BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The increase in concentrations of blood glucose results arise in the proportion of glycated haemoglobin. Therefore, the percentage of glycated haemoglobin in the blood could function as a biomarker for the average glucose level over the past three months and can be used to detect diabetes. The study of glycated haemoglobin tends to be complex as there are about three hundred distinct assay techniques available for evaluating glycated haemoglobin which contributes to some differences in the recorded values from the similar samples. This review outlines distinct analytical methods that have evolved in the recent past for precise recognition of the glycated - proteins.

背景与目标： ：血糖浓度增加导致糖化血红蛋白的比例增加。因此，血液中糖化血红蛋白的百分比可以用作过去三个月中平均葡萄糖水平的生物标志物，并可以用于检测糖尿病。糖化血红蛋白的研究趋于复杂，因为大约有三百种不同的测定技术可用于评估糖化血红蛋白，这导致相似样品的记录值有所不同。这篇综述概述了最近发展起来的各种分析方法，这些方法可以精确识别糖基化蛋白质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Post-void alarm systems to monitor bedwetting in nocturnal enuresis (NE) have been deemed unsatisfactory. The aim of this study is to develop a safe, comfortable and non-invasive pre-void wearable alarm and associated technologies using advanced mechatronics. Each stage of development includes patient and public involvement and engagement (PPI). The early stages of the development involved children with and without NE (and parents) who were tested at a hospital under the supervision of physicians, radiologists, psychologists, and nurses. The readings of the wearable device were simultaneously compared with B-mode images and measurements, acquired from a conventional ultrasound device, and were found to correlate highly. The results showed that determining imminent voiding need is viable using non-invasive sensors. Following on from "proof of concept," a bespoke advanced mechatronics device has been developed. The device houses custom electronics, an ultrasound system, intelligent software, a user-friendly smartphone application, bedside alarm box, and a dedicated undergarment, along with a self-adhesive gel pad-designed to keep the MEMS sensors aligned with the abdomen. Testing of the device with phantoms and volunteers has been successful in determining bladder volume and associated voiding need. Five miniaturised, and therefore more ergonomic, versions of the device are being developed, with an enabled connection to the cloud platform for location independent control and monitoring. Thereafter, the enhanced device will be tested with children with NE at their homes for 14 weeks, to gain feedback relating to wearability and data collection involving the cloud platform. Graphical Abstract Design of the MyPAD advanced mechatronics system.

背景与目标： ：夜间遗尿症（NE）的无效尿道警报系统监测尿床被认为不尽人意。这项研究的目的是使用先进的机电一体化技术开发一种安全，舒适，无创，无创的前空可穿戴式警报器及相关技术。开发的每个阶段都包括患者和公众的参与和参与（PPI）。发展的早期阶段涉及有或没有NE（以及父母）的孩子，他们在医院，医生，放射线师，心理学家和护士的监督下接受了检查。同时将可穿戴设备的读数与从常规超声设备获取的B模式图像和测量值进行比较，发现它们之间具有高度相关性。结果表明，使用非侵入性传感器确定即将到来的排尿需求是可行的。在“概念验证”之后，开发了定制的先进机电一体化设备。该设备包含定制的电子设备，超声系统，智能软件，用户友好的智能手机应用程序，床头报警箱和专用内衣，以及旨在使MEMS传感器与腹部对齐的自粘凝胶垫。用幻像和志愿者对设备进行测试已成功确定了膀胱体积和相关的排尿需求。正在开发该设备的五个小型化，因此更符合人体工程学的版本，并启用了到云平台的连接以进行位置独立的控制和监视。此后，将对患有NE的儿童在家中测试增强型设备14周，以获取有关涉及云平台的可穿戴性和数据收集的反馈。 MyPAD先进机电一体化系统的图形抽象设计。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Dementia is a global epidemic and incurs substantial burden on the affected families and the health care system. A window of opportunity for intervention is the predementia stage known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Individuals often present to services late in the course of their disease and more needs to be done for early detection; sensor technology is a potential method for detection. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the feasibility and acceptability of utilizing sensors in the homes of senior citizens to detect changes in behaviors unobtrusively. METHODS:We recruited 59 community-dwelling seniors (aged >65 years who live alone) with and without MCI and observed them over the course of 2 months. The frequency of forgetfulness was monitored by tagging personal items and tracking missed doses of medication. Activities such as step count, time spent away from home, television use, sleep duration, and quality were tracked with passive infrared motion sensors, smart plugs, bed sensors, and a wearable activity band. Measures of cognition, depression, sleep, and social connectedness were also administered. RESULTS:Of the 49 participants who completed the study, 28 had MCI and 21 had healthy cognition (HC). Frequencies of various sensor-derived behavior metrics were computed and compared between MCI and HC groups. MCI participants were less active than their HC counterparts and had more sleep interruptions per night. MCI participants had forgotten their medications more times per month compared with HC participants. The sensor system was acceptable to over 80% (40/49) of study participants, with many requesting for permanent installation of the system. CONCLUSIONS:We demonstrated that it was both feasible and acceptable to set up these sensors in the community and unobtrusively collect data. Further studies evaluating such digital biomarkers in the homes in the community are needed to improve the ecological validity of sensor technology. We need to refine the system to yield more clinically impactful information.

