BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diechodactylus joaberi n. g., n. sp. is described from the body surface of the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo L. (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from southeastern Brazil. The new genus is proposed to accommodate species with five pairs of hooks in anterior bilateral clusters on the haptor, three pairs of hooks in a single cluster on the posterior margin of the haptor, sclerites R1 associated with the superficial bar, and confluent intestinal caeca. The presence of five pairs of hooks in two bilateral clusters anterior in the haptor permits the differentiation of species of Diechodactylus from species of all known genera of the Gyrodactylidae. The genus is likely a member of a clade of the Gyrodactylidae comprising genera with a similar hook distribution.

背景与目标： ：Diechodactylus joaberi n。 g。 sp。从巴西东南部的带状刀鱼Gymnotus carapo L.（Gymnotiformes：Gymnotidae）的体表描述。提出了新的属，以容纳具有五对钩的物种，在前臂的双侧前集群中有五对钩，在后臂的后缘的单个集群中有三对钩，与浅表杆相关的巩膜R1，和汇合的肠盲肠。在触角前部的两个双侧簇中，五对钩的存在允许区分狄氏龙虾属和所有已知的丁香龙属。该属很可能是包括具有相似钩分布的属的丁香科的进化枝的成员。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Southeastern Alaska is a remote coastal-maritime ecosystem that is experiencing increased deposition of mercury (Hg) as well as rapid glacier loss. Here we present the results of the first reported survey of total and methyl Hg (MeHg) concentrations in regional streams and biota. Overall, streams draining large wetland areas had higher Hg concentrations in water, mayflies, and juvenile salmon than those from glacially-influenced or recently deglaciated watersheds. Filtered MeHg was positively correlated with wetland abundance. Aqueous Hg occurred predominantly in the particulate fraction of glacier streams but in the filtered fraction of wetland-rich streams. Colonization by anadromous salmon in both glacier and wetland-rich streams may be contributing additional marine-derived Hg. The spatial distribution of Hg in the range of streams presented here shows that watersheds are variably, yet fairly predictably, sensitive to atmospheric and marine inputs of Hg.

背景与目标： ：阿拉斯加东南部是一个偏远的沿海海洋生态系统，其汞（Hg）沉积增加，冰川迅速流失。在这里，我们介绍了首次报告的区域溪流和生物区系中的总汞和甲基汞（MeHg）浓度的调查结果。总体而言，排泄大片湿地的河流中的水，g和幼鲑中的Hg含量高于受冰川影响或最近冰川消融的集水区中的汞含量。过滤后的甲基汞与湿地丰度呈正相关。汞水主要发生在冰川流的颗粒部分中，但在富湿地流的过滤部分中发生。在冰川和湿地丰富的溪流中，鲑鱼定居可能会增加来自海洋的汞。在此介绍的水流范围内，Hg的空间分布表明，分水岭对大气和海洋中的Hg输入具有可变性，但相当可预见性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use in Taiwan. DESIGN AND SETTING:We studied a nationally representative random sample in the 2015 Taiwan Adult Smoking Behavior Survey. PARTICIPANTS:This study included 26 021 participants aged 15 years or older (51% women, 79% non-smokers, 16% aged 15-24 years), after excluding 31 persons (0.1%) who had missing information on e-cigarette use. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES:The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was calculated in the overall sample and by smoking status (current, former and never) or age (15-24, 25-44 and ≥45 years). We performed multivariable log-binomial regression to assess correlates of ever having used e-cigarettes among all participants and separately for subgroups by smoking status and age. RESULTS:Approximately 3% of all participants had ever used e-cigarettes. The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was high in current smokers (14%) and people aged 18-24 years (7%). E-cigarette use was particularly common in people aged 15-24 years who were current (49-52%) or former (22-39%) smokers. Ever having used e-cigarettes was positively associated with tobacco smoking (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 21.5, 95% CI 15.4 to 29.8, current smokers; aPR: 8.3, 95% CI 15.2 to 13.1, former smokers), younger age and high