BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multiple Rotavirus A (RVA) strains are linked with gastrointestinal infections in children that fall in age bracket of 0 to 60 months. However, the problem is augmented with emergence of unique strains that reassort with RVA strains of animal origin. The study describes the sequence analysis of a rare G6P[1] rotavirus strain isolated from a less than 1 year old child, during rotavirus surveillance in Rawalpindi district, Pakistan in 2010. Extracted RNA from fecal specimen was subjected to high throughput RT-PCR for structural and nonstructural gene segments. The complete rotavirus genome of one isolate RVA/Human-wt/PAK/PAK99/2010/G6P[1] was sequenced for phylogenetic analysis to elucidate the evolutionary linkages and origin. Full genome examination of novel strain RVA/Human-wt/PAK/PAK99/2010/G6P[1] revealed the unique genotype assemblage: G6-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H1. The evolutionary analyses of VP7, VP4, NSP1 and NSP3 gene segments revealed that PAK99 clustered with bovine, or cattle-like rotavirus strains from other closely related species, in the genotypes G6, P[1], A3 and T6 respectively. Gene segments VP6, VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP2 and NSP4 all possessed the DS-1-like bovine genotype 2 and bovine (-like) RVA strains instead of RVA strains having human origin. However, the NSP5 gene was found to cluster closely with contemporary human Wa-like rotavirus strains of H1 genotype. This is the first report on bovine-human (Wa-like reassortant) genotype constellation of G6P[1] strain from a human case in Pakistan (and the second description worldwide). Our results emphasize the significance of incessant monitoring of circulating RVA strains in humans and animals for better understanding of RV evolution.

背景与目标： ：多种轮状病毒A（RVA）菌株与年龄在0至60个月的儿童的胃肠道感染有关。但是，随着与动物起源的RVA株重新组合的独特株的出现，问题变得更加严重。这项研究描述了2010年在巴基斯坦拉瓦尔品第地区对轮状病毒进行监测期间，从一个不到1岁的儿童中分离出的罕见G6P [1]轮状病毒菌株的序列分析。对粪便标本中提取的RNA进行了高通量RT-PCR分析结构和非结构基因片段。对一种分离株RVA / Human-wt / PAK / PAK99 / 2010 / G6P [1]的完整轮状病毒基因组进行了测序，以进行系统进化分析，以阐明进化的联系和起源。对新菌株RVA / Human-wt / PAK / PAK99 / 2010 / G6P [1]的全基因组检查揭示了独特的基因型组合：G6-P [1] -I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2 -H1。 VP7，VP4，NSP1和NSP3基因片段的进化分析表明，PAK99与其他密切相关物种的牛或牛样轮状病毒株聚在一起，分别为G6，P [1]，A3和T6基因型。基因片段VP6，VP1，VP2，VP3，NSP2和NSP4都具有DS-1类牛基因型2和牛（类）RVA菌株，而不是具有人类起源的RVA菌株。但是，发现NSP5基因与H1基因型的当代人类Wa样轮状病毒株紧密结合。这是关于巴基斯坦人间病例中G6P [1]菌株的牛-人（Wa样重配体）基因型构象的首次报道（以及全世界的第二个描述）。我们的结果强调了不断监测人和动物中循环RVA菌株对于更好地了解RV进化的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Disparities in pediatric asthma morbidity and healthcare utilization exist on the basis of race, ethnicity, environment, and income; interventions are needed to address these inequities. The following protocol describes an evidence-based intervention, RVA Breathes, designed to coordinate pediatric asthma care across family, home, community, and medical sectors. Community stakeholder feedback was utilized to refine the intervention specifically for the Richmond, Virginia community. The aims of this study are to assess the effect of RVA Breathes on asthma-related healthcare utilization, as well as secondary outcomes of asthma control, asthma symptoms, and quality of life. We will enroll 300 elementary school children from the Richmond City Public School system. Participants will be between the ages of 5-11, have a diagnosis of asthma, and have had an asthma exacerbation (as indicated by an asthma-related ED visit, hospitalization, unscheduled PCP visit, or use of systemic steroids) in the last two years. Participants will be randomized to one of three groups: asthma education + home environment remediation + school intervention, asthma education + home environment remediation, or a comparator condition. Data will be collected across one baseline research visit, four intervention sessions, and four follow-up research visits over the course of 18 months. A General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) will be used to test primary aims. We expect the findings will provide support for coordination of asthma care across sectors. Further, we hope RVA Breathes will serve as a model of community-based pediatric asthma care.

