BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ligation of surface IgM on B cells responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppresses terminal differentiation and high-rate Ig secretion with no effect on proliferation. As shown here, different B cell populations show characteristic mean values of ligand concentration required for 50% inhibition, with Gaussian distributions of sensitivity to IgM receptor ligation that reflect cellular heterogeneity of 'al-or-none' inhibitions in single cells. Differential sensitivity of B cell populations to IgM ligation seems to be locally determined by the cellular environment and unrelated to the 'maturity' of the responding cells. Thus, while long-lived peritoneal B cells are 3- to 5-fold more resistant than splenic B cells, there is no difference in sensitivity between short- and long-lived B cells in the spleen. Furthermore, while B cells in bone marrow and spleen differ in sensitivity by two orders of magnitude, B cells differentiated in vitro from bone marrow pre-B cells are as resistant as splenic B cells. Moreover, bone marrow cell culture supernatants restore a high level of sensitivity in such cell populations. Differential sensitivity to IgM receptor ligation is reproduced by multivalent nominal antigen, in cell populations that show identical dose-response inhibition curves to direct activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters. We conclude that the level of sensitivity to IgM ligation is independent of the life span or maturity of the B cell, but differentially regulated in vivo by putative tissue factors.

背景与目标： 对脂多糖 (LPS) 响应的b细胞上的表面IgM连接抑制了终末分化和高速度Ig分泌，而对增殖没有影响。如这里所示，不同的b细胞群体显示出50% 抑制所需的配体浓度的特征平均值，其对IgM受体连接的敏感性的高斯分布反映了单细胞中 “al-or-none” 抑制的细胞异质性。B细胞群体对IgM连接的不同敏感性似乎是由细胞环境局部决定的，与响应细胞的 “成熟度” 无关。因此，尽管长寿命的腹膜b细胞的抵抗力比脾b细胞高3至5倍，但脾脏中短寿命b细胞和长寿命b细胞之间的敏感性没有差异。此外，尽管骨髓和脾脏中的b细胞的敏感性相差两个数量级，但从骨髓前b细胞体外分化的b细胞与脾b细胞一样具有抵抗力。此外，骨髓细胞培养上清液在此类细胞群体中恢复了高水平的敏感性。在显示出与佛波酯直接激活蛋白激酶C相同的剂量反应抑制曲线的细胞群体中，多价名义抗原再现了对IgM受体连接的不同敏感性。我们得出的结论是，对IgM连接的敏感性水平与b细胞的寿命或成熟度无关，但在体内受假定的组织因素的差异调节。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:This retrospective study investigated overall survival (OS) and factors influencing OS in Swedish patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) during the pre- (2002-2005), early (2006-2008), and late (2009-2012) targeted therapy (TT) era. METHODS:Three national Swedish registries identified patients with mRCC. Median OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients with synchronous metastases (M1) and the elderly (aged≥75y). RESULTS:A total of 4,217 patients with mRCC were identified, including 1,533 patients with M1 and 1,275 elderly patients. For patients with mRCC diagnosed in 2002 to 2005, 2006 to 2008, and 2009 to 2012, median OS was 10.0, 13.0, and 18.0 months. Similarly, median OS improved in the M1 and elderly populations. Elderly patients were less likely to be prescribed TT (≥75 vs.<75y): 18.3 vs. 63.5% (in 2006-2008) and 28.6% vs. 55.9% (in 2009-2012). Diagnosis of mRCC in 2009 to 2012, nephrectomy and TT prescription were associated with improved OS in the total mRCC, M1, and elderly populations. CONCLUSION:This real-world study showed continued significant improvement in mRCC OS during the late TT era, including in M1 and elderly populations. TT should be considered for all patients with mRCC based on tolerability, regardless of age.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Convergent phenotypic evolution may or may not be associated with convergent genotypic evolution. Agricultural weeds have repeatedly been selected for weed-adaptive traits such as rapid growth, increased seed dispersal and dormancy, thus providing an ideal system for the study of convergent evolution. Here, we identify QTL underlying weedy traits and compare their genetic architecture to assess the potential for convergent genetic evolution in two distinct populations of weedy rice. F(2) offspring from crosses between an indica cultivar and two individuals from genetically differentiated U.S. weedy rice populations were used to map QTL for four quantitative (heading date, seed shattering, plant height and growth rate) and two qualitative traits. We identified QTL on nine of the twelve rice chromosomes, yet most QTL locations do not overlap between the two populations. Shared QTL among weed groups were only seen for heading date, a trait for which weedy groups have diverged from their cultivated ancestors and from each other. Sharing of some QTL with wild rice also suggests a possible role in weed evolution for genes under selection during domestication. The lack of overlapping QTL for the remaining traits suggests that, despite a close evolutionary relationship, weedy rice groups have adapted to the same agricultural environment through different genetic mechanisms.