socioeconomic status. Age remained a significant factor of ever having used e-cigarettes across smoking status groups. Among non-smokers, men had a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.5 to 3.8) greater prevalence of e-cigarette use than women. CONCLUSIONS:E-cigarette use was uncommon in the general population in Taiwan, but prevalence was high among smokers and young people. This study highlights challenges that e-cigarettes pose to tobacco control, which warrant high priority action by policymakers and public health professionals. E-cigarette regulations should focus on young people.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究调查了台湾使用电子烟（电子烟）的普遍性和相关性。
设计与地点：我们在2015年台湾成人吸烟行为调查中研究了具有全国代表性的随机样本。
参与者：本研究包括26名021岁以上15岁或以上的参与者（51％的女性，79％的非吸烟者，16％的15-24岁的16岁），其中排除了31名缺少电子烟使用信息的人（0.1％） 。
主要观察指标：曾经使用过电子烟的患病率是通过整体样本，吸烟状况（当前，以前和从未吸烟）或年龄（15-24岁，25-44岁和≥45岁）来计算的。我们进行了多变量对数二项式回归，以评估所有参与者之间是否曾经使用过电子烟，并根据吸烟状况和年龄分别对亚组进行了相关性评估。
结果：所有参与者中约有3％曾经使用过电子烟。在目前的吸烟者（14％）和18-24岁的人群（7％）中，曾经使用过电子烟的患病率很高。电子烟的使用在15-24岁年龄段的现吸烟者（49-52％）或​​以前吸烟者（22-39％）的人群中尤为普遍。曾经使用过电子烟与吸烟（经调整的患病率（aPR）：21.5，95％CI从15.4至29.8，现吸烟者； aPR：8.3，95％CI从15.2至13.1，以前吸烟者），年轻年龄和较高的社会经济地位。在吸烟状态人群中，年龄仍然是使用电子烟的重要因素。在非吸烟者中，男性的电子烟使用率是女性的2.4倍（95％CI为1.5至3.8）。
结论：电子烟在台湾普通人群中很少见，但吸烟者和年轻人中的流行率很高。这项研究突出了电子烟给烟草控制带来的挑战，这需要政策制定者和公共卫生专业人员采取高度优先的行动。电子烟法规应侧重于年轻人。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Fever commonly leads to healthcare seeking and hospital admission in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There is only limited guidance for clinicians managing non-malarial fevers, which often results in inappropriate treatment for patients. Furthermore, there is little evidence for estimates of disease burden, or to guide empirical therapy, control measures, resource allocation, prioritisation of clinical diagnostics or antimicrobial stewardship. The Febrile Illness Evaluation in a Broad Range of Endemicities (FIEBRE) study seeks to address these information gaps. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:FIEBRE investigates febrile illness in paediatric and adult outpatients and inpatients using standardised clinical, laboratory and social science protocols over a minimum 12-month period at five sites in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeastern and Southern Asia. Patients presenting with fever are enrolled and provide clinical data, pharyngeal swabs and a venous blood sample; selected participants also provide a urine sample. Laboratory assessments target infections that are treatable and/or preventable. Selected point-of-care tests, as well as blood and urine cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, are performed on site. On day 28, patients provide a second venous blood sample for serology and information on clinical outcome. Further diagnostic assays are performed at international reference laboratories. Blood and pharyngeal samples from matched community controls enable calculation of AFs, and surveys of treatment seeking allow estimation of the incidence of common infections. Additional assays detect markers that may differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial causes of illness and/or prognosticate illness severity. Social science research on antimicrobial use will inform future recommendations for fever case management. Residual samples from participants are stored for future use. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Ethics approval was obtained from all relevant institutional and national committees; written informed consent is obtained from all participants or parents/guardians. Final results will be shared with participating communities, and in open-access journals and other scientific fora. Study documents are available online (https://doi.org/10.17037/PUBS.04652739).

