BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Seed size shapes plant evolution and ecosystems, and may be driven by plant size and architecture, dispersers, habitat and insularity. How these factors influence the evolution of giant seeds is unclear, as are the rate of evolution and the biogeographical consequences of giant seeds. We generated DNA and seed size data for the palm tribe Borasseae (Arecaceae) and its relatives, which show a wide diversity in seed size and include the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica), the largest seed in the world. We inferred their phylogeny, dispersal history and rates of change in seed size, and evaluated the possible influence of plant size, inflorescence branching, habitat and insularity on these changes. Large seeds were involved in 10 oceanic dispersals. Following theoretical predictions, we found that: taller plants with fewer-branched inflorescences produced larger seeds; seed size tended to evolve faster on islands (except Madagascar); and seeds of shade-loving Borasseae tended to be larger. Plant size and inflorescence branching may constrain seed size in Borasseae and their relatives. The possible roles of insularity, habitat and dispersers are difficult to disentangle. Evolutionary contingencies better explain the gigantism of the double coconut than unusually high rates of seed size increase.

背景与目标： ：种子大小决定着植物的进化和生态系统，并且可能受植物大小和建筑，分散器，生境和孤立性的驱动。这些因素如何影响大种子的进化，以及大种子的进化速度和生物地理后果，尚不清楚。我们生成了棕榈部落无花果科（Arecaceae）及其亲缘的DNA和种子大小数据，这些数据显示了种子大小的广泛差异，其中包括世界上最大的双椰子（Lodoicea maldivica）。我们推断出它们的系统发育史，传播史和种子大小的变化率，并评估了植物大小，花序分支，生境和孤立对这些变化的可能影响。大种子参与了10次海洋传播。根据理论预测，我们发现：花序少的高大植物产生了更大的种子；岛屿上的种子大小趋向于更快地进化（马达加斯加除外）；喜欢深色阴影的紫苏科的种子往往更大。植物大小和花序分支可能会限制紫菜科及其近缘种的种子大小。岛屿，栖息地和分散体的可能作用很难解开。进化上的偶然性比双子椰子种子尺寸的异常高的增长率更好地解释了双椰子的巨大优势。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Brachytherapy is a common clinical technique involving implantation of sealed radioactive "seeds" within a tumor to selectively irradiate the tumor mass while minimizing systemic toxicity. To mitigate the disadvantages associated with complex surgical implantation and subsequent device removal procedures, we have developed an alternative approach using a genetically encoded peptide polymer solution composed of a thermally responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) radiolabeled with (131)I that self-assembles into radionuclide seeds upon intratumoral injection. The formation of these nontoxic and biodegradable polymer seeds led to prolonged intratumoral retention (~85% ID/tumor 7 days postinjection) of the radionuclide, elicited a tumor growth delay in 100% of the tumors in two human xenografts (FaDu and PC-3), and cured more than 67% of tumor-bearing animals after a single administration of labeled ELP. These results suggest that in situ self-assembly of biodegradable and injectable radionuclide-containing polypeptide seeds could be a promising therapeutic alternative to conventional brachytherapy.