背景与目标： : 收敛表型进化可能与收敛基因型进化有关，也可能不相关。农业杂草因杂草适应性性状如快速生长、增加种子扩散和休眠而被反复选择，从而为收敛进化的研究提供了理想的系统。在这里，我们确定了杂草性状的QTL，并比较了它们的遗传结构，以评估两个不同杂草水稻种群中趋同遗传进化的潜力。F(2) 使用in稻品种与来自遗传分化的美国杂草水稻种群的两个个体之间杂交的后代来绘制QTL的四个定量 (抽穗期，种子破碎，株高和生长速率) 和两个定性性状。我们在十二个水稻染色体中的九个染色体上确定了QTL，但是大多数QTL位置在两个种群之间没有重叠。杂草组之间的共享QTL仅在抽穗日期可见，杂草组与他们的栽培祖先和彼此不同。与野生稻共享一些QTL也表明在驯化过程中选择基因在杂草进化中可能发挥作用。其余性状缺乏重叠的QTL表明，尽管有密切的进化关系，但杂草水稻群体通过不同的遗传机制适应了相同的农业环境。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:To assess progress towards the UNAIDS 90-90-90 initiative targets, we examined the HIV care cascade in the population-based Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) in rural Uganda and examined differences between sub-groups. METHODS:Self-reports and clinical records were used to assess the proportion achieving each stage in the cascade. Statistical inference based on a χ2 test for categorical variables and modified Poisson regression were used to estimate prevalence risk ratios (PRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for enrolment into care and initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS:From September 2013 through December 2015, 3,666 HIV-positive participants were identified in the RCCS. As of December 2015, 98% had received HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT), 74% were enrolled in HIV care, and 63% had initiated ART of whom 92% were virally suppressed after 12 months on ART. Engagement in care was lower among men than women (enrolment in care: adjPRR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.91; ART initiation: adjPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.69-0.82), persons aged 15-24 compared to those aged 30-39 (enrolment: adjPRR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63-0.82; ART: adjPRR 0.69, 95%CI 0.60-0.80), unmarried persons (enrolment: adjPRR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71-0.99; ART adjPRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66-0.95), and new in-migrants (enrolment: adjPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.67-0.83; ART: adjPRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.85). This cohort achieved 98-65-92 towards the UNAIDS "90-90-90" targets with an estimated 58% of the entire HIV-positive RCCS population virally suppressed. CONCLUSIONS:This cohort achieved over 90% in both HCT and viral suppression among ART users, but only 65% in initiating ART, likely due to both an ART eligibility criterion of <500 CD4 cells/mL and suboptimal entry into care among men, younger individuals, and in-migrants. Interventions are needed to promote enrolment in HIV care, particular for hard-to-reach sub-populations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The dendritic distribution of mitral/tufted (M/T) cells in the opossum accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) was investigated using intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow and DiI labeling. Lucifer yellow labeling demonstrated that the primary dendrites of M/T cells are restricted to one of the two subregions (anterior or posterior) of the glomerular layer. When DiI was placed in the anterior or posterior subregion of the glomerular layer, virtually all of the labeled cell bodies in the AOB were located in the anterior or posterior part of the M/T cell layer, respectively. These results demonstrate that the anterior and posterior subregions of the AOB glomerular layer are termination sites for dendrites belonging to distinct populations of M/T cells.