背景与目标： ：小儿哮喘的发病率和医疗保健利用存在差异，取决于种族，种族，环境和收入；需要采取干预措施来解决这些不平等现象。以下协议描述了一种基于证据的干预措施，即RVA呼吸，旨在协调家庭，家庭，社区和医疗部门的小儿哮喘护理。利用社区利益相关者的反馈意见，专门针对弗吉尼亚州里士满社区改进了干预措施。这项研究的目的是评估RVA呼吸对哮喘相关医疗保健利用的影响，以及哮喘控制，哮喘症状和生活质量的次要结果。我们将招收来自列治文市公立学校系统的300名小学生。参加者的年龄介于5-11岁之间，具有哮喘的诊断，并且在最近两个月中患有哮喘加重症（如与哮喘相关的ED就诊，住院，计划外的PCP访视或使用全身性类固醇）年。参与者将被随机分为三组之一：哮喘教育家庭环境修复学校干预，哮喘教育家庭环境修复或比较者条件。在18个月的过程中，将在一次基准研究访问，四个干预会议和四个后续研究访问之间收集数据。通用线性混合模型（GLMM）将用于测试主要目标。我们希望这些发现将为跨部门哮喘护理的协调提供支持。此外，我们希望RVA呼吸将成为社区小儿哮喘护理的典范。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is no gold standard for detection of Rotavirus Group A (RVA), one of the main causes of diarrhea in neonatal animals. Sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR (rtRT-PCR) assays are available for RVA but require submission of the clinical samples to diagnostic laboratories. Patient-side immunoassays for RVA protein detection have shown variable results, particularly with samples from unintended species. A sensitive and specific test for detection of RVA on the farm would facilitate rapid management decisions. The insulated isothermal RT-PCR (RT-iiPCR) assay works in a portable machine to allow sensitive and specific on-site testing. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate a commercially available RT-iiPCR assay for RVA detection in feces from different animal species. This assay was compared to an in-house rtRT-PCR assay and a commercially available rtRT-PCR kit, as well as an ELISA and EM for RVA detection. All three PCR assays targeted the well-conserved NSP5 gene. Clinical fecal samples from 108 diarrheic animals (mainly cattle and horses) were tested. The percentage of positive samples by ELISA, EM, in-house rtRT-PCR, commercial rtRT-PCR, and RT-iiPCR was 29.4%, 31%, 36.7%, 51.4%, 56.9%, respectively. The agreement between different assays was high (81.3-100%) in samples containing high viral loads. The sensitivity of the RT-iiPCR assay appeared to be higher than the commercially available rtRT-PCR assay, with a limit of detection (95% confidence index) of 3-4 copies of in vitro transcribed dsRNA. In conclusion, the user-friendly, field-deployable RT-iiPCR system holds substantial promise for on-site detection of RVA.

