BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study we determined if detection of the onset of gait initiation in transfemoral amputees can be useful for voluntary control of upper leg prostheses. From six transfemoral amputees inertial sensor data and EMG were measured at the prosthetic leg during gait initiation. First, initial movement was detected from the inertial sensor data. Subsequently it was determined whether EMG could predict initial movement before detection based on the inertial sensors with comparable consistency as the inertial sensors. From the inertial sensors the initial movement can be determined. If the prosthetic leg leads, the upper leg accelerometer data was able to detect initial movement best. If the intact leg leads the upper leg gyroscope data performed best. Inertial sensors at the upper leg in general showed detections at the same time or earlier than those at the lower leg. EMG can predict initial movement up to a 138 ms in advance, when the prosthetic leg leads. One subject showed consistent EMG onset up to 248 ms before initial movement in the intact leg leading condition. A new method to detect initial movement from inertial sensors was presented and can be useful for additional prosthetic control. EMG measured at the prosthetic leg can be used for prediction of gait initiation when the prosthetic leg is leading, but for the intact leg leading condition this will not be of additional value.

背景与目标： ：在这项研究中，我们确定了经股截肢者步态起始的检测是否可用于自愿控制大腿假体。从六个经股截肢者的步态启动过程中，在假肢处测量了惯性传感器数据和EMG。首先，从惯性传感器数据中检测到初始运动。随后，基于与惯性传感器相当的一致性的惯性传感器，确定EMG是否可以在检测之前预测初始运动。从惯性传感器可以确定初始运动。如果假肢领先，则大腿加速度计数据能够最好地检测到初始运动。如果完整的腿领先，则大腿陀螺仪的数据表现最好。通常，大腿处的惯性传感器显示的检测时间与小腿处的检测相同或早于小腿。当假肢引导时，EMG可以提前138 ms预测初始运动。一名受试者在完整的腿前导状态下进行初始运动之前的248 ms内表现出一致的EMG发作。提出了一种从惯性传感器检测初始运动的新方法，该方法可用于其他假体控制。当假肢处于前导状态时，在假肢处测得的肌电图可用于预测步态起始，但对于完好的腿前导情况，这将没有附加价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A miniaturized, telemetric, photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensor for long-term, continuous monitoring is presented in this paper. The sensor, called a "ring sensor," is attached to a finger base for monitoring beat-to-beat pulsation, and the data is sent to a host computer via a radio-frequency transmitter. Two major design issues are addressed: one is to minimize motion artifact and the other is to minimize the consumption of battery power. An efficient double ring design is developed to lower the influence of external force, acceleration, and ambient light, and to hold the sensor gently and securely on the skin, so that the circulation at the finger may not be obstructed. Total power consumption is analyzed in relation to characteristics of individual components, sampling rate, and CPU clock speed. Optimal operating conditions are obtained for minimizing the power budget. A prototype ring sensor is designed and built based on the power budget analysis and the artifact-resistive attachment method. It is verified through experiments that the ring sensor is resistant to interfering forces and acceleration acting on the ring body. Benchmarking tests with FDA-approved PPG and electrocardiogram reveal that the ring sensor is comparable to those devices in detecting beat-to-beat pulsation despite disturbances.

背景与目标： ：本文介绍了一种用于长期连续监测的小型遥测光体积描记器（PPG）传感器。称为“环形传感器”的传感器连接到手指基座，用于监视心跳到心跳的脉动，并且数据通过射频发射器发送到主机。解决了两个主要设计问题：一个是最小化运动伪影，另一个是最小化电池电量的消耗。开发出了一种有效的双环设计，以降低外力，加速度和环境光的影响，并将传感器轻轻牢固地固定在皮肤上，从而不会阻碍手指的循环。分析总功耗与各个组件的特性，采样率和CPU时钟速度有关。获得了最佳的工作条件，以最大程度地减少功率预算。基于功率预算分析和抗伪像的附着方法，设计并构建了原型环形传感器。通过实验证明，环形传感器能够抵抗作用在环形本体上的干扰力和加速度。通过FDA批准的PPG和心电图进行的基准测试表明，尽管存在干扰，但环形传感器在检测心跳到心跳脉搏方面可与那些设备媲美。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to address gaps in the literature, this study assessed the reproducibility (i.e., difference between and within sessions) of joint and muscle forces using wearable sensors during stationary cycling. Seventeen male cyclists performed two sessions on a cycle ergometer cycling at a combination of three power outputs (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 W/kg) and three pedalling cadences (60, 80 and 100 rpm) in two sessions (2-7 days apart). The first trial from each session was repeated at the end of the session for assessment of within-session reproducibility. Three-dimensional (3D) full-body motion and 3D bilateral pedal forces were collected using an inertial motion tracking system and a pair of instrumented pedals, respectively. Joint angles, muscle forces and knee joint forces were computed using OpenSim. Poor to excellent agreement (ICCs = 0.31-0.99) was observed and differences were trivial to small and non-significant between trials within-session. Poor to excellent agreement (ICCs = 0.05-0.97) was observed and differences were trivial to large between sessions. Variability can be attributed to changes in muscle recruitment strategies (within and between-sessions) and to repositioning of sensors (between-sessions).