背景与目标： 简介：发烧通常会导致撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲的医疗保健和住院治疗。对于管理非疟疾发烧的临床医生，只有很少的指导，这通常会导致对患者的不适当治疗。此外，几乎没有证据可以估计疾病负担，或指导经验疗法，控制措施，资源分配，临床诊断或抗菌药物管理的优先次序。广泛流行病的高热病评估（FIEBRE）研究旨在解决这些信息空白。
方法和分析：FIEBRE在撒哈拉以南非洲，东南亚和南亚的五个地点，在至少12个月的时间内，使用标准化的临床，实验室和社会科学方案，对儿科和成人门诊及住院患者的发热性疾病进行了调查。招收发烧患者，并提供临床数据，咽拭子和静脉血样本；选定的参与者还提供尿液样本。实验室评估针对可治疗和/或可预防的感染。现场进行了选定的即时护理测试，以及血液和尿液培养以及抗菌素敏感性测试。在第28天，患者需要提供第二次静脉血样本以进行血清学检查和临床结果信息。在国际参考实验室进行进一步的诊断测定。来自匹配的社区对照的血液和咽部样本可以计算房颤，寻求治疗的调查可以估计常见感染的发生率。额外的检测方法可检测可能使细菌与非细菌引起疾病和/或预测疾病严重程度的标志物。关于抗菌药物使用的社会科学研究将为将来的发烧病例管理提供建议。来自参与者的残留样本将被存储以备将来使用。
道德与传播：道德获得了所有相关机构和国家委员会的批准；获得所有参与者或父母/监护人的书面知情同意。最终结果将与参与社区以及开放获取期刊和其他科学论坛共享。研究文件可在线获得（https://doi.org/10.17037/PUBS.04652739）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Kidney transplantation (KTx) disparity is a significant problem in the United States, particularly in the Southeastern region. In response to this phenomenon, the Southeastern Kidney Transplant Coalition was created in 2011 to increase the KTx rate, and to reduce disparities in access to transplantation in the Southeast, by identifying and reducing barriers in the transplant process. METHODS:To determine perceived barriers and facilitators to KTx that dialysis patients in this region experience, we conducted three focus groups with 40 total patients in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. RESULTS:We identified two novel themes specific to Southeastern dialysis patients that describe the major barriers and facilitators to kidney transplantation: dialysis center approaches to patient education about KTx, and dialysis center advocacy and encouragement for KTx. In addition, themes related to barriers and facilitators of KTx were evident that were previously mentioned in the literature such as age, fear, knowing other patients with good or bad experiences with KTx, distrust of the KTx process equity, financial concerns and medical barriers. CONCLUSIONS:Dialysis providers are encouraged to enhance their delivery of information and active assistance to underserved patients related to KTx.

背景与目标： 背景：在美国，尤其是在东南部地区，肾脏移植（KTx）差异是一个重大问题。为了应对这种现象，东南肾脏移植联盟于2011年成立，旨在通过确定和减少移植过程中的障碍，提高KTx率，并减少东南移植方面的差异。
方法：为了确定该地区透析患者所经历的阻碍KTx的障碍和促进因素，我们在乔治亚州，北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州进行了三个焦点小组研究，共有40名患者参加。
结果：我们确定了两个针对东南部透析患者的新颖主题，这些主题描述了肾脏移植的主要障碍和促进因素：透析中心对KTx进行患者教育的方法以及透析中心对KTx的倡导和鼓励。此外，与KTx的障碍和促进因素相关的主题很明显，这些在以前的文献中已经提到过，例如年龄，恐惧，认识其他患有KTx的好或坏患者，对KTx流程公平性的不信任，财务问题和医疗障碍。
结论：鼓励透析服务提供者向与KTx相关的服务不足的患者加强信息传递和积极协助。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The analysis of a sample of skeletons from the 4,000-year-old site of Khok Phanom Di on the coast of central Thailand has identified a number of individuals with skeletal evidence suggestive of severe anemia. The differential diagnosis of the lesions is discussed and the presence of one of the thalassemia syndromes is proposed. The implications of this for southeast Asian prehistory are discussed. The presence of these conditions has been suggested in previous analyses of prehistoric southeast Asian populations, but this is the first population in which the evidence, including postcranial responses, is presented in detail.