背景与目标： 制动疗法是一种常见的临床技术，涉及将密封的放射性“种子”植入肿瘤内，以选择性地照射肿瘤块，同时最大程度地降低全身毒性。为了减轻与复杂的外科手术植入和随后的器械移除程序相关的弊端，我们开发了一种替代方法，该方法使用遗传编码的肽聚合物溶液，该溶液由热响应的弹性蛋白样多肽（ELP）组成，并用（131）I进行放射性标记，并自我组装肿瘤内注射后注入放射性核素种子。这些无毒且可生物降解的聚合物种子的形成导致放射性核素的肿瘤内滞留时间延长（注射后7天ID /肿瘤约85％），在两个人类异种移植物中（FaDu和PC-3）引起100％肿瘤的肿瘤生长延迟。 ），单次服用标记的ELP后可治愈67％以上的荷瘤动物。这些结果表明，可生物降解和可注射的含放射性核素的多肽种子的原位自组装可能是常规近距离放射疗法的有希望的治疗选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The glucosinolates (GLs) present in seed extracts of Brassica elongata Ehrh., B. botteri Vis and B. cazzae Ginzb. & Teyber from Croatia were identified by LC-MS. 4-Hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GL (3) was the major GL in the seeds of B. elongata, along with the four minor GLs 2-(R)-hydroxy-3-butenyl- (1), 3-butenyl- (2), 4-pentenyl- (4) and indol-3-ylmethyl (5). The seeds of B. botteri (Vis island) and B. cazzae (Sušac island) contained 2 as the major GL as well as 1, 3, 5 and 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GL (6). However, the GLs in B. botteri (Palagruža island) differed from other varieties having 2-propenyl GL (7) as the major GL in the seeds, and the four minor GLs 2, 3, 5 and 6. This first report of the GL content in the seeds of B. elongata, B. botteri and B. cazzae indicates that the unique GL profiles could be specific to the geographical origin of the plant.

背景与目标： ：芥菜油菜（B. botteri Vis）和B. cazzae Ginzb的种子提取物中存在的芥子油苷（GLs）。 LC-MS确定了克罗地亚的＆Teyber。 4-羟基吲哚-3-基甲基GL（3）是长双歧杆菌种子中的主要GL，以及四个次要GL 2-（R）-羟基-3-丁烯基-（1），3-丁烯基-（ 2），4-戊烯基-（4）和吲哚-3-基甲基（5）。 B. botteri（Vis岛）和B. cazzae（Sušac岛）的种子包含2作为主要GL以及1、3、5和4-甲氧基吲哚-3-基甲基GL（6）。但是，B。botteri（Palagruža岛）的GL与其他以2-丙烯基GL（7）作为种子中的主要GL和四个次要GL 2、3、5和6的品种不同。 B. elongata，B。botteri和B. cazzae种子中的GL含量表明，独特的GL谱可能是特定于植物的地理起源的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of seed extracts from three grape cultivars grown in Iran. Folin Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of the total phenolic contents and GC-MS was used for the analysis of phenolic compositions. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The highest and the lowest total phenolic contents of seed extract were found in the black and green grape, respectively. The content of individual phenols such as Frulic acid, Gentistic acid, Syringic acid, (+) Catechin, Chlorogenic acid and (-)- Epicatchin gallate was cultivars dependent. The antioxidant activity of the seed extracts ranged from 34.03% (Green) to 53.63% (Black). Generally, the Black grape seed extract with the total phenolic content (3 ± 0.01 mg tannic acid/g DM), DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%), IC50 and AEAC (7.41 and 16.92 mg/mL) showed the highest level of total antioxidant capacity.

背景与目标： ：这项研究调查了伊朗种植的三种葡萄品种的种子提取物的抗氧化活性和酚类成分。使用Folin Ciocalteu方法测定总酚含量，使用GC-MS分析酚组成。 1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶并肼基（DPPH）方法用于评估其抗氧化活性。黑葡萄和绿葡萄中种子提取物的总酚含量最高和最低。诸如果酸，龙胆酸，丁香酸，（）儿茶素，绿原酸和（-）-表甜茶素没食子酸酯的各个酚的含量取决于栽培品种。种子提取物的抗氧化活性为34.03％（绿色）至53.63％（黑色）。通常，总酚含量（3±0.01 mg鞣酸/ g DM），DPPH（53.63±0.34％），IC50和AEAC（7.41和16.92 mg / mL）的黑葡萄籽提取物显示出最高的总抗氧化剂水平容量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A series of linear and monocyclic analogues of trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 isolated from sunflower seeds, modified by N-(4-aminobutyl)glycine (Nlys) and N-benzylglycine (Nphe), were obtained by the solid-phase method. Some of these peptomers displayed trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitory activity. In contradiction to the literature data, in most analogues peptide bonds formed by these peptoid monomers were at least partially hydrolyzed by the experimental enzymes at two different pH (3.5 and 8.3). Nevertheless, the replacement of Phe present in the P(1) substrate specificity of linear inactive SFTI-1 analogue with Nphe, yielded a potent chymotrypsin inhibitor. The introduction of one cyclic element (a disulfide bridge or head-to-tail cyclization) to the analogues synthesized significantly increased their proteinase resistance.