背景与目标： 背景：痴呆症是一种全球流行病，给受影响的家庭和医疗保健系统带来沉重负担。干预的机会之窗是称为轻度认知障碍（MCI）的痴呆前期。个人往往在病情晚期才去看病，需要做更多工作以及早发现疾病；传感器技术是一种潜在的检测方法。
目的：这项横断面研究的目的是确定在老年人的家中使用传感器来毫不干扰地检测行为变化的可行性和可接受性。
方法：我们招募了59名有或没有MCI的社区居住的老年人（年龄在65岁以上的独居者），并在2个月的过程中对其进行了观察。通过标记个人物品并跟踪错过的药物剂量，可以监测健忘的频率。通过被动红外运动传感器，智能插头，床传感器和可穿戴活动腕带，可以跟踪诸如步数，出门在外的时间，看电视，睡眠时间和质量等活动。还对认知，抑郁，睡眠和社交联系进行了测量。
结果：完成研究的49位参与者中，有28位具有MCI，有21位具有健康认知（HC）。 MCI和HC组之间的各种传感器派生的行为指标的频率进行了计算和比较。 MCI参与者的活动不如HC参与者，每晚睡眠中断更多。与HC参与者相比，MCI参与者每月忘记服药的次数更多。超过80％（40/49）的研究参与者可以接受该传感器系统，其中许多要求永久安装该系统。
结论：我们证明在社区中设置这些传感器并毫不干扰地收集数据既可行又可接受。为了提高传感器技术的生态有效性，需要进一步研究评估社区家庭中的此类数字生物标志物。我们需要完善系统，以产生更具临床影响力的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Previous studies found levodopa could improve the activity of the ankle joints of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). But ankle joint movement is composed of four motion ranges. The specific changes of four motion ranges in PD remain unknown. Objective:The purpose of this study was to decompose the complex ankle joint movement, measure ankle joint changes before and after the acute levodopa challenge test (ALCT), and investigate the effects of these parameters on gait performance. Methods:29 PD patients and 30 healthy control subjects (HC) completed the Instrumented Stand and Walk (ISAW) test and gait parameters were collected by the JiBuEn gait analysis system. The percentage of improvement of gait data and the UPDRS III in the on-drug condition (ON) were determined with respect to the off-drug condition (OFF). Results:We observed a reduction in the heel strike angle (HS), 3-plantarflexion (3-PF) angle, and 4-dorsiflexion (4-DF) angle of ankle joints. We did not find significant difference in the toe-off angle (TO), 1-plantarflexion (1-PF) angle, and 2-dorsiflexion (2-DF) angle among three groups. Stride length improvement rate was significantly correlated with HS (rs = 0.616, P < 0.001) and 3-PF (rs = 0.639, P < 0.001) improvement rates. The improvement in the sum of rigidity items (UPDRS motor subsection item 22) was also correlated with HS (rs = 0.389, P=0.037) and 3-PF (rs = 0.373, P=0.046) improvement rates. Conclusions:Exogenous levodopa supplementation can significantly reduce the rigidity of patients with PD, improve their 3-PF and 4-DF of ankle joint kinematic parameters, and ultimately enhance their gait.