背景与目标： 对泰国中部沿海地区拥有4000年历史的Khok Phanom Di遗址的骨骼样本进行的分析确定了一些具有严重贫血迹象的骨骼证据。讨论了病变的鉴别诊断并提出了地中海贫血综合征之一的存在。讨论了这一点对东南亚史前史的影响。先前对史前东南亚人群的分析表明存在这些条件，但这是第一个详细显示包括颅后反应在内的证据的人群。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Deaths from maternal causes represent the leading cause of death among women of reproductive age in most developing countries. It is estimated that the highest risk occurs in Africa, with 20% of world births but 40% of the world maternal deaths. The level of maternal mortality is difficult to assess especially in countries without an adequate vital registration system. Indirect techniques are an attractive cost-effective tool to provide estimates of orders of magnitude for maternal mortality. METHOD:The level of maternal mortality estimated by the sisterhood method is presented for a rural district in the Morogoro Region of Southeastern Tanzania and the main causes of maternal death are studied. Information from region-specific data using the sisterhood method is compared to data from other sources. RESULTS:The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 448 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (95%CI : 363-534 deaths per 100,000 live births). Maternal causes accounted for 19% of total mortality in this age group. One in 39 women who survive until reproductive age will die before age 50 due to maternal causes. The main cause of death provided by hospital data was puerperal sepsis (35%) and postpartum haemorrhage (17%); this is compatible with the main causes reported for maternal death in settings with high levels of maternal mortality, and similar to data for other regions in Tanzania. The sisterhood method provides data comparable with others, together with a cost-effective and reliable estimate for the determination of the magnitude of maternal mortality in the rural Kilombero District.

背景与目标： 背景：孕产妇死亡是大多数发展中国家育龄妇女死亡的主要原因。据估计，最高风险发生在非洲，占世界出生人口的20％，但占世界孕产妇死亡的40％。产妇死亡率的水平很难评估，尤其是在没有适当的生命登记系统的国家。间接技术是一种有吸引力的具有成本效益的工具，可提供产妇死亡率的数量级估计值。
方法：介绍了利用姐妹法估算的坦桑尼亚东南部莫洛哥罗地区农村地区的孕产妇死亡率，并研究了孕产妇死亡的主要原因。使用姐妹方法从区域特定数据中获得的信息与其他来源的数据进行比较。
结果：孕产妇死亡率为每100,000例活产448例产妇死亡（95％CI：每100,000例活产363-534例死亡）。孕产妇原因占该年龄组总死亡率的19％。存活至生殖年龄的39名妇女中有1名会由于母亲的原因而在50岁之前死亡。医院数据提供的主要死亡原因是产后败血症（35％）和产后出血（17％）；这与孕产妇死亡率高的地区报告的孕产妇死亡的主要原因相吻合，并且与坦桑尼亚其他地区的数据相似。姐妹关系方法提供的数据可与其他方法相媲美，并且具有成本效益高且可靠的估计值，可用于确定农村Kilombero地区的孕产妇死亡率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coupled model AVIM-RIEMS2.0 is employed to examine the effects of climate change on the terrestrial ecosystem over East Asia during three decades since the 1980s. The vegetation parameters present significantly different responses to climate change in subregions, since the effects of climate change trigger seasonal signals on land surface processes at the regional scale. In the 1980s, the increasing temperature and rainfall lead to a decrease in biomass and leaf area index (LAI) in winter, but a slight increase in net primary productivity (NPP) over China. However, summertime precipitation shows interval changes of cyclic increase-decrease pattern over eastern China, and the similar pattern also occurs for the variations in biomass and LAI. In the 1990s, the temperature and precipitation over the most regions in East Asia demonstrate the opposite changes compared to the 1980s, which results in converse variations in LAI and vegetation carbon flux. In the 2000s, biomass and LAI in the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River basin and southeast coastal regions exhibit the same changes as precipitation in winter, and NPP shows a similar response to temperature. The biomass and LAI show consistent responses to regional climate change in summer, while different responses are seen for NPP. In general, climate change had a great impact on the vegetation in the 1990s, which produced the remarkable influences on LAI and biomass in winter and the significant impacts on NPP in summer. Over the regions affected significantly by East Asian monsoon, e.g. South China, the terrestrial ecosystem displays a roughly consistent response to regional climate change.