背景与目标： ：没有检测轮状病毒A组（RVA）的金标准，轮状病毒A组是新生动物腹泻的主要原因之一。 RVA可以使用灵敏且实时的实时RT-PCR（rtRT-PCR）分析，但需要将临床样品提交诊断实验室。用于RVA蛋白检测的患者侧免疫测定法显示出可变的结果，尤其是来自意外物种的样品。对农场中的RVA进行灵敏而特定的检测将有助于快速的管理决策。绝缘等温RT-PCR（RT-iiPCR）分析可在便携式机器中进行，从而可以进行灵敏且特定的现场测试。这项研究的目的是评估可用于不同动物粪便中RVA检测的市售RT-iiPCR分析方法。将该测定与内部rtRT-PCR测定和市售rtRT-PCR试剂盒以及用于RVA检测的ELISA和EM进行了比较。所有这三种PCR分析均针对保守性良好的NSP5基因。测试了108只腹泻动物（主要是牛和马）的临床粪便样本。 ELISA，EM，室内rtRT-PCR，商业rtRT-PCR和RT-iiPCR阳性样品的百分比分别为29.4％，31％，36.7％，51.4％，56.9％。在包含高病毒载量的样品中，不同测定之间的一致性很高（81.3-100％）。 RT-iiPCR分析的灵敏度似乎高于市售的rtRT-PCR分析，其检测极限（95％置信指数）为3-4拷贝的体外转录dsRNA。总之，用户友好，可现场部署的RT-iiPCR系统对RVA的现场检测具有广阔的前景。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The responses of neurons in the medial column of the inferior olive to translational and rotational optic flow were recorded from anaesthetized pigeons. Panoramic translational or rotational flowfields were produced by mechanical devices that projected optic flow patterns onto the walls, ceiling and floor of the room. The axis of rotation/translation could be positioned to any orientation in three-dimensional space such that axis tuning could be determined. Each neuron was assigned a vector representing the axis about/along which the animal would rotate/translate to produce the flowfield that elicited maximal modulation. Both translation-sensitive and rotation-sensitive neurons were found. For neurons responsive to translational optic flow, the preferred axis is described with reference to a standard right-handed coordinate system, where +x, +y and +z represent rightward, upward and forward translation of the animal, respectively (assuming that all recordings were from the right side of the brain). t(+y) neurons were maximally excited in response to a translational optic flowfield that results from self-translation upward along the vertical (y) axis. t(-y) neurons also responded best to translational optic flow along the vertical axis but showed the opposite direction preference. The two remaining groups, t(-x+z) and t(-x-z) neurons, responded best to translational optic flow along horizontal axes that were oriented 45 degrees to the midline. There were two types of neurons responsive to rotational optic flow: rVA neurons preferred rotation about the vertical axis, and rH135c neurons preferred rotation about a horizontal axis at 135 degrees contralateral azimuth. The locations of marking lesions indicated a clear topographical organization of the six response types. In summary, our results reinforce that the olivo-cerebellar system dedicated to the analysis of optic flow is organized according to a reference frame consisting of three approximately orthogonal axes: the vertical axis, and two horizontal axes oriented 45 degrees to either side the midline. Previous research has shown that the eye muscles, vestibular semicircular canals and postural control system all share a similar spatial frame of reference.

背景与目标： ：从麻醉的鸽子中记录下橄榄内侧列神经元对平移和旋转视力流的反应。全景平移或旋转流场是通过将光学流模式投射到房间的墙壁，天花板和地板上的机械设备产生的。旋转/平移轴可以定位到三维空间中的任何方向，以便可以确定轴调整。每个神经元都被分配了一个向量，该向量代表动物绕着/沿着该轴旋转/平移以产生引起最大调制的流场。发现了翻译敏感和旋转敏感的神经元。对于对平移视神经波有反应的神经元，首选轴是参照标准的右手坐标系来描述的，其中x，y和z分别代表动物的向右，向上和向前平移（假设所有记录均来自动物的右手坐标系）。大脑右侧）。 t（y）个神经元响应于沿垂直（y）轴向上自平移而产生的平移光学流场而得到最大程度的兴奋。 t（-y）神经元对沿垂直轴的平移光学流也有最佳响应，但显示了相反的方向偏好。剩下的两个组，即t（-x z）和t（-x-z）神经元，对沿与中线成45度角的水平轴的平移光学流的响应最佳。有两种类型的神经元对旋转的光流做出响应：rVA神经元更喜欢绕垂直轴旋转，而rH135c神经元更喜欢绕水平轴在135度对侧方位角旋转。标记病变的位置表明六种反应类型的地形组织清晰。总而言之，我们的研究结果表明，致力于光流分析的小脑小脑系统是根据一个参考框架进行组织的，该参考框架由三个近似正交的轴组成：垂直轴和两个与中线两侧成45度角的水平轴。先前的研究表明，眼部肌肉，前庭半规管和姿势控制系统均具有相似的空间参照系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We applied the traditional risk assessment methods originally designed for soils and river sediments to evaluation of risk associated with metals in road-deposited sediment (RDS) along an urban-rural gradient that included central urban (UCA), urban village (UVA), central suburban county (CSA), rural town (RTA), and rural village (RVA) areas in the Beijing metropolitan region. A new indicator RI(RDS) was developed which integrated the RDS characteristics of mobility, grain size and amount with the potential ecological risk index. The risk associated with metals in RDS in urban areas was generally higher than that in rural areas based on the assessment using traditional methods, but the risk was higher in urban and rural village areas than the areas with higher administration units based on the indicator RI(RDS). These findings implied that RDS characteristics variation with the urban-rural gradient must be considered in metal risk assessment and RDS washoff pollution control.