背景与目标： ：为了解决文献中的空白，本研究评估了在固定骑行过程中使用可穿戴式传感器对关节和肌肉力的可重复性（即，各节之间和各节之间的差异）。 17名男性骑自行车的人在自行车测功机上进行了两次训练，分别以三个功率输出（1.5、2.5和3.5W / kg）和三个踩踏节奏（60、80和100 rpm）进行了两次训练（相隔2-7天） 。在会议结束时重复每届会议的第一次试验，以评估会议期间的可重复性。分别使用惯性运动跟踪系统和一对仪表踏板来收集三维（3D）全身运动和3D双向踏板力。使用OpenSim计算关节角度，肌肉力和膝关节力。观察到差于极好的一致性（ICC = 0.31-0.99），并且在会议期间的两次试验之间的差异很小至不重要。观察到差于极好的一致性（ICC = 0.05-0.97），并且会话之间的差异很小到很大。差异可归因于肌肉补充策略的改变（在疗程中和疗程之间）和传感器的重新放置（疗程之间）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Magnetic sensors are key elements in our interconnected smart society. Their sensitivity becomes essential for many applications in fields such as biomedicine, computer memories, geophysics, or space exploration. Here we present a universal way of increasing the sensitivity of magnetic sensors by surrounding them with a spherical metamaterial shell with specially designed anisotropic magnetic properties. We analytically demonstrate that the magnetic field in the sensing area is enhanced by our metamaterial shell by a known factor that depends on the shell radii ratio. When the applied field is non-uniform, as for dipolar magnetic field sources, field gradient is increased as well. A proof-of-concept experimental realization confirms the theoretical predictions. The metamaterial shell is also shown to concentrate time-dependent magnetic fields upto frequencies of 100 kHz.

背景与目标： ：磁性传感器是我们互联的智能社会的关键要素。它们的灵敏度对于生物医学，计算机存储器，地球物理学或太空探索等领域的许多应用至关重要。在这里，我们提出了一种通用的方法，通过用具有特殊设计的各向异性磁特性的球形超材料壳包围磁传感器来提高磁传感器的灵敏度。我们通过分析证明，通过我们的超材料壳，感应区域中的磁场会以取决于壳半径比的已知因子增强。当施加的磁场不均匀时，对于偶极磁场源，磁场梯度也会增加。概念证明的实验实现证实了理论预测。还显示了超材料壳会集中随时间变化的磁场，直至100 kHz的频率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth that responds to a diverse set of environmental inputs, including amino acids. Over the past 10 years, a number of proteins have been identified that help transmit amino acid availability to mTORC1. However, amino acid sensors for this pathway have only recently been discovered. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight the variety of unexplored questions that emerge from the identification of these sensors.