背景与目标： ：自1980年代以来的三十年中，采用了耦合模型AVIM-RIEMS2.0来研究气候变化对东亚陆地生态系统的影响。由于气候变化的影响触发了区域范围内陆地表面过程的季节性信号，因此植被参数对次区域的气候变化具有明显不同的响应。在1980年代，温度和降雨的增加导致冬季生物量和叶面积指数（LAI）下降，但中国的净初级生产力（NPP）略有增加。然而，夏季降水显示出中国东部地区周期性增减模式的间隔变化，生物量和LAI的变化也出现了类似的模式。在1990年代，东亚大部分地区的温度和降水与1980年代相比显示出相反的变化，这导致了LAI和植被碳通量的相反变化。在2000年代，长江流域中下游和东南沿海地区的生物量和LAI表现出与冬季相同的变化，而NPP对温度的响应相似。夏季，生物量和LAI对区域气候变化表现出一致的响应，而对NPP则表现出不同的响应。总体而言，气候变化在1990年代对植被产生了重大影响，冬季对LAI和生物量产生了显着影响，夏季对NPP产生了显着影响。在受东亚季风影响较大的地区，例如在中国南方，陆地生态系统对区域气候变化表现出大致一致的反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery (AgFF) Sector workforce in the US is comprised primarily of Latino immigrants. Health care access for these workers is limited and increases health disparities. METHODS:This article addresses health care access for immigrant workers in the AgFF Sector, and the workforce providing care to these workers. CONTENTS:Immigrant workers bear a disproportionate burden of poverty and ill health and additionally face significant occupational hazards. AgFF laborers largely are uninsured, ineligible for benefits, and unable to afford health services. The new Affordable Care Act will likely not benefit such individuals. Community and Migrant Health Centers (C/MHCs) are the frontline of health care access for immigrant AgFF workers. C/MHCs offer discounted health services that are tailored to meet the special needs of their underserved clientele. C/MHCs struggle, however, with a shortage of primary care providers and staff prepared to treat occupational illness and injury among AgFF workers. A number of programs across the US aim to increase the number of primary care physicians and care givers trained in occupational health at C/MHCs. While such programs are beneficial, substantial action is needed at the national level to strengthen and expand the C/MHC system and to establish widely Medical Home models and Accountable Care Organizations. System-wide policy changes alone have the potential to reduce and eliminate the rampant health disparities experienced by the immigrant workers who sustain the vital Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishery sector in the US.

背景与目标： 背景：美国的农业，林业和渔业（AgFF）部门的劳动力主要由拉丁裔移民组成。这些工人的医疗保健机会有限，并加剧了医疗差距。
方法：本文介绍了AgFF部门中移民工人的医疗保健途径，以及为这些工人提供护理的劳动力。
内容：移民工人承担着过多的贫困和健康不良负担，另外还面临着重大的职业危害。 AgFF劳动力大多没有保险，没有资格享受福利并且无法负担医疗服务。新的《平价医疗法案》可能不会使这些人受益。社区和移民健康中心（C / MHCs）是移民AgFF工人获得医疗保健的前线。 C / MHC提供量身定制的折扣医疗服务，以满足其服务不足的客户的特殊需求。然而，由于初级保健提供者和准备治疗AgFF工人中的职业病和伤害的工作人员短缺，C / MHCs挣扎。美国各地的许多计划旨在增加接受C / MHC职业健康培训的初级保健医生和护理人员的数量。尽管此类计划是有益的，但需要在国家层面采取实质性行动，以加强和扩展C / MHC系统，并建立广泛的医疗之家模式和责任医疗组织。仅系统范围内的政策改革就有可能减少和消除维持美国至关重要的农业，林业和渔业部门的移民工人所经历的健康问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Because of high prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CADs) in Iran and their relationship with low physical activity (LPA), this study aimed to measure the epidemic size of LPA, its incidence rate, and its relationship with other CAD risk factors in Kerman, Iran. METHODS:About 10,000 adults were randomly recruited through single-stage cluster sampling. Demographic characteristics, biochemical variables, smoking, opium use, mental status, and physical activities were assessed. The relationship between LPA and 7 other CAD risk factors was measured. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was calculated according to the data from the physically active participants in the first phase of the study (n = 3416) who attended the second phase after 5 years. RESULTS:The prevalence of low, moderate, and intense physical activity was 47.2%, 34.8%, and 18.0%, respectively. LPA rose from 45.1% to 62.2% after the age of 25 years. Women had higher LPA than men. Participants with LPA had significantly higher chance of cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and opium addiction. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was 5.1 persons/100 person-years among physically active population. CONCLUSION:Almost half of the studied population suffering from LPA was at risk of CAD. Such risky lifestyle pattern while worsened in the last 5 years makes the emerging of CAD epidemic unavoidable, if appropriate timely interventions not being in place accordingly.