背景与目标： ：我们将最初为土壤和河流沉积物设计的传统风险评估方法应用于沿城乡梯度（包括中心城市（UCA），城市村庄（UVA），北京都会区的中央郊区县（CSA），乡镇（RTA）和乡村（RVA）地区。开发了新的指标RI（RDS），该指标将RDS的迁移率，粒度和数量与潜在的生态风险指数相结合。根据传统方法的评估，城市地区RDS中与金属有关的风险通常高于农村地区，但根据指标RI，城市和乡村地区的风险高于具有较高管理单位的地区（ RDS）。这些发现表明，在金属风险评估和RDS冲刷污染控制中必须考虑RDS特征随城乡梯度的变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Rapid intravenous (IV) rehydration in the emergency department (ED) is required for certain children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). OBJECTIVES:To determine whether the amount of IV dextrose administered is related to a return visit with admission (RVA) in children with AGE and dehydration, and to determine which clinical, laboratory, and treatment parameters are associated with an RVA. METHODS:The investigators performed a case control study of children aged 6 months to 6 years who presented to an urban ED with AGE and dehydration and who received IV rehydration before discharge from the ED. Dehydration was defined a priori on the basis of parameters used in prior studies. Cases were defined as those patients who had an RVA within 72 hours of an original visit for ongoing symptoms. Controls were defined as those patients who met inclusion criteria who did not have an RVA. The authors studied whether the amount of IV dextrose administered at the initial visit was related to an RVA as well as which other clinical and treatment parameters were associated with an RVA. RESULTS:A total of 56 cases and 112 controls were studied. Patients who had an RVA received significantly less IV dextrose (mean: 399 mg/kg vs. 747 mg/kg, p < 0.001) than those who did not have an RVA. Patients who received no IV dextrose had 3.9 times greater odds of having a return visit with admission than those who received some dextrose. Controlling for fluid volume, the amount of dextrose administered remained statistically significant by logistic regression; for every 500 mg/kg of IV dextrose administered, the patient was 1.9 times less likely to have an RVA. Patients with length of symptoms less than or equal to one day were more likely to have an RVA than were those with symptom length of two or more days. No other historical or physical exam findings or laboratory parameters (including mean serum bicarbonate) were associated with a return visit requiring admission. CONCLUSIONS:Administration of larger amounts of IV dextrose is associated with reduced return visits requiring admission in children with gastroenteritis and dehydration.