背景与目标： ：雷帕霉素复合物1（mTORC1）的机制靶标是细胞生长的主要调节剂，可响应多种环境输入，包括氨基酸。在过去的十年中，已经鉴定出许多蛋白质，这些蛋白质可帮助将氨基酸的可用性传递给mTORC1。然而，该途径的氨基酸传感器直到最近才被发现。在这里，我们回顾了这些最新进展，并着重指出了从这些传感器的识别中出现的各种未探索的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Here, we have studied two parameters critical to process control in mammalian cell culture; dissolved oxygen (dO(2)) and pH, measured with fluorescent sensors thus allowing the study of the metabolic state of cells in culture without removing or damaging cells during cultivation. Two cell lines, namely, NS0 and CHO were batch-grown in 24-well plates at different serum concentrations with the sensors implemented in the bottom of each well. The data showed a good relationship between the dO(2) and pH data obtained from fluorescent probes and the growth and death characteristics of cells. The method has provided a high throughput on-line multi-parametric analysis of mammalian cell cellular activity.

背景与目标： ：在这里，我们研究了两个对哺乳动物细胞培养过程控制至关重要的参数。溶解氧（dO（2））和pH，用荧光传感器测量，因此可以研究培养中细胞的代谢状态，而在培养过程中不会去除或破坏细胞。在24孔板中以不同的血清浓度分批培养了两个细胞系，即NS0和CHO，并在每个孔的底部安装了传感器。数据显示dO（2）和从荧光探针获得的pH数据与细胞的生长和死亡特征之间存在良好的关系。该方法提供了哺乳动物细胞细胞活性的高通量在线多参数分析。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The time-of-flight (ToF) principle is a method used to measure distance and construct three-dimensional (3D) images by detecting the time or the phase difference between emitted and back-reflected optical flux. The ToF principle has been employed for various applications including light ranging and detection (LiDAR), machine vision and biomedical engineering; however, bulky system size and slow switching speed have hindered the widespread application of ToF technology. To alleviate these issues, a demonstration of hetero-integration of GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and GaAs-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) on a single platform via a cold-welding method was performed. The hetero-integrated ToF sensors show superior switching performance when compared to silicon-transistor-based systems, miniaturizing size and exhibiting stable ranging and high-resolution depth-imaging. This hetero-integrated system of dissimilar material-based high-performance devices suggests a new pathway towards enabling high-resolution 3D imaging and inspires broader range application of heterogeneously integrated electronics and optoelectronics.

背景与目标： 飞行时间（ToF）原理是一种用于检测距离并通过检测发射光和后向反射光通量之间的时间或相位差来构建三维（3D）图像的方法。 ToF原理已被用于多种应用，包括光测距和检测（LiDAR），机器视觉和生物医学工程。但是，庞大的系统尺寸和缓慢的切换速度阻碍了ToF技术的广泛应用。为了缓解这些问题，通过冷焊方法在单个平台上演示了基于GaN的高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）和基于GaAs的垂直腔表面发射激光器（VCSEL）的异质集成。与基于硅晶体管的系统相比，异质集成的ToF传感器显示出卓越的开关性能，可将尺寸最小化，并具有稳定的范围和高分辨率的深度成像。这种基于异种材料的高性能设备的异质集成系统为实现高分辨率3D成像提供了一条新途径，并激发了异质集成电子学和光电子学在更广泛范围内的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The increase in concentrations of blood glucose results arise in the proportion of glycated haemoglobin. Therefore, the percentage of glycated haemoglobin in the blood could function as a biomarker for the average glucose level over the past three months and can be used to detect diabetes. The study of glycated haemoglobin tends to be complex as there are about three hundred distinct assay techniques available for evaluating glycated haemoglobin which contributes to some differences in the recorded values from the similar samples. This review outlines distinct analytical methods that have evolved in the recent past for precise recognition of the glycated - proteins.