背景与目标： 背景：由于伊朗冠状动脉疾病（CAD）的高发病率及其与低体力活动（LPA）的关系，本研究旨在测量LPA的流行规模，发病率以及与其他CAD危险因素的关系。伊朗克尔曼。
方法：通过单阶段整群抽样随机招募约10,000名成年人。人口统计学特征，生化变量，吸烟，鸦片使用，精神状态和体育活动进行了评估。测量了LPA与其他7种CAD危险因素之间的关系。 LPA的五年发病率是根据研究第一阶段（n = 3416）参加运动5年后参加第二阶段的体育活动参与者的数据计算得出的。
结果：低，中，强烈体育锻炼的患病率分别为47.2％，34.8％和18.0％。 25岁以后，LPA从45.1％上升到62.2％。女性的LPA高于男性。 LPA的参与者吸烟，糖尿病，超重/肥胖，高血压和鸦片成瘾的机会明显更高。在体育锻炼人口中，LPA的五年发病率是5.1人/ 100人年。
结论：LPA的研究人群中几乎有一半患有CAD风险。这种危险的生活方式虽然在最近5年中恶化了，但如果没有适当的及时干预，则不可避免地会出现CAD流行病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The potential effects of proposed lead-zinc mining in an ecologically sensitive area were assessed by studying a nearby mining district that has been exploited for about 30 yr under contemporary environmental regulations and with modern technology. Blood and liver samples representing fish of three species (largescale stoneroller, Campostoma oligolepis, n=91; longear sunfish, Lepomis megalotis, n=105; and northern hog sucker, Hypentelium nigricans, n=20) were collected from 16 sites representing a range of conditions relative to lead-zinc mining and ore beneficiation in southeastern Missouri. Samples were analyzed for lead, zinc, and cadmium, and for a suite of biomarkers (reported in a companion paper). A subset of the hog sucker (n=9) representing three sites were also analyzed for nickel and cobalt. Blood and liver lead concentrations were highly correlated (r=0.84-0.85, P<0.01) in all three species and were significantly (ANOVA, P<0.01) greater at sites <10 km downstream of active lead-zinc mines and mills and in a historical lead-zinc mining area than at reference sites, including a site in the area proposed for new mining. Correlations between blood and liver cadmium concentrations were less evident than for lead but were nevertheless statistically significant (r=0.26-0.69, P <0.01-0.07). Although blood and liver cadmium concentrations were highest in all three species at sites near mines, within-site variability was greater and mining-related trends were less evident than for lead. Blood and liver zinc concentrations were significantly correlated only in stoneroller (r=0.46, P<0.01) and mining-related trends were not evident. Concentrations of cobalt and nickel in blood and liver were significantly higher (ANOVA, P<0.01) at a site near an active mine than at a reference site and a site in the historical lead-zinc mining area. These findings confirm previous studies indicating that lead and other metals are released to streams from active lead-zinc mines and are available for uptake by aquatic organisms.