背景与目标： 使用细胞内注射路西法黄和DiI标记研究了负鼠辅助嗅球 (AOB) 中二尖瓣/簇状 (M/T) 细胞的树突分布。路西法黄色标记表明，M/T细胞的主要树突仅限于肾小球层的两个子区域 (前或后) 之一。当将DiI放置在肾小球层的前部或后部子区域时，AOB中几乎所有标记的细胞体分别位于M/T细胞层的前部或后部。这些结果表明，AOB肾小球层的前部和后部亚区是属于M/T细胞不同群体的树突的终止部位。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Statins reduce inflammation and risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Because the myeloid IgA Fc receptor encoded by FCAR mediates inflammation, we hypothesized that the FCAR Asp92Asn polymorphism is associated with risk of MI and that this risk would be modified by pravastatin. METHODS AND RESULTS:In the placebo arm of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study, male carriers of the 92Asn allele had an adjusted hazard ratio for incident MI of 1.68 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.57); relative risk reduction by pravastatin was 69% in carriers and 12% in noncarriers (P(interaction)=0.007). In the placebo arm of the all-male West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), carriers had an adjusted odds ratio for incident coronary heart disease (CHD) of 1.46 (90% CI 1.05 to 2.03); for pravastatin compared with placebo treatment, the adjusted odds ratios were 0.55 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.93) in carriers and 0.65 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.83) in noncarriers (P(interaction)=0.55). CONCLUSIONS:Carriers of 92Asn had increased risk of MI in CARE and increased odds of CHD in WOSCOPS. Pravastatin significantly reduced risk in carriers in both CARE and WOSCOPS. A genotype by treatment interaction was observed in CARE but not in WOSCOPS.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Vitamin D deficiency is associated with osteoporosis and is thought to increase the risk of cancer and CVD. Despite these numerous potential health effects, data on vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are limited. The aims of the present study were to examine patterns of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels worldwide and to assess differences by age, sex and region. In a systematic literature review using the Medline and EMBASE databases, we identified 195 studies conducted in forty-four countries involving more than 168 000 participants. Mean population-level 25(OH)D values varied considerably across the studies (range 4·9-136·2 nmol/l), with 37·3 % of the studies reporting mean values below 50 nmol/l. The highest 25(OH)D values were observed in North America. Although age-related differences were observed in the Asia/Pacific and Middle East/Africa regions, they were not observed elsewhere and sex-related differences were not observed in any region. Substantial heterogeneity between the studies precluded drawing conclusions on overall vitamin D status at the population level. Exploratory analyses, however, suggested that newborns and institutionalised elderly from several regions worldwide appeared to be at a generally higher risk of exhibiting lower 25(OH)D values. Substantial details on worldwide patterns of vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are needed to inform public health policy development to reduce risk for potential health consequences of an inadequate vitamin D status.

背景与目标： 维生素d缺乏与骨质疏松症有关，被认为会增加患癌症和CVD的风险。尽管有这些潜在的健康影响，但人口水平和关键亚组中维生素d状况的数据有限。本研究的目的是检查世界范围内25-羟基维生素d (25(OH)D) 水平的模式，并评估年龄，性别和地区的差异。在使用Medline和EMBASE数据库的系统文献综述中，我们确定了在44个国家进行的195项研究，涉及168 000多名参与者。在整个研究中，平均人口水平25(OH) d值差异很大 (范围为4·9-136·2 nmol/l)，37·3% 的研究报告平均值低于50 nmol/l。在北美观察到最高的25(OH) d值。尽管在亚洲/太平洋和中东/非洲地区观察到与年龄相关的差异，在其他地方没有观察到它们，在任何地区也没有观察到性别相关的差异。研究之间的实质性异质性排除了对人口水平总体维生素d状况的结论。然而，探索性分析，建议来自世界各地的几个地区的新生儿和住院老人似乎普遍处于较低的25(OH) d值的较高风险中。需要在人口水平和关键亚组中详细了解全球范围内的维生素d状况，以告知公共卫生政策制定以降低潜在健康后果的风险维生素d水平不足。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Middle East and North Africa (MENA) encompass very unique populations, with a rich history and encompasses characteristic ethnic, linguistic and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of MENA region has been largely unknown. The recent availability of whole-exome and whole-genome sequences from the region has made it possible to collect population-specific allele frequencies. The integration of data sets from this region would provide insights into the landscape of genetic variants in this region. We integrated genetic variants from multiple data sets systematically, available from this region to create a compendium of over 26 million genetic variations. The variants were systematically annotated and their allele frequencies in the data sets were computed and available as a web interface which enables quick query. As a proof of principle for application of the compendium for genetic epidemiology, we analyzed the allele frequencies for variants in transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) gene, associated with autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis. Our analysis revealed that the carrier frequency of selected variants differed widely with significant interethnic differences. To the best of our knowledge, al mena is the first and most comprehensive repertoire of genetic variations from the Arab, Middle Eastern and North African region. We hope al mena would accelerate Precision Medicine in the region.

