BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Locally representative research and data on violence against children are important to understand the nature and scale of the issue and to inform effective prevention and response programs and policies. In Senegal, few population-level data estimating the prevalence of physical, emotional, or sexual violence against adolescents exist. OBJECTIVE:This study assesses whether the gender of adolescents in two Senegalese districts is associated with having experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence and whether such associations vary depending on district of residence and poverty status. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:The sample comprised of 833 adolescents aged 13-18 residing in the peri-urban district of Pikine and rural district of Kolda. METHODS:Cross-sectional population-based household survey data were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS:Adolescent boys had 1.6 times greater odds than adolescent girls of having experienced emotional abuse in the past month (adjusted OR = 1.6, 95 % CI 1.1, 2.5) in Pikine. Adolescents living in Pikine and in households with low poverty scores were more likely to have experienced physical abuse in the past month. Gender was a significant predictor of sexual abuse in Kolda, where the prevalence of sexual abuse among adolescent girls was twofold higher compared to boys (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95 % CI 1.03, 4.23). CONCLUSIONS:Boys in Pikine were more likely to experience emotional violence, and girls in Kolda were at a significantly higher risk of experiencing sexual violence. Prevention and response programs must consider gender and geographic variation to maximize their potential to effectively reduce violence against children.

背景与目标： 背景：关于暴力侵害儿童行为的当地代表性研究和数据，对于理解问题的性质和规模以及为有效的预防和应对方案及政策提供信息非常重要。在塞内加尔，很少有人口数据可以估计针对青少年的身体，情感或性暴力的发生率。
目的：本研究评估了塞内加尔两个地区的青少年性别是否与经历过情感，身体或性暴力有关，并且这种联系是否因居住地区和贫困状况而异。
参与者和环境：样本由833名13至18岁的青少年组成，分别居住在皮金（Pikine）郊区地区和科达（Kolda）农村地区。
方法：采用logistic回归模型分析横断面人口为基础的家庭调查数据。
结果：在过去的一个月中，皮金县经历过情感虐待的青少年男孩的几率是青春期女孩的1.6倍（调整后的OR = 1.6，95％CI 1.1，2.5）。在过去一个月中，生活在皮金县和贫困评分较低的家庭中的青少年更容易遭受身体虐待。性别是科达（Kolda）性虐待的重要预测指标，在该地区，少女的性虐待发生率是男孩的两倍（校正OR = 2.09，95％CI 1.03，4.23）。
结论：Pikine的男孩更有可能遭受情感暴力，而Kolda的女孩遭受性暴力的风险明显更高。预防和应对方案必须考虑性别和地域差异，以最大程度地发挥其潜力，有效减少对儿童的暴力行为。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The association between lateral-line canals and skull bones in fishes has been the subject of several studies and raised a series of controversies, particularly with regard to the hypothesized role of lateral-line organs (i.e. neuromasts) in osteogenesis and the consequences for hypotheses of homology of the bones associated with lateral-line canals. Polypteridae, a group of freshwater fishes that occupies a key phylogenetic position as the most basal extant lineage of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), provides an interesting model for the study of the relationships between lateral-line canals and skull bones. We describe the development of bones associated with lateral-line canals in the Senegal Bichir, Polypterus senegalus, and use these data to re-address previous hypotheses of homology of skull bones of polypterids. We demonstrate that the lateral-line canals constitute a separate component of the dermatocranium that may interact with a membranodermal component, thereby forming compound bones in the adult. Differences in the interactions between these components determine the characteristics of the development of each independent bone in the skull of adult P. senegalus. Our results shed light on long-standing controversies about the identity of skull bones such as the rostral, preopercle, and sphenotic in Polypteridae, and suggest the presence of an ancestral two-component pattern of formation of bones associated with lateral-line canals in bony fishes. These findings reveal the need to re-address previous hypotheses of homology of bones associated with lateral-line canals in different groups of bony fishes, especially fossil taxa.