背景与目标： 背景：对于某些患有急性胃肠炎（AGE）的儿童，急诊室（ED）需要快速静脉补液（IV）。
目的：确定静脉注射右旋糖的量是否与AGE和脱水儿童的入院回访（RVA）有关，并确定哪些临床，实验室和治疗参数与RVA相关。
方法：研究人员对6个月至6岁的儿童进行了病例对照研究，这些儿童在市区急诊就诊时患有AGE和脱水，并在从急诊室出院前接受了静脉补液。脱水是根据先前研究中使用的参数预先定义的。病例定义为那些在初次就诊后72小时内因持续症状而接受RVA的患者。对照定义为那些符合纳入标准且没有RVA的患者。作者研究了初次就诊时静脉注射右旋糖的量是否与RVA有关，以及哪些其他临床和治疗参数与RVA相关。
结果：共研究了56例病例和112例对照。与没有RVA的患者相比，具有RVA的患者接受的静脉右旋糖治疗明显减少（平均：399 mg / kg与747 mg / kg，p <0.001）。未接受右旋糖治疗的患者入院回访的几率是接受右旋糖治疗的患者的3.9倍。在控制体液量方面，通过逻辑回归分析，右旋糖的给药量在统计学上仍然很显着。每注射500毫克/千克静脉葡萄糖，患RVA的可能性降低1.9倍。症状长度少于或等于一天的患者比症状长度为两天或更多天的患者更有可能发生RVA。没有其他历史或身体检查发现或实验室参数（包括平均血清碳酸氢盐）与需要入院的回访相关。
结论：给予大量的静脉注射右旋糖可减少胃肠道炎和脱水患儿的入院回访次数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a serious public problem in China, with a prevalence of 29.7% in diarrhea cases under 5 years of age. A total of 1,224 fecal specimens were collected in 2015 from children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Kunming, China, for detection and characterization of rotavirus. The prevalence of RVA was 28.5%. The frequency of RVA detection was greatest (52%) among children aged 7-12 months. The following strains were the most common types: G9P(8) (58.2%), G3P(8) (14.9%), and G1P(8) (6.9%). The following strains were uncommon types: G3P(4), G8P(9), and G9P(4) (1.1%); G1P(4), G2P(8), and G4P(8) (0.9%); G2P(6), G3P(9), G4P(6), and G9P(6) (0.6%); and G4P(4) (0.3%). G3G1P(8) (5.2%), G1G2P(4) (0.9%), G1G9P(8) (0.6%), and G2P(4)P(8) (0.3%) were mixed types. This study documents the molecular epidemiology, genetics, and diversity of rotavirus strains in children under 5 years of age in Kunming, China, and suggests that it may be important to offer RVA vaccination and scientific evidence to stop and control RVA-related diarrhea.

背景与目标： 甲型轮状病毒（RVA）在中国是一个严重的公共问题，在5岁以下的腹泻病例中，其流行率为29.7％。 2015年，在中国昆明市从5岁以下的急性胃肠炎儿童中收集了1,224份粪便标本，用于轮状病毒的检测和鉴定。 RVA的患病率为28.5％。在7-12个月的儿童中，RVA检出的频率最高（52％）。以下是最常见的菌株：G9P（8）（58.2％），G3P（8）（14.9％）和G1P（8）（6.9％）。以下是不常见的菌株：G3P（4），G8P（9）和G9P（4）（1.1％）； G1P（4），G2P（8）和G4P（8）（0.9％）； G2P（6），G3P（9），G4P（6）和G9P（6）（0.6％）；和G4P（4）（0.3％）。 G3G1P（8）（5.2％），G1G2P（4）（0.9％），G1G9P（8）（0.6％）和G2P（4）P（8）（0.3％）是混合类型。这项研究记录了中国昆明市5岁以下儿童轮状病毒株的分子流行病学，遗传学和多样性，并建议提供RVA疫苗接种和停止和控制RVA相关性腹泻可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent studies have investigated whether the human histo-blood group antigen (HBGAs) could affect the effectiveness of the oral rotavirus vaccines, suggesting secretor positive individuals develop a more robust response. We investigated the Rotavirus A (RVA) shedding in association with the host susceptibility profile in children from a birth community-cohort in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. A total of 132 children were followed-up between 0 to 11-month-old, stool samples were collected before/after the 1st/2nd RV1 vaccination doses and saliva samples were collected during the study. RVA shedding was screened by RT-qPCR and G/P genotypes determined by multiplex RT-PCR and/or Sanger nucleotide sequencing. The sequencing indicated an F167L amino acid change in the RV1 VP8* P[8] in 20.5% of shedding follow-ups and these mutant subpopulations were quantified by pyrosequencing. The HBGA/secretor status was determined and 80.3% of the children were secretors. Twenty-one FUT2 gene SNPs were identified and two new mutations were observed. The mutant F167L RV1 VP8* P[8] was detected significantly more in Le (a+b+) secretors (90.5%) compared to non-secretors and even to secretors Le (a-b+) (9.5%). The study highlights the probable association between RV1 shedding and HBGAs as a marker for evaluating vaccine strain host susceptibility.