背景与目标： 背景：以前的研究发现左旋多巴可以改善帕金森氏病（PD）患者的踝关节活动。但是脚踝关节运动由四个运动范围组成。 PD中四个运动范围的具体变化仍然未知。
目的：本研究旨在分解复杂的踝关节运动，测量急性左旋多巴激发试验（ALCT）前后的踝关节变化，并研究这些参数对步态表现的影响。
方法：29名PD患者和30名健康对照者（HC）完成了仪器站立和行走（ISAW）测试，并通过JiBuEn步态分析系统收集了步态参数。相对于非药物状态（OFF），确定了药物状态（ON）下步态数据和UPDRS III的改善百分比。
结果：我们观察到脚踝触角（HS），3-足屈（3-PF）角和4-背屈（4-DF）角的减小。我们没有发现三组的趾前角（TO），1-足屈（1-PF）角和2-背屈（2-DF）角之间没有显着差异。步幅改善率与HS（rs = 0.616，P <0.001）和3-PF（rs = 0.639，P <0.001）改善率显着相关。刚度项总和的改善（UPDRS电机子项22）也与HS（rs = 0.389，P = 0.037）和3-PF（rs = 0.373，P = 0.046）的改善率相关。
结论：补充左旋多巴可以显着降低PD患者的僵硬程度，改善踝关节运动参数的3-PF和4-DF，并最终提高步态。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Oxyhaemoglobin saturation of arterial blood is commonly measured using a finger sensor attached to a pulse oximeter (SpO(2)). We sought to compare SpO(2) measured using finger and forehead sensors with oxyhaemoglobin saturation in arterialized capillary samples (ACS) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exercise. METHODS:During aerobic exercise, SpO(2) was measured continuously by two pulse oximeters: one connected to a finger sensor and to a forehead sensor. Before and after the task, ACS were collected to provide a minimally invasive reference measure of oxyhaemoglobin saturation. Patients with COPD were eligible for inclusion if they desaturated when walking by >4% from resting levels to <90%. Current smokers and those prescribed supplemental oxygen were excluded. RESULTS:Fourteen participants completed the study (forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 35 ± 10% predicted). Compared with ACS, SpO(2) measured via the finger sensor was 2% lower (limit of agreement 3%), and SpO(2) measured via the forehead sensor was 2% higher (limit of agreement 4%). Differences were not systematic. The change in oxygen saturation during exercise was similar among the finger sensor (-7; 95% confidence interval (CI): -4 to -10%), forehead sensor (-7; 95% CI: -3 to -10%) and ACS (-6; 95% CI: -3 to -9%). CONCLUSIONS:Oxygen saturation measured using the forehead sensor was higher than that measured in ACS. Assuming that oxygen saturation in ACS is slightly less than arterial blood, forehead sensors may yield measures more concordant with arterial blood. Both sensors detected exercise-induced desaturation.