背景与目标： ：血糖浓度增加导致糖化血红蛋白的比例增加。因此，血液中糖化血红蛋白的百分比可以用作过去三个月中平均葡萄糖水平的生物标志物，并可以用于检测糖尿病。糖化血红蛋白的研究趋于复杂，因为大约有三百种不同的测定技术可用于评估糖化血红蛋白，这导致相似样品的记录值有所不同。这篇综述概述了最近发展起来的各种分析方法，这些方法可以精确识别糖基化蛋白质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Post-void alarm systems to monitor bedwetting in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have been deemed unsatisfactory. The aim of this study is to develop a safe, comfortable and non-invasive pre-void wearable alarm and associated technologies using advanced mechatronics. Each stage of development includes patient and public involvement and engagement (PPI). The early stages of the development involved children with and without NE (and parents) who were tested at a hospital under the supervision of physicians, radiologists, psychologists, and nurses. The readings of the wearable device were simultaneously compared with B-mode images and measurements, acquired from a conventional ultrasound device, and were found to correlate highly. The results showed that determining imminent voiding need is viable using non-invasive sensors. Following on from "proof of concept," a bespoke advanced mechatronics device has been developed. The device houses custom electronics, an ultrasound system, intelligent software, a user-friendly smartphone application, bedside alarm box, and a dedicated undergarment, along with a self-adhesive gel pad-designed to keep the MEMS sensors aligned with the abdomen. Testing of the device with phantoms and volunteers has been successful in determining bladder volume and associated voiding need. Five miniaturised, and therefore more ergonomic, versions of the device are being developed, with an enabled connection to the cloud platform for location independent control and monitoring. Thereafter, the enhanced device will be tested with children with NE at their homes for 14 weeks, to gain feedback relating to wearability and data collection involving the cloud platform. Graphical Abstract Design of the MyPAD advanced mechatronics system.

背景与目标： ：夜间遗尿症（NE）的无效尿道警报系统监测尿床被认为不尽人意。这项研究的目的是使用先进的机电一体化技术开发一种安全，舒适，无创，无创的前空可穿戴式警报器及相关技术。开发的每个阶段都包括患者和公众的参与和参与（PPI）。发展的早期阶段涉及有或没有NE（以及父母）的孩子，他们在医院，医生，放射线师，心理学家和护士的监督下接受了检查。同时将可穿戴设备的读数与从常规超声设备获取的B模式图像和测量值进行比较，发现它们之间具有高度相关性。结果表明，使用非侵入性传感器确定即将到来的排尿需求是可行的。在“概念验证”之后，开发了定制的先进机电一体化设备。该设备包含定制的电子设备，超声系统，智能软件，用户友好的智能手机应用程序，床头报警箱和专用内衣，以及旨在使MEMS传感器与腹部对齐的自粘凝胶垫。用幻像和志愿者对设备进行测试已成功确定了膀胱体积和相关的排尿需求。正在开发该设备的五个小型化，因此更符合人体工程学的版本，并启用了到云平台的连接以进行位置独立的控制和监视。此后，将对患有NE的儿童在家中测试增强型设备14周，以获取有关涉及云平台的可穿戴性和数据收集的反馈。 MyPAD先进机电一体化系统的图形抽象设计。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Dementia is a global epidemic and incurs substantial burden on the affected families and the health care system. A window of opportunity for intervention is the predementia stage known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Individuals often present to services late in the course of their disease and more needs to be done for early detection; sensor technology is a potential method for detection. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the feasibility and acceptability of utilizing sensors in the homes of senior citizens to detect changes in behaviors unobtrusively. METHODS:We recruited 59 community-dwelling seniors (aged >65 years who live alone) with and without MCI and observed them over the course of 2 months. The frequency of forgetfulness was monitored by tagging personal items and tracking missed doses of medication. Activities such as step count, time spent away from home, television use, sleep duration, and quality were tracked with passive infrared motion sensors, smart plugs, bed sensors, and a wearable activity band. Measures of cognition, depression, sleep, and social connectedness were also administered. RESULTS:Of the 49 participants who completed the study, 28 had MCI and 21 had healthy cognition (HC). Frequencies of various sensor-derived behavior metrics were computed and compared between MCI and HC groups. MCI participants were less active than their HC counterparts and had more sleep interruptions per night. MCI participants had forgotten their medications more times per month compared with HC participants. The sensor system was acceptable to over 80% (40/49) of study participants, with many requesting for permanent installation of the system. CONCLUSIONS:We demonstrated that it was both feasible and acceptable to set up these sensors in the community and unobtrusively collect data. Further studies evaluating such digital biomarkers in the homes in the community are needed to improve the ecological validity of sensor technology. We need to refine the system to yield more clinically impactful information.