背景与目标： : 中东和北非 (MENA) 涵盖了非常独特的人口，具有丰富的历史，并包含了独特的种族，语言和遗传多样性。MENA地区的遗传多样性在很大程度上是未知的。该地区最近获得的全外显子组和全基因组序列使收集特定人群的等位基因频率成为可能。来自该地区的数据集的整合将提供对该地区遗传变异景观的见解。我们系统地整合了来自该地区的多个数据集的遗传变异，以创建超过2600万个遗传变异的汇编。对变体进行了系统注释，并计算了它们在数据集中的等位基因频率，并可以作为web界面使用，从而可以快速查询。作为遗传流行病学学纲要应用原理的证明，我们分析了转谷氨酰胺酶1 (TGM1) 基因变异的等位基因频率，与常染色体隐性层状鱼鳞病有关。我们的分析表明，所选变体的载波频率差异很大，种族间差异很大。据我们所知，al mena是来自阿拉伯，中东和北非地区的第一个也是最全面的遗传变异库。我们希望al mena能够加快该地区的精准医学。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate the simultaneous occurrence of more than 1 Clostridium difficile ribotype in patients' stool samples at the time of diagnostic testing. METHODS:Stool samples submitted for diagnostic testing for the presence of toxigenic C. difficile were obtained for 102 unique patients. A total of 95 single colonies of C. difficile per stool sample were isolated on selective media, subcultured alongside negative (uninoculated) controls, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyped using capillary gel electrophoresis. RESULTS:Capillary-based PCR ribotyping was successful for 9,335 C. difficile isolates, yielding a median of 93 characterized isolates per stool sample (range, 69-95). More than 1 C. difficile ribotype was present in 16 of 102 (16%) C. difficile infection (CDI) cases; 2 of the 16 mixtures were composed of at least 3 ribotypes, while the remaining 14 were composed of at least 2. CONCLUSIONS:Deep sampling of patient stool samples coupled with capillary-based PCR ribotyping identified a high rate of mixed CDI cases compared with previous estimates. Studies seeking to quantify the clinical significance of particular C. difficile ribotypes should account for mixed cases of disease.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Nonradioactive sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes specific for the HLA-DP beta locus have been used in a simple dot-blot assay to DP beta-type samples amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from Caucasoid (n = 24) and Japanese (n = 23) patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) as well as ethnically matched controls. In contrast to previous reports, no DP beta allele was found to be increased in either patient population. However, the results do show a dramatic difference in the allele frequencies between the two control populations, further emphasizing the need for ethnically matched controls in studies of HLA and disease.