背景与目标： ：鱼类中的侧线管与颅骨之间的关联已成为数项研究的主题，并引发了一系列争议，尤其是关于侧线器官（即神经质）在成骨中的假设作用及其假设的后果与侧线管相关的骨头的同源性。 p科是一组淡水鱼，在系统进化中是最主要的现成鳍鳍鱼类（Actinopterygii）的系谱，为研究侧向运河与颅骨之间的关系提供了一个有趣的模型。我们描述了与塞内加尔比奇尔，塞内加尔的侧线运河相关联的骨骼的发展，并使用这些数据来重新解决以前的多翼类动物头骨骨骼同源性的假设。我们证明，侧线运河构成了可能与膜皮成分相互作用的皮肤病的一个单独的组成部分，从而在成年人中形成复合骨。这些组件之间相互作用的差异决定了成年塞内加尔人头骨中每个独立骨骼的发育特征。我们的研究结果揭示了关于翼龙科中颅骨的轮廓（如延髓，前突和蝶突）的长期争论，并表明存在与骨侧向管相关的骨形成的祖先两成分模式鱼。这些发现表明，有必要重新解决先前在不同种类的骨性鱼类（尤其是化石类群）中与侧线管相关的骨骼同源性的假说。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Senegal National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) introduced home-based malaria management for all ages, with diagnosis by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in 2008, expanding to over 2000 villages nationwide by 2014. With prise en charge à domicile (PECADOM), community health workers (CHWs) were available for community members to seek care, but did not actively visit households to find cases. A trial of a proactive model (PECADOM Plus), in which CHWs visited all households in their village weekly during transmission season to identify fever cases and offer case management, in addition to availability during the week for home-based management, found that CHWs detected and treated more cases in intervention villages, while the number of cases detected weekly decreased over the transmission season. The NMCP scaled PECADOM Plus to three districts in 2014 (132 villages), to a total of six districts in 2015 (246 villages), and to a total of 16 districts in 2016 (708 villages). A narrative case study with programmatic results is presented. During active sweeps over approximately 20 weeks, CHWs tested a mean of 77 patients per CHW in 2014, 89 patients per CHW in 2015, and 90 patients per CHW in 2016, and diagnosed a mean of 61, 61 and 43 patients with malaria per CHW in 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The number of patients who sought care between sweeps increased, with a 104% increase in the number of RDTs performed and a 77% increase in the number of positive tests and patients treated with ACT during passive case detection. While the number of CHWs increased 7%, the number of patients receiving an RDT increased by 307% and the number of malaria cases detected and treated by CHWs increased 274%, from the year prior to PECADOM Plus introduction to its first year of implementation. Based on these results, approximately 700 additional CHWs in 24 new districts were added in 2017. This case study describes the process, results and lessons learned from Senegal's implementation of PECADOM Plus, as well as guidance for other programmes considering introduction of this innovative strategy.