背景与目标： ：最近的研究已经调查了人类组织血型组抗原（HBGA）是否会影响口服轮状病毒疫苗的有效性，这表明分泌阳性的个体会产生更强的应答。我们调查了2014年至2018年巴西里约热内卢一个出生社区队列中儿童的轮状病毒A（RVA）脱落与宿主易感性相关。总共对132名儿童进行了随访，随访时间为0到11岁，在第1次和第2次RV1疫苗接种剂量之前/之后收集一个月大的粪便样本，并在研究期间收集唾液样本。通过RT-qPCR筛选RVA脱落，通过多重RT-PCR和/或Sanger核苷酸测序确定G / P基因型。测序表明，在20.5％的脱落随访中RV1 VP8 * P [8]中的F167L氨基酸变化，并且通过焦磷酸测序对这些突变亚群进行了定量。确定了HBGA /分泌物的状态，其中80.3％的儿童是分泌物。鉴定出21个FUT2基因SNP，并观察到两个新的突变。与非分泌物甚至分泌物Le（a-b）（9.5％）相比，在Le（a b）分泌物（90.5％）中检测到突变体F167L RV1 VP8 * P [8]明显更多。这项研究强调了RV1脱落和HBGA之间可能存在的关联，作为评估疫苗株宿主易感性的标志。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rotavirus A (RVA) is a diarrheal pathogen affecting children under age five, particularly in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world due to malnutrition, poor healthcare and hygienic conditions. Water and food contamination are found to be major sources of diarrheal outbreaks. Pakistan is one of the countries with high RVA related diarrhea burden but with insufficient surveillance system. The aim of this study was to gauge the RVA contamination of major open sewerage collecting streams and household water supplies in two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Three concentration methods were compared using RNA purity and concentration as parameters, and detection efficiency of the selected method was estimated. Water samples were collected from 21 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in two phases during the year 2014-2015. Meteorological conditions were recorded for each sampling day and site from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). Nested PCR was used to detect the presence of RVA in samples targeting the VP7 gene. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association of weather conditions with RVA persistence in water bodies. Statistical analysis hinted at a temporal and seasonal pattern of RVA detection in water. Phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed a close association of environmental strains with clinical RVA isolates from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea during the same period. This is the first scientific report cataloging the circulating RVA strains in environmental samples from the region. The study highlights the hazards of releasing untreated sewerage containing potentially infectious viral particles into collecting streams, which could become a reservoir of multiple pathogens and a risk to exposed communities. Moreover, routine testing of these water bodies can present an effective surveillance system of circulating viral strains in the population.

背景与目标： 轮状病毒A（RVA）是一种腹泻病原体，由于营养不良，医疗保健和卫生状况不佳，尤其在世界的发展中和欠发达地区影响五岁以下的儿童。发现水和食物污染是腹泻暴发的主要来源。巴基斯坦是RVA相关的腹泻负担高但监测系统不足的国家之一。这项研究的目的是评估巴基斯坦两个主要大城市的主要露天排污收集流和家庭供水的RVA污染。以RNA纯度和浓度为参数，比较了三种浓缩方法，并评估了所选方法的检测效率。 2014-2015年分两个阶段从伊斯兰堡和拉瓦尔品第的21个地点收集了水样。巴基斯坦气象局（PMD）记录了每个采样日和每个站点的气象条件。巢式PCR用于检测靶向VP7基因的样品中RVA的存在。应用逻辑回归分析评估天气状况与水体中RVA持久性之间的关系。统计分析提示了水中RVA检测的时间和季节模式。对选定菌株的系统进化分析表明，同期来自急性腹泻住院儿童的环境菌株与临床RVA菌株密切相关。这是第一份分类该地区环境样品中循环中的RVA菌株的科学报告。这项研究强调了将未经处理的含有潜在感染性病毒颗粒的污水释放到收集流中的危害，这可能成为多种病原体的储存库，并给裸露的社区带来风险。此外，对这些水体的常规检测可以提供一种有效的人群中循环病毒株监测系统。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The novel hyperbranched poly(trimellitic glyceride) (PTG) starch plasticizer synthesized in our previous study was neutralized with different alkaline metal hydroxides. Mixed with starch, the effects of different alkaline metal cations, M+, on gelatinization of starch suspensions and thermal behaviors of the films were analyzed using RVA and DMA, respectively. The structures of the starch suspensions, films and freeze-dried samples (S/PTG-M) were investigated using DSC, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. M+ increased the gelatinization temperature of starch suspensions in the order of S/PTG-Li > S/PTG-Na > S/PTG-K. The formation of a complex between M+ and starch in the films observed using FTIR spectroscopy improved the stability of the starch paste and gel, and increased the gel temperature of starch dispersions. The corresponding starch gel was relatively thermostable, but not shear-resistant. PTG decreased the Tg of starch films with different paired M+. PTG-Li and PTG-K, but not PTG-Na, strengthened the mechanical properties of starch films.

