and Vermont quickly joined Massachusetts in establishing such measures in 2018. In 2019 California and Rhode Island enacted state-level mandates. Four other states-Maryland, Connecticut, Hawaii, and Washington-formally considered mandates but have not enacted them. The authors compare the policy debates among these states and one other state, New York, which has not seen a legislative proposal for a mandate despite its strong support for the ACA. Their analysis explores the dynamics within the US federal system when a key component of a complex and politically salient national initiative is eliminated and states are left with many policy, political, and administrative questions of what to do next.

背景与目标： : 《减税和就业法案》 (TCJA) 取消了ACA的 “分担责任付款”，该付款对那些不遵守购买健康保险要求的人进行了处罚。在本文中，作者解释了几个州通过在州一级采用个人健康保险授权来应对这一变化的努力。尽管有充分的理由认为各州可能不愿考虑建立自己的任务，但新泽西州，哥伦比亚特区和佛蒙特州迅速加入马萨诸塞州，2018年制定了此类措施。2019年，加利福尼亚州和罗德岛州颁布了州级授权。其他四个州-马里兰州，康涅狄格州，夏威夷州和华盛顿州-正式考虑了授权，但尚未颁布。作者比较了这些州和另一个州 (纽约州) 之间的政策辩论，尽管纽约州大力支持ACA，但纽约州尚未看到授权的立法提案。他们的分析探讨了当复杂且具有政治意义的国家倡议的关键组成部分被消除时，美国联邦系统内的动态，各州面临着下一步要做的许多政策，政治和行政问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Sugarcane bagasse is a major source of lignocellulosic biomass, yet its economic potential is not fully realised. To add value to bagasse, processing is needed to gain access to the embodied recalcitrant biomaterials. When bagasse is stored in piles in the open for long periods it is colonised by microbes originating from the sugarcane, the soil nearby or spores in the environment. For these microorganisms to proliferate they must digest the bagasse to access carbon for growth. The microbial community in bagasse piles is thus a potential resource for the discovery of useful and novel microbes and industrial enzymes. We used culturing and metabarcoding to understand the diversity of microorganisms found in a uniquely undisturbed bagasse storage pile and screened the cultured organisms for fibre-degrading enzymes. RESULTS:Samples collected from 60 to 80 cm deep in the bagasse pile showed hemicellulose and partial lignin degradation. One hundred and four microbes were cultured from different layers and included a high proportion of oleaginous yeast and biomass-degrading fungi. Overall, 70, 67, 70 and 57% of the microbes showed carboxy-methyl cellulase, xylanase, laccase and peroxidase activity, respectively. These percentages were higher in microbes selectively cultured from deep layers, with all four activities found for 44% of these organisms. Culturing and amplicon sequencing showed that there was less diversity and therefore more selection in the deeper layers, which were dominated by thermophiles and acid tolerant organisms, compared with the top of pile. Amplicon sequencing indicated that novel fungi were present in the pile. CONCLUSIONS:A combination of culture-dependent and independent methods was successful in exploring the diversity in the bagasse pile. The variety of species that was found and that are known for biomass degradation shows that the bagasse pile was a valuable selective environment for the identification of new microbes and enzymes with biotechnological potential. In particular, lignin-modifying activities have not been reported previously for many of the species that were identified, suggesting future studies are warranted.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diatraea saccharalis constitutes a threat to the sugarcane productivity, and obtaining borer tolerant cultivars is an alternative method of control. Although there are studies about the relationship between the interaction of D. saccharalis with sugarcane, little is known about the molecular and genomic basis of defense mechanisms that confer tolerance to sugarcane cultivars. Here, we analyzed the transcriptional profile of two sugarcane cultivars in response to borer attack, RB867515 and SP80-3280, which are considered tolerant and sensitive to the borer attack, respectively. A sugarcane genome and transcriptome were used for read mapping. Differentially expressed transcripts and genes were identified and termed to as DETs and DEGs, according to the sugarcane database adopted. A total of 745 DETs and 416 DEGs were identified (log2|ratio| > 0.81; FDR corrected P value ≤ 0.01) after borer infestation. Following annotation of up- and down-regulated DETs and DEGs by similarity searches, the sugarcane cultivars demonstrated an up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and defense protein genes, as well as a down-regulation of pathways involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism. The expression analysis also highlighted that RB867515 cultivar is possibly more transcriptionally activated after 12 h from infestation than SP80-3280, which could imply in quicker responses by probably triggering more defense-related genes and mediating metabolic pathways to cope with borer attack.

背景与目标： : saccharalis对甘蔗生产力构成威胁，获得耐蛀虫品种是另一种控制方法。尽管有关于D. saccharalis与甘蔗相互作用之间关系的研究，但对赋予甘蔗品种耐受性的防御机制的分子和基因组基础知之甚少。在这里，我们分析了响应bore虫攻击的两个甘蔗品种RB867515和SP80-3280的转录谱，它们分别被认为对bore虫攻击具有耐受性和敏感性。甘蔗基因组和转录组用于读取作图。根据采用的甘蔗数据库，鉴定出差异表达的转录本和基因，并将其称为det和deg。蛀虫侵扰后共识别出745个det和416个deg (log2 | ratio |  >  0.81; FDR校正p值  ≤   0.01)。在通过相似性搜索对上调和下调的det和deg进行注释之后，甘蔗品种显示出茉莉酸 (JA)，乙烯 (ET) 和防御蛋白基因的上调，以及下调光合作用和能量代谢的途径。表达分析还强调，RB867515品种在侵染后12小时后可能比SP80-3280更受转录激活，这可能意味着通过触发更多的防御相关基因和介导代谢途径来应对蛀虫攻击，从而更快地做出反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Sugarcane cultivars are polyploid interspecific hybrids of giant genomes, typically with 10-13 sets of chromosomes from 2 Saccharum species. The ploidy, hybridity, and size of the genome, estimated to have >10 Gb, pose a challenge for sequencing. RESULTS:Here we present a gene space assembly of SP80-3280, including 373,869 putative genes and their potential regulatory regions. The alignment of single-copy genes in diploid grasses to the putative genes indicates that we could resolve 2-6 (up to 15) putative homo(eo)logs that are 99.1% identical within their coding sequences. Dissimilarities increase in their regulatory regions, and gene promoter analysis shows differences in regulatory elements within gene families that are expressed in a species-specific manner. We exemplify these differences for sucrose synthase (SuSy) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 2 gene families central to carbon partitioning. SP80-3280 has particular regulatory elements involved in sucrose synthesis not found in the ancestor Saccharum spontaneum. PAL regulatory elements are found in co-expressed genes related to fiber synthesis within gene networks defined during plant growth and maturation. Comparison with sorghum reveals predominantly bi-allelic variations in sugarcane, consistent with the formation of 2 "subgenomes" after their divergence ∼3.8-4.6 million years ago and reveals single-nucleotide variants that may underlie their differences. CONCLUSIONS:This assembly represents a large step towards a whole-genome assembly of a commercial sugarcane cultivar. It includes a rich diversity of genes and homo(eo)logous resolution for a representative fraction of the gene space, relevant to improve biomass and food production.

背景与目标：