背景与目标： 背景与目的：通常使用连接到脉搏血氧仪（SpO（2））的手指传感器来测量动脉血中氧合血红蛋白的饱和度。我们试图比较在运动过程中患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的人，使用手指和额头传感器测得的SpO（2）与血红蛋白饱和度在动脉化毛细血管样本（ACS）中的含量。
方法：在有氧运动期间，通过两个脉搏血氧仪连续测量SpO（2）：一个脉搏血氧仪连接一个手指传感器和一个额头传感器。在任务之前和之后，收集ACS以提供氧合血红蛋白饱和度的微创参考测量。如果COPD患者在行走时从静息水平升高> 4％至<90％，则达到饱和状态，就符合入选条件。目前的吸烟者和那些开处方补充氧气的人被排除在外。
结果：十四名参与者完成了研究（强迫呼气量以1 s = 35±10％的预测值）。与ACS相比，通过手指传感器测得的SpO（2）降低2％（一致性极限3％），通过额头传感器测得的SpO（2）升高2％（一致性极限4％）。差异不是系统的。运动期间氧饱和度的变化在手指传感器（-7; 95％置信区间（CI）：-4至-10％），前额传感器（-7; 95％CI：-3至-10％）之间相似和ACS（-6； 95％CI：-3至-9％）。
结论：前额传感器测得的血氧饱和度高于ACS中测得的血氧饱和度。假设ACS中的氧饱和度略低于动脉血，则额头传感器可能会产生与动脉血更一致的测量值。两个传感器都检测到运动引起的去饱和。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Active use-by date (AUBD) or freshness indicators hold great potential to reduce food waste. Herein, we develop an anthocyanin AUBD indicator that is capable of discriminating between fresh, spoiling, and spoiled milk. The sensor undergoes a visible blue to purple to pink color change in response to lactic acid, which is an indicator of microbial spoilage in milk. Anthocyanin is cast into a range of materials and the composite's suitability to monitor pH changes (pH 6.8 fresh milk vs pH 4.0 spoiled milk) is assessed. Of the materials studied, an anthocyanin-agarose film is nominated as the optimum materials with the best colorimetric performance. We introduce a new method to quantify anthocyanin color change by measuring red chromatic shift by digital analysis. The anthocyanin sensors will provide a real-time indication of actual milk quality, surpassing the function of traditional date marking tools that provide an indication of the expected shelf life.

背景与目标： ：有效的使用期限（AUBD）或新鲜度指示器具有减少食物浪费的巨大潜力。本文中，我们开发了一种花青素AUBD指示剂，该指示剂能够区分鲜牛奶，变质牛奶和变质牛奶。传感器响应于乳酸而发生可见的蓝色到紫色到粉红色的颜色变化，这是牛奶中微生物变质的指标。花青素被浇铸成多种材料，并评估了复合材料监测pH变化（pH 6.8鲜牛奶与pH 4.0变质牛奶）的适用性。在研究的材料中，花青素-琼脂糖薄膜被提名为具有最佳比色性能的最佳材料。我们介绍了一种通过数字分析测量红色色移来量化花色苷颜色变化的新方法。花青素传感器将提供实际牛奶质量的实时指示，超越了传统日期标记工具的功能，后者可以指示预期的保质期。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The CIP stability of pH sensitive ion-sensitive field-effect transistors based on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures was investigated. For epitaxial AlGaN/GaN films with high structural quality, CIP tests did not degrade the sensor surface and pH sensitivities of 55-58 mV/pH were achieved. Several different passivation schemes based on SiO(x), SiN(x), AlN, and nanocrystalline diamond were compared with special attention given to compatibility to standard microelectronic device technologies as well as biocompatibility of the passivation films. The CIP stability was evaluated with a main focus on the morphological stability. All stacks containing a SiO₂ or an AlN layer were etched by the NaOH solution in the CIP process. Reliable passivations withstanding the NaOH solution were provided by stacks of ICP-CVD grown and sputtered SiN(x) as well as diamond reinforced passivations. Drift levels about 0.001 pH/h and stable sensitivity over several CIP cycles were achieved for optimized sensor structures.