背景与目标： 背景：痴呆症是一种全球流行病，给受影响的家庭和医疗保健系统带来沉重负担。干预的机会之窗是称为轻度认知障碍（MCI）的痴呆前期。个人往往在病情晚期才去看病，需要做更多工作以及早发现疾病；传感器技术是一种潜在的检测方法。
目的：这项横断面研究的目的是确定在老年人的家中使用传感器来毫不干扰地检测行为变化的可行性和可接受性。
方法：我们招募了59名有或没有MCI的社区居住的老年人（年龄在65岁以上的独居者），并在2个月的过程中对其进行了观察。通过标记个人物品并跟踪错过的药物剂量，可以监测健忘的频率。通过被动红外运动传感器，智能插头，床传感器和可穿戴活动腕带，可以跟踪诸如步数，出门在外的时间，看电视，睡眠时间和质量等活动。还对认知，抑郁，睡眠和社交联系进行了测量。
结果：完成研究的49位参与者中，有28位具有MCI，有21位具有健康认知（HC）。 MCI和HC组之间的各种传感器派生的行为指标的频率进行了计算和比较。 MCI参与者的活动不如HC参与者，每晚睡眠中断更多。与HC参与者相比，MCI参与者每月忘记服药的次数更多。超过80％（40/49）的研究参与者可以接受该传感器系统，其中许多要求永久安装该系统。
结论：我们证明在社区中设置这些传感器并毫不干扰地收集数据既可行又可接受。为了提高传感器技术的生态有效性，需要进一步研究评估社区家庭中的此类数字生物标志物。我们需要完善系统，以产生更具临床影响力的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Previous studies found levodopa could improve the activity of the ankle joints of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). But ankle joint movement is composed of four motion ranges. The specific changes of four motion ranges in PD remain unknown. Objective:The purpose of this study was to decompose the complex ankle joint movement, measure ankle joint changes before and after the acute levodopa challenge test (ALCT), and investigate the effects of these parameters on gait performance. Methods:29 PD patients and 30 healthy control subjects (HC) completed the Instrumented Stand and Walk (ISAW) test and gait parameters were collected by the JiBuEn gait analysis system. The percentage of improvement of gait data and the UPDRS III in the on-drug condition (ON) were determined with respect to the off-drug condition (OFF). Results:We observed a reduction in the heel strike angle (HS), 3-plantarflexion (3-PF) angle, and 4-dorsiflexion (4-DF) angle of ankle joints. We did not find significant difference in the toe-off angle (TO), 1-plantarflexion (1-PF) angle, and 2-dorsiflexion (2-DF) angle among three groups. Stride length improvement rate was significantly correlated with HS (rs = 0.616, P < 0.001) and 3-PF (rs = 0.639, P < 0.001) improvement rates. The improvement in the sum of rigidity items (UPDRS motor subsection item 22) was also correlated with HS (rs = 0.389, P=0.037) and 3-PF (rs = 0.373, P=0.046) improvement rates. Conclusions:Exogenous levodopa supplementation can significantly reduce the rigidity of patients with PD, improve their 3-PF and 4-DF of ankle joint kinematic parameters, and ultimately enhance their gait.