背景与目标： ：塞内加尔国家疟疾控制计划（NMCP）引入了所有年龄段的家庭性疟疾管理，并于2008年通过快速诊断测试（RDT）进行诊断并采用基于青蒿素的联合疗法（ACT）进行治疗，到2007年已扩展到全国2000多个村庄2014年。凭借“住所奖”（PECADOM），社区卫生工作者（CHW）可供社区成员寻求护理，但并未积极拜访家庭以寻找病例。在一项主动模型（PECADOM Plus）的试验中，除了在每周进行家庭管理的情况下，CHW都在传播季节每周访问村庄中的所有家庭，以确定发烧病例并提供病例管理，此外还进行了每周一次的家庭管理。并在干预村中治疗了更多病例，而在传播季节，每周发现的病例数减少了。 NMCP将PECADOM Plus的规模在2014年扩展到三个区（132个村庄），在2015年扩展到六个区（246个村庄），并在2016年扩展到16个区（708个村庄）。叙述性案例研究具有程序化结果。在大约20周的主动扫描期间，CHW在2014年对每个CHW进行了平均77例患者的检测，在2015年对每个CHW进行了89例患者的检测，并在2016年对每个CHW进行了90例患者的诊断，对CHW的平均疟疾诊断为61、61和43个患者分别在2014年，2015年和2016年。两次扫描之间寻求护理的患者人数有所增加，执行的RDT数量增加了104％，在被动病例检测过程中接受ACT的阳性测试和接受治疗的患者数量增加了77％。从PECADOM Plus推出前到实施第一年，CHW的数量增加了7％，而接受RDT的患者数量却增加了307％，CHW发现和治疗的疟疾病例数量增加了274％。根据这些结果，2017年在24个新区中增加了大约700个CHW。该案例研究描述了从塞内加尔实施PECADOM Plus的过程，结果和经验教训，以及考虑引入这种创新策略的其他计划的指南。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 2006, Senegal adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line treatment in the management of uncomplicated malaria. This study aimed to update the status of antimalarial efficacy more than ten years after their first introduction. This was a randomized, three-arm, open-label study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) in Senegal. Malaria suspected patients were screened, enrolled, treated, and followed for 28 days for AL and ASAQ arms or 42 days for DP arm. Clinical and parasitological responses were assessed following antimalarial treatment. Genotyping (msp1, msp2 and 24 SNP-based barcode) were done to differentiate recrudescence from re-infection; in case of PCR-confirmed treatment failure, Pfk13 propeller and Pfcoronin genes were sequenced. Data was entered and analyzed using the WHO Excel-based application. A total of 496 patients were enrolled. In Diourbel, PCR non-corrected/corrected adequate clinical and parasitological responses (ACPR) was 100.0% in both the AL and ASAQ arms. In Kedougou, PCR corrected ACPR values were 98.8%, 100% and 97.6% in AL, ASAQ and DP arms respectively. No Pfk13 or Pfcoronin mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were found. This study showed that AL, ASAQ and DP remain efficacious and well-tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Senegal.

背景与目标： ：2006年，塞内加尔采用基于青蒿素的联合治疗（ACT）作为一例简单的疟疾治疗方法。这项研究旨在在首次引入抗疟药功效十多年后更新其现状。这是一项随机，三臂，开放标签的研究，用于评估塞内加尔的蒿甲醚-卢美他汀（AL），青蒿琥酯-阿地二喹（ASAQ）和二氢青蒿素-哌喹（DP）的疗效和安全性。对AL和ASAQ组的疟疾疑似患者进行筛查，入组，治疗和随访28天，而DP组则随访42天。抗疟疾治疗后评估临床和寄生虫学反应。进行了基因分型（基于msp1，msp2和24个SNP的条形码）以区分再发与再次感染。如果经PCR确认治疗失败，则对Pfk13螺旋桨和Pfcoronin基因进行测序。使用基于WHO Excel的应用程序输入和分析数据。共有496例患者入组。在Diourbel中，AL和ASAQ组的PCR未校正/校正的足够的临床和寄生虫学应答（ACPR）为100.0％。在Kedougou，AL，ASAQ和DP组经PCR校正的ACPR值分别为98.8％，100％和97.6％。没有发现与青蒿素耐药有关的Pfk13或Pfcoronin突变。这项研究表明，AL，ASAQ和DP在塞内加尔的单纯性恶性疟原虫疟疾治疗中仍然有效且耐受性良好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