背景与目标： ：研究了基于AlGaN / GaN异质结构的pH敏感离子敏感场效应晶体管的CIP稳定性。对于具有高结构质量的外延AlGaN / GaN膜，CIP测试不会降低传感器的表面质量，并且实现了55-58 mV / pH的pH敏感度。比较了几种基于SiO（x），SiN（x），AlN和纳米晶金刚石的钝化方案，并特别注意了与标准微电子器件技术的兼容性以及钝化膜的生物相容性。评价了CIP稳定性，主要集中在形态稳定性上。在CIP工艺中，所有含有SiO 2或AlN层的叠层都被NaOH溶液蚀刻。通过ICP-CVD生长和溅射的SiN（x）以及金刚石增强的钝化层的叠层，可以提供耐NaOH溶液的可靠钝化层。对于最佳的传感器结构，在几个CIP循环中实现了约0.001 pH / h的漂移水平和稳定的灵敏度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Affective Computing has emerged as an important field of study that aims to develop systems that can automatically recognize emotions. Up to the present, elicitation has been carried out with non-immersive stimuli. This study, on the other hand, aims to develop an emotion recognition system for affective states evoked through Immersive Virtual Environments. Four alternative virtual rooms were designed to elicit four possible arousal-valence combinations, as described in each quadrant of the Circumplex Model of Affects. An experiment involving the recording of the electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) of sixty participants was carried out. A set of features was extracted from these signals using various state-of-the-art metrics that quantify brain and cardiovascular linear and nonlinear dynamics, which were input into a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict the subject's arousal and valence perception. The model's accuracy was 75.00% along the arousal dimension and 71.21% along the valence dimension. Our findings validate the use of Immersive Virtual Environments to elicit and automatically recognize different emotional states from neural and cardiac dynamics; this development could have novel applications in fields as diverse as Architecture, Health, Education and Videogames.

背景与目标： ：情感计算已经成为一个重要的研究领域，旨在开发可以自动识别情绪的系统。迄今为止，已经在非沉浸式刺激下进行了启发。另一方面，本研究旨在为通过沉浸式虚拟环境诱发的情感状态开发情感识别系统。设计了四个替代虚拟房间，以引发四个可能的唤醒价组合，如“环回模型”的每个象限中所述。进行了一项涉及记录60名参与者的脑电图（EEG）和心电图（ECG）的实验。使用各种可量化大脑和心血管线性和非线性动力学的最新指标，从这些信号中提取一组功能，将这些功能输入到支持向量机分类器中，以预测对象的唤醒和效价感知。该模型在唤醒维度上的准确度为75.00％，在化合价维度上的准确度为71.21％。我们的发现验证了沉浸式虚拟环境的使用，可以从神经和心脏动力学中诱发并自动识别不同的情绪状态；这种发展可能会在建筑，健康，教育和电子游戏等各个领域具有新颖的应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hydrogels have gained wide usage in a range of biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility and the ability to finely tune their properties, including viscoelasticity. The use of hydrogels on the microscale is increasingly important for the development of drug delivery techniques and cellular microenvironments, though the ability to accurately characterize their micromechanical properties is limited. Here we demonstrate the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonant sensors to estimate the properties of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) microstructures over a range of concentrations. These microstructures are integrated on the sensors by deposition using electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Estimated properties agree well with independent measurements made using indentation with atomic force microscopy.