背景与目标： ：我们先前的研究中合成的新型超支化聚偏苯三酸甘油酯（PTG）淀粉增塑剂已用不同的碱金属氢氧化物中和。与淀粉混合，分别使用RVA和DMA分析了不同碱金属阳离子M对淀粉悬浮液糊化和薄膜热行为的影响。分别使用DSC，XRD和FTIR光谱研究了淀粉悬浮液，薄膜和冻干样品（S / PTG-M）的结构。 M以S / PTG-Li> S / PTG-Na> S / PTG-K的顺序增加淀粉悬浮液的糊化温度。使用FTIR光谱法观察到的膜中M和淀粉之间的络合物的形成改善了淀粉糊和凝胶的稳定性，并且提高了淀粉分散体的凝胶温度。相应的淀粉凝胶是相对热稳定的，但不是抗剪切的。 PTG降低了配对M对淀粉膜的Tg的影响。 PTG-Li和PTG-K而不是PTG-Na增强了淀粉膜的机械性能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A rapid increase and dominance of G9P[8] Rotavirus A strains occurred in northern Vietnam between 2016 and 2018, during which period there appeared three G9P[8] strains possessing short RNA patterns. To understand how the first-ever G9P[8] strains possessing short RNA patterns were formed, next generation sequencing technology was used to examine the whole genomes of the three strains, i.e., RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN16.1024/2016/G9P[8], RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN17.0879/2017/G9P[8], and RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN18.0197/2018/G9P[8], and those of seven representative G9P[8] strains possessing long RNA patterns. The VP7 genes of the short and long G9P[8] strains were > 99% identical, indicating that the origin was in the co-circulating, dominant, long G9P[8] strains. On the other hand, the VP4 genes likely derived from recently-emerging G1/G3/G8P[8] strains possessing the DS-1 backbone. At the lineage level, however, the backbone genes of any one strain differed from that of the other two in the VP1, VP3 or NSP4 gene. Moreover, even at the nucleotide sequence level of the backbone genes belonging to the same lineage, the identities between the three strains were lower than those expected for the strains deriving from an immediate, common ancestor. Thus, the three strains were likely formed by independent reassortment events in which the VP7 gene of the currently dominant G9P[8] strains was incorporated into co-circulating G1/G3/G8P[8] strains possessing similar yet distinct DS-1-like backbone genes. The observation that all of the three reassortant G9P[8] strains were detected only once among the prevalent, ordinary G9P[8] strains suggests that acquisition of the DS-1-like backbone genes unlikely provided selective advantage over the parental Wa-like G9P[8] strains.