背景与目标： ：已发布对本文的更正，并与本文的HTML和PDF版本链接。该错误尚未在本文中解决。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Individuals living in malaria endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status. However, whether this is good or bad for the development of immunity to malaria, is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to examine the MOI in asymptomatic children between two and ten years of age and to relate it to erythrocyte variants, clinical attacks, transmission levels and other parasitological indexes. METHODS:Study took place in Niakhar area in Senegal, where malaria is mesoendemic and seasonal. Three hundred and seventy two asymptomatic children were included. Sickle-cell trait, G6PD deficiency (A- and Santamaria) and alpha+-thalassaemia (-alpha3.7 type) were determined using PCR. Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infection, i.e. number of concurrent clones, was defined by PCR-based genotyping of the merozoite surface protein-2 (msp2), before and at the end of the malaria transmission season. The chi2-test, ANOVA, multivariate linear regression and logistic regression statistical tests were used for data analysis. RESULTS:MOI was significantly higher at the end of transmission season. The majority of PCR positive subjects had multiple infections at both time points (64% before and 87% after the transmission season). MOI did not increase in alpha-thalassaemic and G6PD mutated children. The ABO system and HbAS did not affect MOI at any time points. No association between MOI and clinical attack was observed. MOI did not vary over age at any time points. There was a significant correlation between MOI and parasite density, as the higher parasite counts increases the probability of having multiple infections. CONCLUSION:Taken together our data revealed that alpha-thalassaemia may have a role in protection against certain parasite strains. The protection against the increase in MOI after the transmission season conferred by G6PD deficiency is probably due to clearance of the malaria parasite at early stages of infection. The ABO system and HbAS are involved in the severity of the disease but do not affect asymptomatic infections. MOI was not age-dependent, in the range of two to ten years, but was correlated with parasite density. However some of these observations need to be confirmed including larger sample size with broader age range and using other msp2 genotyping method.

背景与目标： 背景：生活在疟疾流行地区的人们通常会携带多种寄生虫菌株。感染复数（MOI）可以指示免疫状态。但是，这对发展抗疟疾免疫力的好坏仍然是一个有争议的问题。这项研究旨在检查2至10岁无症状儿童的MOI，并将其与红细胞变异，临床发作，传播水平和其他寄生虫学指标相关联。
方法：研究在塞内加尔的尼亚卡（Niakhar）地区进行，那里的疟疾是中流行和季节性的。包括372例无症状儿童。使用PCR确定镰刀状细胞性状，G6PD缺乏症（A型和桑塔马里亚）和α地中海贫血（α3.7型）。在疟疾传播季节之前和结束时，通过基于PCR的裂殖子表面蛋白2（msp2）的基因分型来确定恶性疟原虫感染的多样性，即同时发生的克隆数。使用chi2-test，ANOVA，多元线性回归和logistic回归统计检验进行数据分析。
结果：在传播季节结束时，MOI明显更高。大多数PCR阳性受试者在两个时间点都有多重感染（传播季节之前为64％，传播季节之后为87％）。在地中海贫血和G6PD突变的儿童中，MOI没有增加。 ABO系统和HbAS在任何时候都不会影响MOI。没有观察到MOI与临床发作之间的关联。 MOI在任何时候都不会随年龄而变化。 MOI与寄生虫密度之间存在显着相关性，因为更高的寄生虫计数会增加发生多次感染的可能性。
结论：汇总我们的数据表明，α地中海贫血可能在预防某些寄生虫菌株中起作用。 G6PD缺乏导致的传播季节后，防止MOI升高的保护措施可能是由于在感染早期清除了疟原虫所致。 ABO系统和HbAS与疾病的严重程度有关，但不影响无症状感染。 MOI不受年龄限制，范围为2至10年，但与寄生虫密度相关。但是，其中一些观察结果需要确认，包括更大的样本量，更宽的年龄范围以及使用其他msp2基因分型方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the potential for domestic and wild populations of Aedes aegypti from Dakar and Kedougou to develop a disseminated infection after exposure to DENV-3 and DENV-1. METHODS:We have exposed sylvatic and urban population of Ae. aegypti from Senegal to bloomeals containing dengue serotype 1 and 3. At different incubation period, individual mosquito legs/wings and bodies were tested for virus presence using real time RT-PCR to estimate the infection and dissemination rates. RESULTS:The data indicated low susceptibility to DENV-3 (infection: 2.4-15.2%, and dissemination rates: 0-8.3%) and higher susceptibility to DENV-1 (infection and dissemination rates up to 50%). CONCLUSION:Aedes aegypti from Senegal seem able to develop a disseminated infection of DENV-1 and DENV-3. Further studies are needed to test their ability to transmit the two serotypes.