背景与目标： : 对hla-dp β 基因座特异的非放射性序列特异性寡核苷酸 (SSO) 探针已用于简单的斑点印迹分析，通过聚合酶链反应 (pcr) 从高加索人 (n = 24) 扩增的DP β 型样品) 和日本 (n = 23) 多发性硬化症患者 (ms) 以及种族匹配的对照。与以前的报告相反，在两种患者人群中均未发现DP β 等位基因增加。然而，结果确实显示了两个对照人群之间等位基因频率的显着差异，进一步强调了在HLA和疾病研究中需要种族匹配的对照。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We developed bulked segregant analysis as a method for rapidly identifying markers linked to any specific gene or genomic region. Two bulked DNA samples are generated from a segregating population from a single cross. Each pool, or bulk, contains individuals that are identical for a particular trait or genomic region but arbitrary at all unlinked regions. The two bulks are therefore genetically dissimilar in the selected region but seemingly heterozygous at all other regions. The two bulks can be made for any genomic region and from any segregating population. The bulks are screened for differences using restriction fragment length polymorphism probes or random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. We have used bulked segregant analysis to identify three random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in lettuce linked to a gene for resistance to downy mildew. We showed that markers can be reliably identified in a 25-centimorgan window on either side of the targeted locus. Bulked segregant analysis has several advantages over the use of near-isogenic lines to identify markers in specific regions of the genome. Genetic walking will be possible by multiple rounds of bulked segregation analysis; each new pair of bulks will differ at a locus identified in the previous round of analysis. This approach will have widespread application both in those species where selfing is possible and in those that are obligatorily outbreeding.

背景与目标： : 我们开发了大量的分离物分析，作为一种快速识别与任何特定基因或基因组区域相关的标记的方法。从单个杂交的分离种群中产生两个大量的DNA样本。每个池或整体包含对于特定性状或基因组区域相同但在所有未连接区域任意的个体。因此，这两个大块在选定区域在遗传上是不同的，但在所有其他区域似乎是杂合的。这两个大块可以用于任何基因组区域和任何分离的种群。使用限制性片段长度多态性探针或随机扩增的多态性DNA引物筛选大块的差异。我们已经使用大量的分离物分析来鉴定生菜中的三个随机扩增的多态性DNA标记，这些标记与抗霜霉病的基因相关。我们表明，可以在目标基因座两侧的25厘摩根窗口中可靠地识别出标记。与使用近等基因系鉴定基因组特定区域中的标记相比，大量分离物分析具有多个优势。通过多轮膨胀的分离分析，遗传行走是可能的; 每对新的大块在上一轮分析中确定的基因座上会有所不同。这种方法将在可能自交的物种和强制近交的物种中得到广泛应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. Infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. Logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations. Prevalences of antibodies were as follows: to HSV-2, 44.4%; to HCV, 35.1%; to HBV, 29.5%; to HIV, 2.7%. The prevalence of syphilis was 3.4%; of chlamydia, 3.7%; and of gonorrhea, 1.7%. Of the 407 subjects, approximately 62% had markers for 1 of the STDs. HIV infection was associated with African American race, use of smokable freebase (crack) cocaine, and STD history. HBV infection was associated with age >30 years, injecting drugs, needle sharing, a history of treatment for drug abuse, and African American race. HCV infection was associated with an age >30 years, injecting drugs, and needle sharing, and HSV-2 infection with an age >30 years, female sex, and African American race. Syphilis was associated with a history of STDs. High prevalences of STDs among drug abusers indicate the need for integration of STD screening and treatment into drug treatment programs.

背景与目标： : 对1998年治疗机构中的407名吸毒者进行了性传播疾病 (std) 和危险行为的横断面调查。检测血清抗体水平，检测人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 、乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 、丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV) 、单纯疱疹病毒2型 (HSV-2) 、梅毒感染; 检测尿液中核酸水平，检测衣原体和淋病。进行Logistic回归分析以测量关联。抗体的患病率如下: HSV-2，44.4%; HCV，35.1%; HBV，29.5%; HIV，2.7%。梅毒的患病率为3.4%; 衣原体，3.7%; 淋病，1.7%。在407名受试者中，大约62% 名具有1个性病的标志物。HIV感染与非裔美国人种族，使用可吸烟的免费可卡因 (快克) 和性病史有关。HBV感染与年龄> 30岁，注射药物，共用针头，药物滥用治疗史和非裔美国人有关。HCV感染与年龄> 30岁，注射毒品和共用针头有关，HSV-2感染与年龄> 30岁，女性和非裔美国人有关。梅毒与性病史有关。吸毒者中性病的患病率很高，这表明需要将性病筛查和治疗纳入药物治疗计划。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This investigation examined differences in symptom patterns of two different trauma samples using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). MMPI-2s of 122 male combat veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD were compared with those of 64 PTSD-diagnosed adults seeking outpatient treatment for the effects of child sexual abuse (CSA). We examined variables related to degree of health concerns, depression, somatization, anger and hostility, masculine-feminine traits, paranoid ideation, anxiety, difficulties thinking and concentrating, elevated mood, and social introversion, as well as test-taking attitude. MANOVAs revealed between-group differences on several variables. However, when analyses controlled for the effect of age, nearly all differences disappeared; the only remaining difference was in a scale measuring anger. Thus, it appears CSA survivors and combat veterans are much more similar than different in their clinical presentation on the MMPI-2. Conceptual issues in the assessment of PTSD are discussed.