背景与目标： ：水凝胶具有生物相容性和微调其特性（包括粘弹性）的能力，因此在生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用。尽管精确表征其微机械性能的能力受到限制，但是在微尺度上使用水凝胶对于药物输送技术和细胞微环境的发展越来越重要。在这里，我们演示了使用微机电系统（MEMS）共振传感器来估算一系列浓度范围内的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯（PEGDA）微结构的性能。这些微结构通过使用电动流体喷射印刷沉积而集成在传感器上。估计的性能与使用原子力显微镜压痕法进行的独立测量非常吻合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intestinal microbiota are considered a sensor for molecular pathways, which orchestrate energy balance, immune responses, and cell regeneration. We previously reported that microbiota restriction promoted higher levels of systemic radiation-induced genotoxicity, proliferative lymphocyte activation, and apoptotic polarization of metabolic pathways. Restricted intestinal microbiota (RM) that harbors increased abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii (LBJ) has been investigated for bacterial communities that correlated radiation-induced genotoxicity. Indicator phylotypes were more abundant in RM mice and increased in prevalence after whole body irradiation in conventional microbiota (CM) mice, while none of the same ten most abundant phylotypes were different in abundance between CM mice before and after heavy ion irradiation. Muribaculum intestinale was detected highest in female small intestines in RM mice, which were lacking Ureaplasma felinum compared with males, and thus these bacteria could be contributing to the differential amounts of radiation-induced systemic genotoxicity between the CM and RM groups. Helicobacter rodentium and M.intestinale were found in colons in the radiation-resistant CM phenotype. While the expression of interferon-γ was elevated in the small intestine, and lower in blood in CM mice, high-linear energy transfer radiation reduced transforming growth factor-β with peripheral interleukin (IL)-17 in RM mice, particularly in females. We found that female RM mice showed improved micro-architectural bone structure and anti-inflammatory radiation response compared with CM mice at a delayed phase 6 weeks postexposure to particle radiation. However, microbiota restriction reduced inflammatory markers of tumor necrosis factor in marrow, when IL-17 was reduced by intraperitoneal injection of IL-17 neutralizing antibody.

背景与目标： ：肠道菌群被认为是分子途径的传感器，可以协调能量平衡，免疫反应和细胞再生。我们以前曾报道过，微生物群的限制促进了更高水平的全身辐射诱导的遗传毒性，增殖性淋巴细胞活化以及代谢途径的凋亡极化。对于与辐射诱导的基因毒性相关的细菌群落，已经研究了含有增加的约翰逊乳杆菌（LBJ）丰富度的限制性肠道菌群（RM）。在常规微生物区系（CM）小鼠中，RM小鼠中的指示剂系统型更为丰富，并且在全身照射后患病率增加，而在重离子照射之前和之后，这十种最丰富的系统型在CM小鼠之间的丰度没有任何不同。在RM小鼠的雌性小肠中，鼠毛肠菌的检出率最高，与雄性相比，这些小鼠缺乏猫尿素原体，因此这些细菌可能导致CM组和RM组之间辐射诱导的全身性基因毒性的差异。在抗辐射的CM表型的结肠中发现了啮齿类杆菌和肠杆菌。在CM小鼠中，干扰素-γ的表达在小肠中升高，而在血液中则更低，而高线性能量转移辐射则在RM小鼠中降低了转化生长因子-β的表达，而外周血白介素（IL）-17尤其在雌性小鼠中。我们发现，在暴露于粒子辐射后6周的延迟阶段，与CM小鼠相比，雌性RM小鼠显示出改善的微结构骨骼结构和抗炎辐射反应。然而，当通过腹膜内注射IL-17中和抗体降低IL-17时，微生物群限制降低了骨髓中肿瘤坏死因子的炎症标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies are polymodal sensors widely distributed within the airway mucosa of mammals and other species. Neuroepithelial body cells store and most likely release serotonin and peptides as transmitters. Neuroepithelial bodies have a complex innervation that includes vagal sensory afferent fibers and dorsal root ganglion fibers. Neuroepithelial body cells respond to a number of intraluminal airway stimuli, including hypoxia, hypercarbia, and mechanical stretch. This article reviews recent findings in the cellular and molecular biology of neuroepithelial body cells and their potential role as airway sensors involved in the control of respiration, particularly during the perinatal period. Alternate hypotheses and areas of controversy regarding potential function as mechanosensory receptors involved in pulmonary reflexes are discussed.