背景与目标： 背景：以前的研究发现左旋多巴可以改善帕金森氏病（PD）患者的踝关节活动。但是脚踝关节运动由四个运动范围组成。 PD中四个运动范围的具体变化仍然未知。
目的：本研究旨在分解复杂的踝关节运动，测量急性左旋多巴激发试验（ALCT）前后的踝关节变化，并研究这些参数对步态表现的影响。
方法：29名PD患者和30名健康对照者（HC）完成了仪器站立和行走（ISAW）测试，并通过JiBuEn步态分析系统收集了步态参数。相对于非药物状态（OFF），确定了药物状态（ON）下步态数据和UPDRS III的改善百分比。
结果：我们观察到脚踝触角（HS），3-足屈（3-PF）角和4-背屈（4-DF）角的减小。我们没有发现三组的趾前角（TO），1-足屈（1-PF）角和2-背屈（2-DF）角之间没有显着差异。步幅改善率与HS（rs = 0.616，P <0.001）和3-PF（rs = 0.639，P <0.001）改善率显着相关。刚度项总和的改善（UPDRS电机子项22）也与HS（rs = 0.389，P = 0.037）和3-PF（rs = 0.373，P = 0.046）的改善率相关。
结论：补充左旋多巴可以显着降低PD患者的僵硬程度，改善踝关节运动参数的3-PF和4-DF，并最终提高步态。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Oxyhaemoglobin saturation of arterial blood is commonly measured using a finger sensor attached to a pulse oximeter (SpO(2)). We sought to compare SpO(2) measured using finger and forehead sensors with oxyhaemoglobin saturation in arterialized capillary samples (ACS) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exercise. METHODS:During aerobic exercise, SpO(2) was measured continuously by two pulse oximeters: one connected to a finger sensor and to a forehead sensor. Before and after the task, ACS were collected to provide a minimally invasive reference measure of oxyhaemoglobin saturation. Patients with COPD were eligible for inclusion if they desaturated when walking by >4% from resting levels to <90%. Current smokers and those prescribed supplemental oxygen were excluded. RESULTS:Fourteen participants completed the study (forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 35 ± 10% predicted). Compared with ACS, SpO(2) measured via the finger sensor was 2% lower (limit of agreement 3%), and SpO(2) measured via the forehead sensor was 2% higher (limit of agreement 4%). Differences were not systematic. The change in oxygen saturation during exercise was similar among the finger sensor (-7; 95% confidence interval (CI): -4 to -10%), forehead sensor (-7; 95% CI: -3 to -10%) and ACS (-6; 95% CI: -3 to -9%). CONCLUSIONS:Oxygen saturation measured using the forehead sensor was higher than that measured in ACS. Assuming that oxygen saturation in ACS is slightly less than arterial blood, forehead sensors may yield measures more concordant with arterial blood. Both sensors detected exercise-induced desaturation.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：通常使用连接到脉搏血氧仪（SpO（2））的手指传感器来测量动脉血中氧合血红蛋白的饱和度。我们试图比较在运动过程中患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的人，使用手指和额头传感器测得的SpO（2）与血红蛋白饱和度在动脉化毛细血管样本（ACS）中的含量。
方法：在有氧运动期间，通过两个脉搏血氧仪连续测量SpO（2）：一个脉搏血氧仪连接一个手指传感器和一个额头传感器。在任务之前和之后，收集ACS以提供氧合血红蛋白饱和度的微创参考测量。如果COPD患者在行走时从静息水平升高> 4％至<90％，则达到饱和状态，就符合入选条件。目前的吸烟者和那些开处方补充氧气的人被排除在外。
结果：十四名参与者完成了研究（强迫呼气量以1 s = 35±10％的预测值）。与ACS相比，通过手指传感器测得的SpO（2）降低2％（一致性极限3％），通过额头传感器测得的SpO（2）升高2％（一致性极限4％）。差异不是系统的。运动期间氧饱和度的变化在手指传感器（-7; 95％置信区间（CI）：-4至-10％），前额传感器（-7; 95％CI：-3至-10％）之间相似和ACS（-6； 95％CI：-3至-9％）。
结论：前额传感器测得的血氧饱和度高于ACS中测得的血氧饱和度。假设ACS中的氧饱和度略低于动脉血，则额头传感器可能会产生与动脉血更一致的测量值。两个传感器都检测到运动引起的去饱和。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Active use-by date (AUBD) or freshness indicators hold great potential to reduce food waste. Herein, we develop an anthocyanin AUBD indicator that is capable of discriminating between fresh, spoiling, and spoiled milk. The sensor undergoes a visible blue to purple to pink color change in response to lactic acid, which is an indicator of microbial spoilage in milk. Anthocyanin is cast into a range of materials and the composite's suitability to monitor pH changes (pH 6.8 fresh milk vs pH 4.0 spoiled milk) is assessed. Of the materials studied, an anthocyanin-agarose film is nominated as the optimum materials with the best colorimetric performance. We introduce a new method to quantify anthocyanin color change by measuring red chromatic shift by digital analysis. The anthocyanin sensors will provide a real-time indication of actual milk quality, surpassing the function of traditional date marking tools that provide an indication of the expected shelf life.