背景与目标： 目的：研究达喀尔和克杜古的埃及伊蚊的家养和野生种群在接触DENV-3和DENV-1后发展为传播性感染的潜力。
方法：我们暴露了Ae的动荡的城市人口。从塞内加尔到包括登革热血清型1和3的大片埃及埃及蚊。在不同的潜伏期，使用实时RT-PCR检测单个蚊子的腿/翼和尸体是否存在病毒，以评估感染和传播率。
结果：数据表明对DENV-3的敏感性较低（感染：2.4-15.2％，传播率：0-8.3％），对DENV-1的敏感性较高（感染和传播率高达50％）。
结论：塞内加尔的埃及伊蚊似乎能够传播DENV-1和DENV-3的传播感染。需要进一步研究以测试其传播两种血清型的能力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: UNLABELLED:Prostate cancer is a common disease, which continues to be discovered at advanced stages in Africa, despite improved diagnostic tools. AIM:The authors report the experience of the Department of Urology, General Hospital of Grand Yoff Dakar in the diagnostic of advanced prostate cancer. MATERIAL:This was a retrospective descriptive study on patients followed for advanced prostate cancer during the period from January 1st, 2004 to May 31st, 2010. RESULTS:There were 102 people aged from 51 to 96 years with an average of 71 ± 9 years. A comorbid condition was associated in 24.5 % of cases. The circumstances of discovery were pain (32 cases), neurological signs (17 cases), and urinary disorders. DRE had objectified an abnormality in all patients. The serum levels of prostate specific antigen ranged from 5.88 ng/mL to 21,660 ng/mL, with an average of 1447.57 ± 812 ng/mL. A prostate biopsy was performed in 44 patients and prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 97.7 % of cases with Gleason scores greater than 7 (33 cases). We found different metastatic sites at vertebral column (23 cases), at lung (14 cases), and on pelvic bones (11 cases). CONCLUSION:The prostate cancer is a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis is not made early in developing countries. We need a strategic plan to improve the early screening and we should develop supportive care too because of the high number of advanced cases diagnosed in our context.

背景与目标： 前列腺癌是一种常见疾病，尽管诊断工具得到了改进，但在非洲的晚期仍继续发现。
目的：作者报告了大雅夫达喀尔总医院泌尿外科在诊断晚期前列腺癌方面的经验。
材料：这是一项回顾性描述性研究，研究对象为2004年1月1日至2010年5月31日期间晚期前列腺癌患者。
结果：102人的年龄从51岁到96岁，平均71±9岁。 24.5％的病例合并有合并症。发现的情况为疼痛（32例），神经系统症状（17例）和泌尿系统疾病。 DRE认为所有患者均异常。前列腺特异性抗原的血清水平范围为5.88 ng / mL至21,660 ng / mL，平均为1447.57±812 ng / mL。 Gleason评分大于7（33例）的44例患者进行了前列腺活检，发现97.7％的前列腺腺癌。我们在椎骨柱（23例），肺部（14例）和骨盆骨头（11例）上发现了不同的转移部位。
结论：前列腺癌是一种严重的疾病，发病率高，死亡率高。在发展中国家并没有早期作出诊断。我们需要一项战略计划来改善早期筛查，并且由于在我们的情况下诊断出的大量晚期病例，我们也应该开发支持性护理。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 2003, the high level of chloroquine (CQ) treatment failure for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases has led Senegal to adopt a new combination therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine (SP-AQ). From September through November 2004, we used the 14-day World Health Organization follow-up protocol to assess the therapeutic response in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in an area of high prevalence of pfcrt T76 mutant allele and SP resistance mutations. Of the 82 patients who were recruited, 68 (82.9%) completed follow-up. The response of the patients to treatment was adequate clinical response for 63 out of 68 patients (92.6%), while five (7.4%) clinical failures were recorded, four early treatment failures, and one late treatment failure. The prevalence of the pfcrt T76 allele at day 0 was 59.5%. The two-sided Fisher's exact test did not show an association between pfcrt T76 allele and treatment failure (p=0.167). The transitory treatment is effective and safe. However, the presence of high levels of mutant alleles points out the need to closely monitor the new therapeutic regimen.