背景与目标： ：通过固相法获得了由向日葵种子分离的，经N-（4-氨基丁基）甘氨酸（Nlys）和N-苄基甘氨酸（Nphe）修饰的一系列胰蛋白酶抑制剂SFTI-1的线性和单环类似物。这些肽中的一些表现出胰蛋白酶或胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制活性。与文献数据相反，在大多数类似物中，由这些类肽单体形成的肽键在两种不同的pH值（3.5和8.3）下被实验酶至少部分水解。但是，用Nphe取代线性无活性SFTI-1类似物的P（1）底物特异性中存在的Phe可以产生有效的胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂。在合成的类似物中引入一种环状元素（二硫键或头尾环化）可显着提高其蛋白酶抗性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We investigated the effects of escins Ia, Ib, and IIb isolated from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L., and desacylescins I and II obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of escins on acute inflammation in animals (p.o.). Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the increase of vascular permeability induced by both acetic acid in mice and histamine in rats. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) also inhibited that induced by serotonin in rats, but escin Ia didn't. Escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (200 mg/kg) inhibited the hind paw edema induced by carrageenin at the first phase in rats. Escin Ia (200 mg/kg) and escins Ib, IIa, and IIb (50-200 mg/kg) inhibited the scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 in mice, but escin Ia was weakest. Desacylescins I and II (200 mg/kg) showed no effect. With regard to the relationship between their chemical structures and activities, the acyl groups in escins were essential. Escins Ib, IIa, and IIb with either the 21-angeloyl group or the 2'-O-xylopyranosyl moiety showed more potent activities than escin Ia which had both the 21-tigloyl group and the 2'-O-glucopyranosyl moiety.

背景与目标： 我们研究了从七叶树，七叶欧洲七叶树的种子中分离出的七叶皂素Ia，Ib和IIb以及通过七叶皂素碱水解获得的去甲壳素I和II对动物急性炎症的影响（p.o.）。 Escins Ia，Ib，IIa和IIb（50-200 mg / kg）抑制了小鼠乙酸和组胺引起的血管通透性的增加。 Escins Ib，IIa和IIb（50-200 mg / kg）也能抑制5-羟色胺对大鼠的刺激，但escin Ia却没有。 Escins Ia，Ib，IIa和IIb（200 mg / kg）在大鼠的第一阶段抑制了角叉菜胶诱导的后爪水肿。 Escin Ia（200 mg / kg）和escins Ib，IIa和IIb（50-200 mg / kg）抑制化合物48/80诱导的小鼠抓挠行为，但escin Ia最弱。 Desacylescins I和Desacylescins（200 mg / kg）没有作用。关于它们的化学结构和活性之间的关系，七叶皂苷中的酰基是必不可少的。具有21-邻苯二甲酰基或2'-O-吡喃吡喃糖基部分的Escins Ib，IIa和IIb显示出比具有21-tigloyl和2'-O-吡喃葡糖基部分的escin Ia更有力的活性。 >

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Phenolics contents in wine grapes are key indicators for assessing ripeness. Near-infrared hyperspectral images during ripening have been explored to achieve an effective method for predicting phenolics contents. Principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) models were built, respectively. The results show that SVR behaves globally better than PLSR and PCR, except in predicting tannins content of seeds. For the best prediction results, the squared correlation coefficient and root mean square error reached 0.8960 and 0.1069g/L (+)-catechin equivalents (CE), respectively, for tannins in skins, 0.9065 and 0.1776 (g/L CE) for total iron-reactive phenolics (TIRP) in skins, 0.8789 and 0.1442 (g/L M3G) for anthocyanins in skins, 0.9243 and 0.2401 (g/L CE) for tannins in seeds, and 0.8790 and 0.5190 (g/L CE) for TIRP in seeds. Our results indicated that NIR hyperspectral imaging has good prospects for evaluation of phenolics in wine grapes.