背景与目标： ：肺神经上皮体是一种多峰传感器，广泛分布于哺乳动物和其他物种的气道粘膜内。神经上皮体细胞储存并最有可能释放5-羟色胺和肽类作为递质。神经上皮体具有复杂的神经支配，包括迷走感觉传入纤维和背根神经节纤维。神经上皮体细胞对多种腔内气道刺激产生反应，包括缺氧，高碳血症和机械性牵张。本文回顾了神经上皮细胞的细胞和分子生物学的最新发现，以及它们作为呼吸控制中呼吸道传感器的潜在作用，特别是在围产期。讨论了有关潜在功能作为参与肺反射的机械感觉受体的其他假设和争议领域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent years have seen the development of methods for analyzing the redox conditions in specific compartments in living cells. These methods are based on genetically encoded sensors comprising variants of Green Fluorescent Protein in which vicinal cysteine residues have been introduced at solvent-exposed positions. Several mutant forms have been identified in which formation of a disulfide bond between these cysteine residues results in changes of their fluorescence properties. The redox sensors have been characterized biochemically and found to behave differently, both spectroscopically and in terms of redox properties. As genetically encoded sensors they can be expressed in living cells and used for analysis of intracellular redox conditions; however, which parameters are measured depends on how the sensors interact with various cellular redox components. Results of both biochemical and cell biological analyses will be discussed.

背景与目标： ：最近几年来，已经出现了用于分析活细胞特定区室中氧化还原条件的方法的开发。这些方法基于包含绿色荧光蛋白变体的遗传编码传感器，其中在溶剂暴露的位置引入了邻近的半胱氨酸残基。已经鉴定出几种突变形式，其中在这些半胱氨酸残基之间形成二硫键导致其荧光性质的改变。氧化还原传感器已经过生物化学表征，并且在光谱和氧化还原特性方面表现出不同的表现。作为基因编码的传感器，它们可以在活细胞中表达并用于细胞内氧化还原条件的分析；然而，测量哪些参数取决于传感器如何与各种细胞氧化还原成分相互作用。将讨论生化和细胞生物学分析的结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Patients with suspected spinal cord injuries undergo numerous transfers throughout treatment and care. Effective c-spine stabilization is crucial to minimize the impacts of the suspected injury. Healthcare professionals are trained to perform those transfers using simulation; however, the feedback on the manoeuvre is subjective. This paper proposes a quantitative approach to measure the efficacy of the c-spine stabilization and provide objective feedback during training. Methods. 3D wearable motion sensors are positioned on a simulated patient to capture the motion of the head and trunk during a training scenario. Spatial and temporal indicators associated with the motion can then be derived from the signals. The approach was developed and tested on data obtained from 21 paramedics performing the log-roll, a transfer technique commonly performed during prehospital and hospital care. Results. In this scenario, 55% of the c-spine motion could be explained by the difficulty of rescuers to maintain head and trunk alignment during the rotation part of the log-roll and their difficulty to initiate specific phases of the motion synchronously. Conclusion. The proposed quantitative approach has the potential to be used for personalized feedback during training sessions and could even be embedded into simulation mannequins to provide an innovative training solution.

背景与目标： ：怀疑患有脊髓损伤的患者在整个治疗和护理过程中都会经历许多次转移。有效的c型脊柱稳定对于最大限度地减少可疑伤害的影响至关重要。培训了医疗保健专业人员以使用模拟执行这些转移；但是，有关操作的反馈是主观的。本文提出了一种定量方法来测量c脊柱稳定的效果，并在训练过程中提供客观的反馈。方法。 3D可穿戴运动传感器放置在模拟患者上，以在训练场景中捕获头部和躯干的运动。然后可以从信号中导出与运动相关的空间和时间指示符。该方法是根据从21名医护人员获得的数据进行测试并测试的，该数据是在住院前和医院护理期间通常执行的一种转移技术。结果。在这种情况下，c-脊柱运动的55％可以解释为救援人员在原木滚动的旋转过程中难以保持头部和躯干对齐以及他们难以同步启动运动的特定阶段的原因。结论。拟议的定量方法有可能用于培训期间的个性化反馈，甚至可以嵌入到模拟人体模型中以提供创新的培训解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prolonged and continuous monitoring of mechanoacoustic heart signals is essential for the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. These bodily acoustics have low intensity and low frequency, and measuring them continuously for long periods requires ultrasensitive, lightweight, gas-permeable mechanoacoustic sensors. Here, we present an all-nanofiber mechanoacoustic sensor, which exhibits a sensitivity as high as 10,050.6 mV Pa-1 in the low-frequency region (<500 Hz). The high sensitivity is achieved by the use of durable and ultrathin (2.5 µm) nanofiber electrode layers enabling a large vibration of the sensor during the application of sound waves. The sensor is ultralightweight, and the overall weight is as small as 5 mg or less. The devices are mechanically robust against bending, and show no degradation in performance even after 1,000-cycle bending. Finally, we demonstrate a continuous long-term (10 h) measurement of heart signals with a signal-to-noise ratio as high as 40.9 decibels (dB).