背景与目标： ：2003年，高氯氯喹（CQ）疗法在无并发症恶性疟原虫疟疾病例中的失败导致塞内加尔采用磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶和阿莫地喹（SP-AQ）的新联合疗法。从2004年9月到2004年11月，我们使用了为期14天的世界卫生组织随访方案来评估pfcrt T76突变等位基因和SP抗性突变高发地区的单纯性恶性疟原虫疟疾的治疗效果。在新招募的82位患者中，有68位（82.9％）完成了随访。 68例患者中有63例（92.6％）的患者对治疗的反应是足够的临床反应，而记录到5例（7.4％）临床失败，4例早期治疗失败和1例晚期治疗失败。 pfcrt T76等位基因在第0天的患病率为59.5％。双面Fisher精确检验未显示pfcrt T76等位基因与治疗失败之间的相关性（p = 0.167）。临时治疗是有效和安全的。然而，高水平的突变等位基因的存在表明需要密切监测新的治疗方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Periodicity of repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia (rLEH) in apes from high latitudes with single wet and dry seasons annually has not been described. We reconstruct periodicity and duration of rLEH in canine teeth from three recently deceased chimpanzees from Fongoli, Senegal with a marked seven-month dry season. High-resolution dental molds were taken in the field for magnified imaging with digital microscopy. Photomontages allowed counting of perikymata between episodes of rLEH for reconstruction of periodicity and duration of physiological stress. Where rLEH spans the imbricational enamel, the number of events is consistent with years required to form canine imbricational enamel; i.e., periodicity of rLEH seems circannual. We predicted perikymata counts between rLEH events ranging from 52 to 61 based on reported "long counts" of 7-6 days. Counts ranged from 29.5 to 44, individual mean of 36.7. This discrepancy could be explained by recurrent stress with a periodicity of 7.2-8.4 months, or by long counts of 10 days per stria. Neither is supported in the literature. Since we find evidence of rLEH with circannual periodicity, we postulate the existence of non-emergent imbricational striae. Based on evidence that stress at Fongoli recurs annually, we reconstruct stress duration of 2-3 months, longer than reported for chimpanzees living in other habitats, which we attribute to heat stress and food shortage near shrinking waterholes. We conclude that canine teeth from a small mortality cohort of chimpanzees at Fongoli preserve a faithful record of dry season stress in an extreme environment.

背景与目标： ：没有描述高纬度地区的猿类每年反复出现干湿季节的周期性线性釉质发育不全（rLEH）的周期性。我们从塞内加尔丰戈里最近死去的三只黑猩猩重建了犬齿中rLEH的周期性和持续时间，旱季明显达到七个月。在现场拍摄高分辨率牙科模具，用数字显微镜放大成像。蒙太奇可以计数rLEH发作之间的周膜生瘤，以重建生理应激的周期性和持续时间。如果rLEH跨越了釉质搪瓷，则事件的数量与形成犬类釉质搪瓷所需的年数一致；即，rLEH的周期性似乎是周期性的。我们根据报告的7-6天的“长计数”，预测了rLEH事件之间的周膜计数在52到61之间。计数范围从29.5到44，单个平均值为36.7。这种差异可以通过周期性压力为7.2-8.4个月的周期性压力或每个条纹10天的长时间计数来解释。文献均未对此提供支持。由于我们发现rLEH具有周期性周期性的证据，因此我们假定存在非紧急性的纹状体。基于Fongoli的压力每年再次发生的证据，我们将压力持续时间重构为2-3个月，比生活在其他栖息地的黑猩猩报告的时间更长，这归因于热压力和缩小的水坑附近的食物短缺。我们得出的结论是，来自Fongoli的一小群黑猩猩的死亡队列中的犬齿在极端环境下保持了旱季压力的真实记录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mosquito net ownership is rising in sub-Saharan Africa but will substantially reduce malaria only if nets are used and the most vulnerable household members sleep under them. We used data from 9 large-scale household surveys conducted in 6 African countries from 2000 to 2004 that enumerated all household members and nets owned, analyzing only net-owning households. Across countries, women of reproductive age and children under 5 (without gender bias) were most likely to use the net; least likely were children of age 5-14 and adult males. Nets commonly covered 2-3 people. If a baby net was used, fewer people used the family net. Pregnant women were more likely to use a net in 2004 than in 2000. In several countries, a sizable minority of nets owned were not used. Understanding intra-household net-use patterns helps malaria control programs more effectively direct their efforts to increase their public health impact.