背景与目标： 酿酒葡萄中的酚类含量是评估成熟度的关键指标。已经探索了成熟期间的近红外高光谱图像，以实现预测酚含量的有效方法。分别建立了主成分回归（PCR），偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和支持向量回归（SVR）模型。结果表明，除了预测种子中单宁含量外，SVR的总体表现优于PLSR和PCR。为了获得最佳的预测结果，皮肤中单宁的平方相关系数和均方根误差分别达到0.8960和0.1069g / L（）-儿茶素当量（CE），总铁分别为0.9065和0.1776（g / L CE） -皮肤中的反应性酚醛（TIRP），皮肤中的花色苷为0.8789和0.1442（g / L M3G），种子中的单宁酸为0.9243和0.2401（g / L CE），TIRP为0.8790和0.5190（g / L CE）种子。我们的结果表明，NIR高光谱成像在评估酿酒葡萄中的酚类物质方面具有良好的前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To investigate the clinical efficacy of combining digital subtraction angiography-guided percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and (125)I seeds implantation for the treatment of spinal osteoplastic metastasis. A combination of PVP and (125)I implantation was conducted for 50 patients with spinal osteoplastic metastasis, while the other 50 patients who received regular radiation therapy were used as a comparison. Visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and score of life quality (EORTCQLQ-30) were determined for all the patients. Surgery was successful in 89 spinal segments of vertebral body in 50 patients. Each segment of vertebral body was injected with 1-5 mL (2.8 mL for thoracic and 3.1 mL for lumbar vertebral body on average) of bone cement. Postoperative X-ray and CT examination showed that all the patients in the PVP group achieved spinal stability. During the follow-up examination from 6 months to 5 years, 49 patients (98.0%) had significantly relieved back pain, and only 1 case (2.0%) had no obvious improvement. Postoperative VAS score and Karnofsky performance score (KPS) were significantly different from the preoperative scores (p<0.05); and compared to the regular treatment group, PVP combined (125)I seeds showed much better clinical efficacy (p<0.05). PVP is a minimally invasive treatment with easy operation and less complications. PVP can effectively relieve the pain, stabilize the spine, improve the life quality, and reduce the occurrence of paraplegia in patients with spinal osteoplastic metastasis. Utilization of (125)I seeds with PVP can enhance the clinical efficacy.

背景与目标： ：探讨结合数字减影血管造影术引导的经皮椎体成形术（PVP）和（125）I种子植入术治疗脊柱骨增生性转移的临床疗效。 PVP和（125）I植入术相结合治疗了50例脊柱骨增生性转移患者，而其他50例接受常规放射治疗的患者则进行了比较。确定所有患者的视觉模拟疼痛量表（VAS）和生活质量评分（EORTCQLQ-30）。手术成功地治疗了50例患者的89个椎体脊柱节段。椎体的每个节段注入1-5毫升的骨水泥（平均2.8毫升用于胸椎，平均3.1毫升用于腰椎椎骨）。术后X线和CT检查显示PVP组所有患者均达到了脊柱稳定性。在6个月至5年的随访检查中，有49例（98.0％）的患者明显缓解了背痛，只有1例（2.0％）的患者无明显缓解。术后VAS评分和Karnofsky绩效评分（KPS）与术前评分有显着差异（p <0.05）；与常规治疗组相比，PVP联合（125）I种子表现出更好的临床疗效（p <0.05）。 PVP是一种微创治疗方法，具有操作简便，并发症少等优点。 PVP能有效缓解脊柱骨转移瘤患者的疼痛，稳定脊柱，改善生活质量，减少截瘫的发生。 PVP与（125）I种子配合使用可提高临床疗效。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Sulphur deficiency in crops became an agricultural concern several decades ago, due to the decrease of S deposition and the atmospheric sulphur dioxide emissions released by industrial plants. Autophagy, which is a conserved mechanism for nutrient recycling in eukaryotes, is involved in nitrogen, iron, zinc and manganese remobilizations from the rosette to the seeds in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we have compared the role of autophagy in sulphur and nitrogen management at the whole plant level, performing concurrent labelling with 34S and 15N isotopes on atg5 mutants and control lines. We show that both 34S and 15N remobilizations from the rosette to the seeds are impaired in the atg5 mutants irrespective of salicylic acid accumulation and of sulphur nutrition. The comparison in each genotype of the partitions of 15N and 34S in the seeds (as % of the whole plant) indicates that the remobilization of 34S to the seeds was twice more efficient than that of 15N in both autophagy mutants and control lines under high S conditions, and also in control lines under low S conditions. This was different in the autophagy mutants grown under low S conditions. Under low S, the partition of 34S to their seeds was indeed not twice as high but similar to that of 15N. Such discrepancy shows that when sulphate availability is scarce, autophagy mutants display stronger defects for 34S remobilization relative to 15N remobilization than under high S conditions. It suggests, moreover, that autophagy mainly affects the transport of N-poor S-containing molecules and possibly sulphate.