背景与目标： ：有效的使用期限（AUBD）或新鲜度指示器具有减少食物浪费的巨大潜力。本文中，我们开发了一种花青素AUBD指示剂，该指示剂能够区分鲜牛奶，变质牛奶和变质牛奶。传感器响应于乳酸而发生可见的蓝色到紫色到粉红色的颜色变化，这是牛奶中微生物变质的指标。花青素被浇铸成多种材料，并评估了复合材料监测pH变化（pH 6.8鲜牛奶与pH 4.0变质牛奶）的适用性。在研究的材料中，花青素-琼脂糖薄膜被提名为具有最佳比色性能的最佳材料。我们介绍了一种通过数字分析测量红色色移来量化花色苷颜色变化的新方法。花青素传感器将提供实际牛奶质量的实时指示，超越了传统日期标记工具的功能，后者可以指示预期的保质期。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The CIP stability of pH sensitive ion-sensitive field-effect transistors based on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures was investigated. For epitaxial AlGaN/GaN films with high structural quality, CIP tests did not degrade the sensor surface and pH sensitivities of 55-58 mV/pH were achieved. Several different passivation schemes based on SiO(x), SiN(x), AlN, and nanocrystalline diamond were compared with special attention given to compatibility to standard microelectronic device technologies as well as biocompatibility of the passivation films. The CIP stability was evaluated with a main focus on the morphological stability. All stacks containing a SiO₂ or an AlN layer were etched by the NaOH solution in the CIP process. Reliable passivations withstanding the NaOH solution were provided by stacks of ICP-CVD grown and sputtered SiN(x) as well as diamond reinforced passivations. Drift levels about 0.001 pH/h and stable sensitivity over several CIP cycles were achieved for optimized sensor structures.

背景与目标： ：研究了基于AlGaN / GaN异质结构的pH敏感离子敏感场效应晶体管的CIP稳定性。对于具有高结构质量的外延AlGaN / GaN膜，CIP测试不会降低传感器的表面质量，并且实现了55-58 mV / pH的pH敏感度。比较了几种基于SiO（x），SiN（x），AlN和纳米晶金刚石的钝化方案，并特别注意了与标准微电子器件技术的兼容性以及钝化膜的生物相容性。评价了CIP稳定性，主要集中在形态稳定性上。在CIP工艺中，所有含有SiO 2或AlN层的叠层都被NaOH溶液蚀刻。通过ICP-CVD生长和溅射的SiN（x）以及金刚石增强的钝化层的叠层，可以提供耐NaOH溶液的可靠钝化层。对于最佳的传感器结构，在几个CIP循环中实现了约0.001 pH / h的漂移水平和稳定的灵敏度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Affective Computing has emerged as an important field of study that aims to develop systems that can automatically recognize emotions. Up to the present, elicitation has been carried out with non-immersive stimuli. This study, on the other hand, aims to develop an emotion recognition system for affective states evoked through Immersive Virtual Environments. Four alternative virtual rooms were designed to elicit four possible arousal-valence combinations, as described in each quadrant of the Circumplex Model of Affects. An experiment involving the recording of the electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) of sixty participants was carried out. A set of features was extracted from these signals using various state-of-the-art metrics that quantify brain and cardiovascular linear and nonlinear dynamics, which were input into a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict the subject's arousal and valence perception. The model's accuracy was 75.00% along the arousal dimension and 71.21% along the valence dimension. Our findings validate the use of Immersive Virtual Environments to elicit and automatically recognize different emotional states from neural and cardiac dynamics; this development could have novel applications in fields as diverse as Architecture, Health, Education and Videogames.

背景与目标： ：情感计算已经成为一个重要的研究领域，旨在开发可以自动识别情绪的系统。迄今为止，已经在非沉浸式刺激下进行了启发。另一方面，本研究旨在为通过沉浸式虚拟环境诱发的情感状态开发情感识别系统。设计了四个替代虚拟房间，以引发四个可能的唤醒价组合，如“环回模型”的每个象限中所述。进行了一项涉及记录60名参与者的脑电图（EEG）和心电图（ECG）的实验。使用各种可量化大脑和心血管线性和非线性动力学的最新指标，从这些信号中提取一组功能，将这些功能输入到支持向量机分类器中，以预测对象的唤醒和效价感知。该模型在唤醒维度上的准确度为75.00％，在化合价维度上的准确度为71.21％。我们的发现验证了沉浸式虚拟环境的使用，可以从神经和心脏动力学中诱发并自动识别不同的情绪状态；这种发展可能会在建筑，健康，教育和电子游戏等各个领域具有新颖的应用。