背景与目标： ：在撒哈拉以南非洲，蚊帐的所有权正在增加，但只有使用蚊帐并且最脆弱的家庭成员在蚊帐下面睡觉，才能大大减少疟疾。我们使用了2000年至2004年在6个非洲国家/地区进行的9项大规模家庭调查的数据，其中列举了所有家庭成员和所拥有的网，仅分析了拥有网的家庭。在各个国家/地区，育龄妇女和5岁以下儿童（无性别偏见）最有可能使用该网络；最不可能的是5-14岁的儿童和成年男性。蚊帐通常覆盖2-3人。如果使用婴儿网，则使用家庭网的人数会减少。与2000年相比，2004年孕妇使用网的可能性更高。在一些国家中，未使用相当数量的网。了解家庭内部的网络使用方式有助于疟疾控制计划更有效地指导其努力，以增加其对公共卫生的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We used the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method to evaluate the genetic diversity of 46 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from chickens and to determine the link between quinolone resistance and sequence type (ST). There were a total of 16 ST genotypes, and the majority of them belonged to seven clonal complexes previously identified by using isolates from human disease. The ST-353 complex was the most common complex, whereas the ST-21, ST-42, ST-52, and ST-257 complexes were less well represented. The resistance phenotype varied for each ST, and the Thr-86-Ile substitution in the GyrA protein was the predominant mechanism of resistance to quinolone. Nine of the 14 isolates having the Thr-86-Ile substitution belonged to the ST-353 complex. MLST showed that the emergence of quinolone resistance is not related to the diffusion of a unique clone and that there is no link between ST genotype and quinolone resistance. Based on silent mutations, different variants of the gyrA gene were shown to exist for the same ST. These data provide useful information for understanding the epidemiology of C. jejuni in Senegal.

背景与目标： ：我们使用多基因座序列分型（MLST）方法评估了鸡中46株空肠弯曲杆菌分离株的遗传多样性，并确定了喹诺酮耐药性与序列类型（ST）之间的联系。一共有16种ST基因型，其中大多数属于先前使用人类疾病分离株鉴定出的7种克隆复合体。 ST-353复合物是最常见的复合物，而ST-21，ST-42，ST-52和ST-257复合物的代表性较差。每个ST的抗性表型各不相同，GyrA蛋白中的Thr-86-Ile取代是对喹诺酮抗性的主要机制。具有Thr-86-Ile取代的14个分离株中有9个属于ST-353复合体。 MLST表明，喹诺酮耐药性的出现与独特克隆的扩散无关，并且ST基因型与喹诺酮耐药性之间没有联系。基于沉默突变，表明对于同一ST存在gyrA基因的不同变体。这些数据为了解塞内加尔空肠弯曲杆菌的流行病学提供了有用的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

背景与目标： ：已发布对本文的修订，可以通过原始文章访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The seroprevalence against heartwater for maure zebus coming from Mali and Mauritania is analysed by indirect ELISA using the major antigenic protein number 1-B (MAP1-B). Sero-epidemiological results realized on maure zebu cattle give a good adequation between the abundance or absence of the vector tick in the two countries for 98% of prevalence in Mali (infected area) and 0% of prevalence in Mauritania (non infected area).