背景与目标： ：几十年前，由于S沉积物的减少和工业工厂释放的大气中的二氧化硫排放，农作物中的硫缺乏成为农业关注的问题。自噬是真核生物中养分循环的一种保守机制，它参与了拟南芥中从花环到种子的氮，铁，锌和锰的固定。在这里，我们比较了自噬在整个植物水平上硫和氮管理中的作用，并在atg5突变体和对照品系上同时进行了34S和15N同位素标记。我们显示，无论是水杨酸积累还是硫营养，atg5突变体均会损害从莲座丛到种子的34S和15N迁移。种子中15N和34S分区的每种基因型的比较（占整个植物的百分比）表明，在高S下自噬突变体和对照品系中，将34S固定到种子上的效率是15N的两倍。以及低S条件下的控制线路中。这在低S条件下生长的自噬突变体中是不同的。在低S下，其种子中34S的分配确实不高，但与15N相似。这种差异表明，当缺乏硫酸盐时，相对于15N迁移，自噬突变体在34S迁移方面表现出比在高S条件下更强的缺陷。此外，这表明自噬主要影响含N贫S的分子和硫酸盐的转运。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High seed production makes Sporobolus indicus var. pyramidalis a difficult to control invasive grassland plant. The objective of the present study was to investigate the bioactivity of Cyperus rotundus, Phyllanthus tenellus and Ricinus communis green leaf extracts and of Carica papaya seeds on S. indicus germination without breaking dormancy, simulating the field conditions. The ethanolic extract bioactivity of C. rotundus, P. tenellus, R. communis green leaves and C. papaya seeds, at concentrations of 25, 50 and 75% in S. indicus germination was evaluated. Carotenoids, flavonoids, soluble phenolic compounds and total tannins were quantified in the extracts. The chemical component concentrations varied between alcoholic extracts. The P. tenellus extracts at all dilutions and those of R. communis and C. papaya at 75% completely suppressed S. indicus seed germination at five and ten days which can be attributed to their high tannin concentration, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids.