背景与目标： ：通过研究附近的一个矿区，评估了拟议的铅锌矿在生态敏感地区的潜在影响，该矿区已根据现代环境法规和现代技术进行了大约30年的开采。从代表范围的16个地点采集了代表三种鱼的血液和肝脏样本（大型石roll，桔小弯曲杆菌，n = 91；长尾sun鱼，巨足Lepomis megalotis； n = 105；北猪抽油者，黑pent鱼（nypentelium nigricans，n = 20）。密苏里州东南部铅锌矿开采和矿石选矿的相关条件分析了样品中的铅，锌和镉，以及一套生物标志物（在同行论文中报告）。还分析了代表三个位置的猪抽油器的一个子集（n = 9）中的镍和钴。在这三个物种中，血铅和肝铅的浓度高度相关（r = 0.84-0.85，P <0.01），并且在活跃的铅锌矿山和下游下游<10 km处以及铅锌矿的历史开采面积要比参考地点高，包括拟议中的新矿区。血液和肝镉浓度之间的相关性不及铅明显，但具有统计学意义（r = 0.26-0.69，P <0.01-0.07）。尽管在矿场附近的所有三个物种中，血液和肝脏镉的浓度最高，但与铅相比，场内变异性更大，与采矿相关的趋势也不太明显。血液和肝中锌的浓度仅在压石机中显着相关（r = 0.46，P <0.01），与采矿相关的趋势不明显。在活跃矿井附近的地点，血液和肝脏中钴和镍的浓度明显高于参考地点和历史铅锌矿区的地点（ANOVA，P <0.01）。这些发现证实了先前的研究，表明铅和其他金属是从活跃的铅锌矿中释放出来的，可被水生生物吸收。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High specificity in the Ficus-agaonid wasp mutualism has lead to the assumption of a mostly 'one-to-one' relationship, albeit with some exceptions. This view has been challenged by new molecular data in recent years, but surprisingly little is known about local and spatial genetic structuring of agaonid wasp populations. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic structuring of Ceratosolen fusciceps, the fig wasp pollinating Ficus racemosa, a fig tree species widely distributed from India to Australia. In sampling stretching from the south of China to the south of Thailand we found evidence for only a single pollinating wasp species in continental South-East Asian mainland. We found no evidence for the co-occurrence of cryptic species within our subcontinent sampling zone. We observed no spatial genetic structure within sites and only limited structuring over the whole sampling zone, suggesting that F. racemosa is pollinated by a single population of a single agaonid wasp species all over continental South-East Asia. An additional sample of wasps collected on F. racemosa in Australia showed clear-cut genetic differentiation from the Asian continent, suggesting allopatric divergence into subspecies or species. We propose that the frequent local co-occurrence of sister species found in the literature mainly stems from contact zones between biogeographic regions, and that a single pollinator species over wide areas might be the more common situation everywhere else.

背景与目标： ：榕属-类人猿黄蜂共生主义的高度特异性导致人们假设大多数是“一对一”关系，尽管有一些例外。近年来，新分子数据对这一观点提出了挑战，但令人惊讶的是，关于龙舌兰黄蜂种群的局部和空间遗传结构知之甚少。使用微卫星标记，我们分析了鹿角蕨（Ceratosolen fusciceps）的遗传结构，无花果黄蜂对无花果榕（Ficus racemosa）授粉，无花果树种从印度广泛分布到澳大利亚。在从中国南部到泰国南部的采样中，我们发现了东南亚大陆上只有一种授粉的黄蜂物种的证据。我们没有发现次大陆采样区内同时存在隐性物种的证据。我们没有观察到位点内的空间遗传结构，而仅在整个采样区域内进行了有限的结构化，这表明整个东南亚大陆上，单子叶类黄蜂物种的单种群授粉导致了总状果的授粉。在澳大利亚的F. racemosa上收集的另一批黄蜂样品显示出亚洲大陆的明显遗传分化，表明异源异种散布到亚种或物种中。我们提出，文献中发现的姐妹物种的频繁局部共生主要源于生物地理区域之间的接触带，而在其他地方，更广泛的情况是单一授粉物种在更广泛的地区可能更为常见。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High numbers of children and adolescents in South-East Asia are traumatized by either natural disasters or human-made violence. Addressing traumatic sequelae in local populations with empirically based trauma treatments is challenged by the insufficiency inappropriately trained mental health provision. To meet this need for qualified therapists, the humanitarian/trauma capacity-building organization, Trauma Aid Germany, trained 37 therapists in psychotraumatology, including trauma stabilization. This study analyses the impact of trauma stabilization as a sole treatment intervention for post-traumatic stress (PTS) problems in children and adolescents. Each client was screened for PTS problems pre- and post-treatment using the Child Behaviour Checklist. Trauma stabilization (including psychoeducation) was the focus for subsequent data analysis. Those excluded were clients in receipt of trauma confrontation interventions. Trauma stabilization, as a sole treatment intervention, appeared to be sufficiently effective in reducing the PTS problems. The data set suggests that trauma stabilization has the potential to be effective, efficient, and sufficient treatment intervention for PTS problems in children and adolescents. Trauma stabilization techniques have the advantage of being relatively straightforward to teach and easy to integrate into practice. They are clinically safe, flexible, adaptable to the development stage and age of the client, and culturally and spiritually sensitive. A further advantage of trauma stabilization interventions is that they are bespoke - adjusted and adapted to the specific needs of the client. The discussion considers the implications for the potential utilization of mental health nurses and paraprofessionals in low- and middle-income countries in trauma stabilization interventions.