背景与目标： ：使用主要抗原蛋白编号1-B（MAP1-B），通过间接ELISA分析了来自马里和毛里塔尼亚的毛ure虫对心脏水的血清阳性率。在毛泽布牛身上获得的血清流行病学结果使两个国家的病媒数量丰富或不存在之间有充分的平衡，其中马里（感染地区）的患病率为98％，毛里塔尼亚（非感染地区）的患病率为0％。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) enable point-of-care testing to be nearly as sensitive and specific as reference microscopy. The Senegal National Malaria Control Programme introduced RDTs in 2007, along with a case management algorithm for uncomplicated febrile illness, in which the first step stipulates that if a febrile patient of any age has symptoms indicative of febrile illness other than malaria (e.g., cough or rash), they would not be tested for malaria, but treated for the apparent illness and receive an RDT for malaria only if they returned in 48 h without improvement. METHODS:A year-long study in 16 health posts was conducted to determine the algorithm's capacity to identify patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection identifiable by RDT. Health post personnel enrolled patients of all ages with fever (≥37.5 °C) or history of fever in the previous 2 days. After clinical assessment, a nurse staffing the health post determined whether a patient should receive an RDT according to the diagnostic algorithm, but performed an RDT for all enrolled patients. RESULTS:Over 1 year, 6039 patients were enrolled and 58% (3483) were determined to require an RDT according to the algorithm. Overall, 23% (1373/6039) had a positive RDT, 34% (1130/3376) during rainy season and 9% (243/2661) during dry season. The first step of the algorithm identified only 78% of patients with a positive RDT, varying by transmission season (rainy 80%, dry 70%), malaria transmission zone (high 75%, low 95%), and age group (under 5 years 68%, 5 years and older 84%). CONCLUSIONS:In all but the lowest malaria transmission zone, use of the algorithm excludes an unacceptably large proportion of patients with malaria from receiving an RDT at their first visit, denying them timely diagnosis and treatment. While the algorithm was adopted within a context of malaria control and scarce resources, with the goal of treating patients with symptomatic malaria, Senegal has now adopted a policy of universal diagnosis of patients with fever or history of fever. In addition, in the current context of malaria elimination, the paradigm of case management needs to shift towards the identification and treatment of all patients with malaria infection.

背景与目标： 背景：疟疾快速诊断测试（RDT）使即时检验与参考显微镜一样灵敏，特异。塞内加尔国家疟疾控制计划于2007年引入了RDTs，并提供了一种针对非复杂性高热疾病的病例管理算法，其中第一步规定，如果任何年龄的高热患者都有除疟疾以外的其他指示高热疾病的症状（例如，咳嗽或咳嗽或其他疾病）。皮疹），将不会对他们进行疟疾测试，而是对明显的疾病进行治疗，并且只有在48小时内没有改善的情况下，他们才能接受针对疟疾的RDT。
方法：在16个卫生站进行了为期一年的研究，以确定该算法对RDT可识别的恶性疟原虫感染患者的识别能力。卫生岗位人员招募了所有年龄在过去2天内发烧（≥37.5°C）或有发烧史的患者。经过临床评估后，派驻卫生岗位的护士根据诊断算法确定患者是否应接受RDT，但对所有入组患者均进行了RDT。
结果：在1年多的时间里，共有6039例患者入组，并根据算法确定有58％（3483）需要进行RDT。总体而言，RDT值为23％（1373/6039），雨季为34％（1130/3376），旱季为9％（243/2661）。算法的第一步仅确定78％的RDT阳性患者，随传播季节（多雨80％，干燥70％），疟疾传播区（高75％，低95％）和年龄段（5岁以下）而异岁68％，5岁及以上84％）。
结论：在除疟疾传播最低的地区以外的所有地区，该算法的使用都将不可接受的很大比例的疟疾患者排除在首次就诊时接受RDT的治疗，从而拒绝了他们及时的诊断和治疗。尽管在控制疟疾和资源匮乏的情况下采用了该算法，但以治疗有症状疟疾的患者为目标，塞内加尔现已采取了对发热或发热史患者进行普遍诊断的政策。另外，在当前消除疟疾的背景下，病例管理的模式需要转向识别和治疗所有疟疾感染患者。