背景与目标： ：长期持续监测机械声学心脏信号对于心血管疾病的早期诊断至关重要。这些人体声学具有低强度和低频率，并且长时间连续测量它们需要超灵敏，轻巧，透气的机械声传感器。在这里，我们介绍了一种全纳米纤维机械声传感器，它在低频区域（<500 Hz）中具有高达10,050.6 mV Pa-1的灵敏度。通过使用耐用的超薄（2.5 µm）纳米纤维电极层，可以实现高灵敏度，从而在施加声波时使传感器产生较大的振动。该传感器超轻，总重量小至5 mg或更小。该器件具有抗弯曲的机械坚固性，即使经过1000次循环弯曲也不会表现出性能下降。最后，我们演示了对心脏信号的连续长期（10 h）测量，其信噪比高达40.9分贝（dB）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA viruses that can emerge from endemic reservoirs and infect zoonotically, causing significant morbidity and mortality. CoVs encode an endoribonuclease designated EndoU that facilitates evasion of host pattern recognition receptor MDA5, but the target of EndoU activity was not known. Here, we report that EndoU cleaves the 5'-polyuridines from negative-sense viral RNA, termed PUN RNA, which is the product of polyA-templated RNA synthesis. Using a virus containing an EndoU catalytic-inactive mutation, we detected a higher abundance of PUN RNA in the cytoplasm compared to wild-type-infected cells. Furthermore, we found that transfecting PUN RNA into cells stimulates a robust, MDA5-dependent interferon response, and that removal of the polyuridine extension on the RNA dampens the response. Overall, the results of this study reveal the PUN RNA to be a CoV MDA5-dependent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). We also establish a mechanism for EndoU activity to cleave and limit the accumulation of this PAMP. Since EndoU activity is highly conserved in all CoVs, inhibiting this activity may serve as an approach for therapeutic interventions against existing and emerging CoV infections.

背景与目标： ：冠状病毒（CoVs）是一种正向RNA病毒，可以从地方性水库中出现，并通过人畜共患病感染，从而导致很高的发病率和死亡率。 CoVs编码一种名为EndoU的内切核糖核酸酶，可促进逃避宿主模式识别受体MDA5，但EndoU活性的靶标尚不清楚。在这里，我们报道EndoU从称为PUN RNA的负义病毒RNA切割5'-聚尿苷，这是polyA模板RNA合成的产物。使用包含EndoU催化失活突变的病毒，与野生型感染细胞相比，我们在细胞质中检测到更高的PUN RNA丰度。此外，我们发现将PUN RNA转染到细胞中会刺激强大的MDA5依赖性干扰素反应，去除RNA上的聚尿嘧啶延伸区会减弱反应。总体而言，这项研究的结果表明PUN RNA是一种CoV MDA5依赖性病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）。我们还建立了EndoU活性的机制，以切割和限制该PAMP的积累。由于EndoU活性在所有CoV中都高度保守，因此抑制该活性可以作为针对现有和新兴CoV感染的治疗性干预措施。