背景与目标： ：2016年至2018年期间，越南北部发生了G9P [8]轮状病毒A株快速增加并占主导地位，在此期间，出现了3株具有短RNA模式的G9P [8]株。为了了解首个具有短RNA模式的G9P [8]菌株是如何形成的，采用了下一代测序技术来检查这三个菌株的整个基因组，即RVA / Human-wt / VNM / RVN16.1024 / 2016 /G9P[8]、RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN17.0879/2017/G9P[8]和RVA / Human-wt / VNM / RVN18.0197 / 2018 / G9P [8]，以及七个代表G9P [8]菌株具有长RNA模式。短长G9P [8]菌株的VP7基因同源性> 99％，这表明其起源于共同流行的长G9P [8]菌株。另一方面，VP4基因可能源自具有DS-1主链的新近出现的G1 / G3 / G8P [8]菌株。但是，在谱系水平上，VP1，VP3或NSP4基因中任一菌株的主链基因都与其他两个菌株的主链基因不同。而且，即使在属于同一谱系的主链基因的核苷酸序列水平上，这三种菌株之间的同一性也比那些来自直接的共同祖先的菌株所期望的同一性低。因此，这三个菌株可能是由独立的重排事件形成的，其中将当前占主导地位的G9P [8]菌株的VP7基因掺入到具有相似但不同的DS-1-like的同循环G1 / G3 / G8P [8]菌株中。骨干基因。在所有常见的普通G9P [8]菌株中仅检测到三个重组G9P [8]菌株的一次观察结果表明，与亲代Wa-like G9P相比，DS-1样主链基因的获得不太可能提供选择性优势[8]菌株。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rotaviruses are the most common infectious agents causing severe diarrheal diseases in young children globally. Three rare human rotavirus strains, two G3P[9] and one G3P[6], were detected in stool samples of children under 5 years of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis in Lebanon during the course of a surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture based high-throughput sequencing method. Genomic sequences were further characterized by using phylogenetic analyses with global RVA G3P[6]/P[9] strains, other vaccine and reference strains. Genetic analysis revealed that the G3P[6] strain emerged as a DS-1/Wa-like mono-reassortant strain with a potential Ethiopian origin. The two G3P[9] strains possessed a mixed DS-1/Wa/AU-1-like origin indicating that these may have evolved via multiple reassortment events involving feline, human and bovine rotaviruses. Furthermore, analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to the vaccine strains. Additional studies are essential to fully understand the evolutionary dynamics of G3P[6]/P[9] strains spreading worldwide and their implications on vaccine effectiveness.

背景与目标： ：轮状病毒是全球范围内导致严重腹泻病的最常见感染因子。在监测研究过程中，在黎巴嫩因肠胃炎住院的5岁以下儿童的粪便样本中检测到三种罕见的人类轮状病毒毒株，两种为G3P [9]和一种为G3P [6]。使用基于捕获的高通量测序方法VirCapSeq-VERT对这些菌株的完整基因组进行测序。通过对全球RVA G3P [6] / P [9]菌株，其他疫苗和参考菌株进行系统发育分析，进一步表征基因组序列。遗传分析表明，G3P [6]菌株以具有潜在埃塞俄比亚血统的DS-1 / Wa样单重排菌株出现。这两个G3P [9]菌株具有混合的DS-1 / Wa / AU-1样起源，表明它们可能是通过涉及猫，人和牛轮状病毒的多次重排事件进化而来的。此外，与疫苗菌株相比，对这些菌株的分析显示出高的抗原变异性。要全面了解G3P [6] / P [9]菌株在全球范围内传播的进化动力学及其对疫苗效力的影响，必不可少的研究是必不可少的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :G9P[8] rotavirus A (RVA) has been identified as the predominant genotype circulating in Yunnan, China. To elucidate the molecular characteristics of its genetic composition at the whole-genome level, the genomes of 12 strains isolated from paediatric patients with diarrhoea were fully sequenced and characterized. Eleven of the 12 strains were genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, which is closely related to the Wa-like genotype 1 constellation. In contrast, one strain was genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N2-T1-E1-H1, with the NSP2 gene characterized as a DS-1 like genotype. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis indicated that G9 strains had emerged in 1932 with an estimated average evolutionary rate of 1.63×10-3 substitutions/site/year. Considering the high prevalence and fast evolutionary rate of G9P[8] rotaviruses, our results suggest that G9P[8] RVA should be strictly monitored in China.

背景与目标： ：G9P [8]轮状病毒A（RVA）已被确定为中国云南省流行的主要基因型。为了阐明其全基因组水平的遗传组成的分子特征，对从腹泻儿科患者中分离出的12个菌株的基因组进行了完整的测序和鉴定。 12个菌株中的11个被定型为G9-P [8] -I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1，这与Wa样基因型1星座密切相关。相反，一种菌株的基因型为G9-P [8] -I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N2-T1-E1-H1，NSP2基因的特征为DS-1样基因型。贝叶斯系统发育分析表明，G9菌株于1932年出现，估计平均进化速率为1.63×10-3个置换/位点/年。考虑到G9P [8]轮状病毒的高流行率和高进化速度，我们的结果表明，应在中国严格监测G9P [8] RVA。