背景与目标： ：高种子产量使印度孢子变种变种。锥体植物是难以控制的侵入性草原植物。本研究的目的是在不破坏休眠状态的情况下，研究香附子，余甘子和藤黄绿叶提取物以及番木瓜种子对印度dic的萌发的生物活性，模拟田间条件。评价了印度圆角萌发中浓度为25％，50％和75％的圆形念珠菌，tenellaus，R。communis绿叶和番木瓜种子的乙醇提取物生物活性。对提取物中的类胡萝卜素，类黄酮，可溶性酚类化合物和单宁总量进行了定量。酒精提取物之间的化学成分浓度有所不同。所有稀释度下的P. tenellus提取物以及R. communis和C. papaya的提取物在第5天和第10天都完全抑制了印度梧桐种子的萌发，这可以归因于其单宁浓度高，总酚类化合物和类黄酮含量高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Present study highlights the antidiabetogenic property of Linum usitassimum active fraction (LU6) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Swiss mice. Treatment with LU6 fraction showed improved glucose utilization with increase in liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and normal glycogenesis in hepatic and muscle tissues. Reduction in pancreatic and intestinal glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed with LU6 treatment, indicating beneficial effects in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Normalization of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were observed in diabetic mice, indicating endogenous insulin secretion after the treatment with LU6. The histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis on pancreatic islets suggests the role of LU6 fraction in islet regeneration and insulin secretion as evident in increase functional pancreatic islets producing insulin. Furthermore, significant insulin producing islet formation was also observed in in vitro PANC-1 cells after LU6 treatment, indicating the cellular aggregates to be newly formed islets. This suggests the potential of LU6 fraction in the formation of new islets in vitro, as well as in vivo. Thus, LU6 can be used as a neutraceutical-based first-line treatment for diabetes.

背景与目标： ：Diabetes mellitus是一种代谢性疾病，可影响全球数百万人。本研究强调了链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病瑞士小鼠中亚麻亚麻酸活性成分（LU6）的抗糖尿病作用。 LU6馏分的处理显示出改善的葡萄糖利用率，同时肝脏和肌肉组织中的6-磷酸葡萄糖葡萄糖脱氢酶活性增加，糖原生成正常。用LU6处理可观察到胰腺和肠道葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的降低，表明在减少餐后高血糖（PPHG）方面有有益作用。在糖尿病小鼠中观察到血浆胰岛素和C肽水平的正常化，表明用LU6治疗后内源性胰岛素分泌。对胰岛的组织化学和免疫组化分析表明，LU6组分在胰岛再生和胰岛素分泌中的作用在增加生产胰岛素的功能性胰岛中很明显。此外，在LU6处理后的体外PANC-1细胞中也观察到了显着的产生胰岛素的胰岛形成，表明细胞聚集体是新形成的胰岛。这表明LU6馏分在体内和体外均会形成新的胰岛。因此，LU6可以用作以神经营养药物为基础的一线治疗药物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The larvicidal activity of crude petroleum ether, toluene, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of the seeds of Clausena lansium was assayed for their toxicities against the early fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. The larval mortality was observed after 24-h exposure. The LC(50) value of petroleum ether extract was 22.99 ppm, showing the best larvicidal activity among all six solvent extracts. A cinnamon amide compound lansiumamide B (N-methyl-N-cis-styrylcinnamamide) was isolated from the petroleum ether extract by column chromatographic method, which exhibited a strong larvicidal activity against the early fourth instar larvae of A. albopictus with LC(50) and LC(90) values of 0.45 and 2.19 ppm, respectively. The structure was elucidated by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR spectral data. The larvicidal activity against mosquito of lansiumamide B from the seed of C. lansium was evaluated for the first time.