背景与目标： ：东南亚的大量儿童和青少年受到自然灾害或人为暴力的伤害。通过经验不足的创伤治疗来解决当地人群的创伤后遗症，是由于训练有素的精神卫生服务不足而引起的。为了满足对合格治疗师的这种需求，人道主义/创伤能力建设组织德国创伤援助组织对包括创伤稳定在内的心理创伤学培训了37名治疗师。这项研究分析了创伤稳定作为儿童和青少年创伤后应激障碍（PTS）问题的唯一治疗干预措施的影响。使用儿童行为检查表对每位客户进行治疗前和治疗后的PTS问题筛查。创伤稳定（包括心理教育）是后续数据分析的重点。被排除在外的是接受创伤对抗干预的客户。创伤稳定作为唯一的治疗干预措施，在减少PTS问题方面似乎足够有效。数据集表明，创伤稳定化有可能对儿童和青少年的PTS问题进行有效，有效和充分的治疗干预。创伤稳定技术的优点是教学相对简单易行，易于整合到实践中。他们在临床上安全，灵活，适应客户的发展阶段和年龄，并且在文化和精神上都敏感。创伤稳定干预措施的另一个优势在于，可以根据客户的具体需求进行定制和调整。讨论考虑了对低收入和中等收入国家的心理健康护士和超专业人士潜在使用创伤稳定干预措施的意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rabies is a major neglected zoonotic disease and causes a substantial burden in the Asian region. Currently, Pacific Oceania is free of rabies but enzootic areas throughout southeast Asia represent a major risk of disease introduction to this region. On September 25-26, 2019, researchers, government officials and related stakeholders met at an IABS conference in Bangkok, Thailand to engage on the topic of human rabies mediated by dogs. The objective of the meeting was focused upon snowballing efforts towards achieving substantial progress in rabies prevention, control and elimination within Asia by 2030, and thereby to safeguard the Pacific region. Individual sessions focused upon domestic animal, wildlife and human vaccination; the production and evaluation of quality, safety and efficacy of existing rabies biologics; and the future development of new products. Participants reviewed the progress to date in eliminating canine rabies by mass vaccination, described supportive methods to parenteral administration by oral vaccine application, considered updated global and local approaches at human prophylaxis and discussed the considerable challenges ahead. Such opportunities provide continuous engagement on disease management among professionals at a trans-disciplinary level and promote new applied research collaborations in a modern One Health context.

背景与目标： 狂犬病是一种被忽视的主要人畜共患病，在亚洲地区造成了沉重的负担。目前，太平洋大洋洲没有狂犬病，但整个东南亚的动物共生地区是该地区传染病的主要风险。 2019年9月25日至26日，研究人员，政府官员和相关利益相关者在泰国曼谷举行的IABS会议上开会，讨论了以狗为媒介的人类狂犬病这一话题。会议的目标是集中力量，在2030年前在亚洲范围内实现狂犬病的预防，控制和消除方面取得实质性进展，从而保护太平洋地区。个别会议的重点是家畜，野生动植物和人类疫苗接种；现有狂犬病生物制剂的质量，安全性和功效的生产和评估；以及新产品的未来发展。与会者回顾了迄今为止通过大规模疫苗接种消除犬狂犬病的进展，描述了通过口服疫苗进行肠胃外给药的支持方法，考虑了预防人类疾病的全球和局部最新方法，并讨论了未来的巨大挑战。这样的机会使跨学科的专业人士能够持续参与疾病管理，并在现代的“一人健康”环境中促进新的应用研究合作。