High specificity in the Ficus-agaonid wasp mutualism has lead to the assumption of a mostly 'one-to-one' relationship, albeit with some exceptions. This view has been challenged by new molecular data in recent years, but surprisingly little is known about local and spatial genetic structuring of agaonid wasp populations. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic structuring of Ceratosolen fusciceps, the fig wasp pollinating Ficus racemosa, a fig tree species widely distributed from India to Australia. In sampling stretching from the south of China to the south of Thailand we found evidence for only a single pollinating wasp species in continental South-East Asian mainland. We found no evidence for the co-occurrence of cryptic species within our subcontinent sampling zone. We observed no spatial genetic structure within sites and only limited structuring over the whole sampling zone, suggesting that F. racemosa is pollinated by a single population of a single agaonid wasp species all over continental South-East Asia. An additional sample of wasps collected on F. racemosa in Australia showed clear-cut genetic differentiation from the Asian continent, suggesting allopatric divergence into subspecies or species. We propose that the frequent local co-occurrence of sister species found in the literature mainly stems from contact zones between biogeographic regions, and that a single pollinator species over wide areas might be the more common situation everywhere else.

译文

:榕属-类人猿黄蜂共生主义的高度特异性导致人们假设大多数是“一对一”关系,尽管有一些例外。近年来,新分子数据对这一观点提出了挑战,但令人惊讶的是,关于龙舌兰黄蜂种群的局部和空间遗传结构知之甚少。使用微卫星标记,我们分析了鹿角蕨(Ceratosolen fusciceps)的遗传结构,无花果黄蜂对无花果榕(Ficus racemosa)授粉,无花果树种从印度广泛分布到澳大利亚。在从中国南部到泰国南部的采样中,我们发现了东南亚大陆上只有一种授粉的黄蜂物种的证据。我们没有发现次大陆采样区内同时存在隐性物种的证据。我们没有观察到位点内的空间遗传结构,而仅在整个采样区域内进行了有限的结构化,这表明整个东南亚大陆上,单子叶类黄蜂物种的单种群授粉导致了总状果的授粉。在澳大利亚的F. racemosa上收集的另一批黄蜂样品显示出亚洲大陆的明显遗传分化,表明异源异种散布到亚种或物种中。我们提出,文献中发现的姐妹物种的频繁局部共生主要源于生物地理区域之间的接触带,而在其他地方,更广泛的情况是单一授粉物种在更广泛的地区可能更为常见。

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