背景与目标： ：测定了Clausena lansium种子的粗石油醚，甲苯，正丁醇，乙酸乙酯，丙酮和甲醇提取物的杀幼虫活性，对白纹伊蚊的早期四龄幼虫具有毒性。暴露24小时后观察到幼虫死亡率。石油醚提取物的LC（50）值为22.99 ppm，在所有六种溶剂提取物中显示出最佳的杀幼虫活性。通过柱色谱法从石油醚提取物中分离出肉桂酰胺化合物镧酰胺B（N-甲基-N-顺式-苯乙烯基肉桂酰胺），该化合物对LC.50的白斑拟南芥幼虫具有很强的杀幼虫活性。和LC（90）值分别为0.45和2.19 ppm。通过（1）H NMR，（13）C NMR光谱数据阐明结构。首次评价了来自镧梭菌种子的镧酰胺B对蚊子的杀幼虫活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:MicroRNAs are important gene expression regulators in plants immune system. Aspergillus flavus is the most common causal agents of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts, but information on the function of miRNA in peanut-A. flavus interaction is lacking. In this study, the resistant cultivar (GT-C20) and susceptible cultivar (Tifrunner) were used to investigate regulatory roles of miRNAs in response to A. flavus growth. RESULTS:A total of 30 miRNAs, 447 genes and 21 potential miRNA/mRNA pairs were differentially expressed significantly when treated with A. flavus. A total of 62 miRNAs, 451 genes and 44 potential miRNA/mRNA pairs exhibited differential expression profiles between two peanut varieties. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that metabolic-process related GO terms were enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses further supported the GO results, in which many enriched pathways were related with biosynthesis and metabolism, such as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis of small RNA, transcriptome and degradome indicated that miR156/SPL pairs might regulate the accumulation of flavonoids in resistant and susceptible genotypes. The miR482/2118 family might regulate NBS-LRR gene which had the higher expression level in resistant genotype. These results provided useful information for further understanding the roles of miR156/157/SPL and miR482/2118/NBS-LRR pairs. CONCLUSIONS:Integration analysis of the transcriptome, miRNAome and degradome of resistant and susceptible peanut varieties were performed in this study. The knowledge gained will help to understand the roles of miRNAs of peanut in response to A. flavus.

背景与目标： 背景：微小RNA是植物免疫系统中重要的基因表达调节剂。黄曲霉菌是花生中黄曲霉毒素污染的最常见诱因，但有关花生A中miRNA功能的信息。缺乏黄酮相互作用。在这项研究中，抗性品种（GT-C20）和易感品种（Tifrunner）用于研究miRNA对黄曲霉生长反应的调控作用。
结果：经黄曲霉处理后，总共有30个miRNA，447个基因和21个潜在的miRNA / mRNA对显着差异表达。共有62个miRNA，451个基因和44个潜在的miRNA / mRNA对表现出两个花生品种之间的差异表达谱。基因本体论（GO）分析表明，代谢过程相关的GO术语得到了丰富。 《京都市基因与基因组百科全书》（KEGG）途径分析进一步支持了GO结果，其中许多富集的途径与生物合成和代谢相关，例如次级代谢产物的生物合成和代谢途径。小RNA，转录组和降解组的相关性分析表明，miR156 / SPL对可能调节抗性和易感基因型中类黄酮的积累。 miR482 / 2118家族可能调控NBS-LRR基因，该基因在抗性基因型中具有较高的表达水平。这些结果为进一步了解miR156 / 157 / SPL和miR482 / 2118 / NBS-LRR对的作用提供了有用的信息。
结论：本研究对抗性和易感花生品种的转录组，miRNA组和降解组进行了整合分析。所获得的知识将有助于理解花生中的miRNA在响应黄曲霉中的作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As the demand for accurately aligning gene sequences to the genome of a related species grows with the sequencing of new genomes, spaced seeds emerge as a promising vehicle for increasing alignment sensitivity. We extend the existing {0, 1} match-mismatch models for sensitivity evaluation to take into account the compositional structure of coding sequences and ultimately produce seeds better suited to this particular application. Designing seeds for alignment programs, however, needs to balance sensitivity and specificity. We assess the effects of seed variations on both sensitivity and specificity in an extended model that incorporates transitions and differentiates among the three codon positions, and show that spaced seeds with transitions offer a better sensitivity-specificity tradeoff. Furthermore, we propose a theoretical formulation for rigorously assessing seed specificity, starting from Bernoulli and Markov models of the mRNA and genomic sequences. Within this framework, we perform the first comprehensive analysis of seeds to serve as a blueprint for selecting sensitive and specific seeds for practical applications. Our analyses show that specificity is relatively constant for seeds of a given weight, while sensitivity varies widely, with the highest values attained by seeds allowing a small (2-6) number of transitions.A strategy for designing seeds, therefore, is to first select the weight of the seed by identifying the desired sensitivity-specificity tradeoff, then choose the most sensitive seed(s) within that weight group. We illustrate our methods with the alignment of chicken coding sequences against the human genome assembly version HG17.

背景与目标： 随着新基因组测序的增长，将基因序列与相关物种的基因组精确比对的需求不断增长，间隔种子成为增加比对敏感性的有前途的载体。我们扩展了现有的{0，1}匹配不匹配模型以进行灵敏度评估，以考虑编码序列的组成结构，并最终产生更适合此特定应用程序的种子。但是，为比对程序设计种子需要平衡敏感性和特异性。我们在扩展模型中评估了种子变异对敏感性和特异性的影响，该模型结合了过渡并区分了三个密码子位置，并显示了具有过渡的间隔种子提供了更好的敏感性-特异性折衷。此外，我们从mRNA和基因组序列的伯努利和马尔可夫模型开始，提出了一种严格评估种子特异性的理论方法。在此框架内，我们将对种子进行首次全面分析，以作为为实际应用选择敏感种子和特定种子的蓝图。我们的分析表明，对于给定重量的种子，特异性相对恒定，而灵敏度差异很大，种子获得的最高值允许少量（2-6）转换。因此，设计种子的策略是首先通过确定所需的敏感性-特异性折衷来选择种子的重量，然后选择该重量组中最敏感的种子。我们用针对人类基因组装配版本HG17的鸡编码序列进行比对来说明我们的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a salt-sensitive crop which could be suppressed seriously by salt stress at germination stage. Some seaweeds polysaccharides could enhance plants resistance but there is little research about polysaccharides from Grateloupia filicina in agriculture. Therefore, G. filicina polysaccharide (GFP) and low molecular weight (MW) G. filicina polysaccharide (LGFP) were applied to rice seeds under salt stress (GFP: 2093.4 kDa, LGFP-1: 40.8 kDa, LGFP-2: 22.6 kDa, LGFP-3: 5.1 kDa, LGFP-4: 3.0 kDa). Relatively low MW polysaccharides LGFP1-4 showed better effect than GFP, and LGFP-1 showed the best effect on germination potential, germination index, shoot/root length and vigor index than negative control by 26.67, 14.27, 30.50, 202.65 and 162.78%, respectively. Optimum concentration was determined at 0.1 mg/mL, and LGFP-1 increased proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase activities (POD) which improved ability of osmotic adjustment and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. FITC-labeled LGFP-1 (F-LGFP-1) was to investigate the polysaccharide absorption and it was be observed in root and shoot with different distribution. Finally, expression of Na+/H+ antiporter gene was up regulated which suggested LGFP-1 could protect rice seeds by regulating Na+ content. This research showed potential application of polysaccharides from G. filicina for increasing rice seeds salt tolerance.

背景与目标： ：Rice（Oryza sativa L.）是一种盐敏感型作物，在萌发期可能受到盐胁迫的严重抑制。一些海藻多糖可以增强植物的抗药性，但在农业上对Grateloupia filicina多糖的研究很少。因此，在盐胁迫下将G. filicina多糖（GFP）和低分子量（MW）G. filicina多糖（LGFP）应用于水稻种子（GFP：2093.4kDa，LGFP-1：40.8kDa，LGFP-2：22.6kDa ，LGFP-3：5.1kDa，LGFP-4：3.0kDa）。相对较低分子量的多糖LGFP1-4显示出比GFP更好的效果，LGFP-1显示出对发芽势，发芽指数，枝/根长和活力指数的最佳效果比阴性对照分别高26.67、14.27、30.50、202.65和162.78％，分别。确定最佳浓度为0.1mg / mL，LGFP-1可增加脯氨酸含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶活性（POD），从而改善渗透调节和清除活性氧（ROS）的能力。 FITC标记的LGFP-1（F-LGFP-1）用于研究多糖的吸收，并在根和芽中观察到其分布不同。最后，Na / H反转运蛋白基因的表达上调，表明LGFP-1可以通过调节Na含量来保护水稻种子。这项研究显示了来自G. filicina的多糖在提高水稻种子耐盐性方面的潜在应用。