背景与目标： : 这项调查使用明尼苏达州多相人格量表-2 (MMPI-2) 检查了两种不同创伤样本的症状模式差异。将122名寻求与战斗相关的PTSD进行门诊治疗的男性战斗退伍军人的MMPI-2s与64名经PTSD诊断为儿童性虐待 (CSA) 的门诊治疗的成年人进行了比较。我们研究了与健康问题程度，抑郁，躯体化，愤怒和敌意，男性女性特征，偏执观念，焦虑，思考和集中注意力的困难，情绪低落，社交内向以及应试态度有关的变量。MANOVAs揭示了几个变量的组间差异。但是，当分析控制了年龄的影响时，几乎所有差异都消失了。唯一剩下的差异是衡量愤怒的量表。因此，看来CSA幸存者和战斗退伍军人在MMPI-2上的临床表现要相似得多。讨论了PTSD评估中的概念问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea/jigger flea (Tunga penetrans). As poverty is the major driving force of the disease, it can be called as a poverty-associated plague. It is one of the emerging neglected diseases in Latin America, Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and India. The aim of the present scrutiny was to assess the public health impact of tungiasis, associated risk factors, and emerging opportunities to prevent and control tungiasis. Searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and online search engines (Google, AOL, and Yahoo) using keywords "parasitic skin disease," "tungiasis," "sand flea," " tungiasis-associated risk factors," "tungiasis prevention and control," and their synonyms were used as a source of references. Searches were made without time limitations. Of 167 potential articles identified by these criteria, 51 appropriate were selected for review. Tungiasis is widespread in the resource-constrained settings of low-income economies. In the tropics, it is highly prevalent among the impoverished populations, but the associated risk factors are often poorly identified and remain uncontrolled. Though it is a self-limiting disease with considerable morbidity, the parasite may cause subsequent secondary morbidity through life-threatening complications and infections like cellulitis, tetanus, and death. However, the direct and indirect sociocultural, economic, and health impact of tungiasis is often undervalued and misunderstood. A systematic assessment on disease burden is still dearth and deficient. Over the decades, tungiasis has been largely neglected by the scientific community, policy makers, and healthcare stakeholders. In the endemic regions, even tungiasis is not listed for the disease control priorities in the regional, national, and international agenda. The majority of the epidermal parasitic skin diseases particularly tungiasis needs a sustainable global scientific research and control policy. This urges intensive efforts to develop a road map that delivers a clear vision towards zero new infection by designing low-cost prevention and control strategies. Besides, there is an urgency to develop culturally appropriate communication techniques and workable collaboration on a global scale by bringing all the stakeholders of endemic countries.

背景与目标： : Tungiasis (沙蚤病) 是由雌性沙蚤/跳蚤 (Tunga penetrans) 引起的一种外部寄生虫性皮肤病。由于贫困是该疾病的主要驱动力，因此可以将其称为与贫困相关的瘟疫。它是拉丁美洲，加勒比海地区，撒哈拉以南非洲和印度新兴的被忽视的疾病之一。本次审查的目的是评估外膜病对公共卫生的影响，相关的危险因素以及预防和控制外膜病的新兴机会。搜索PubMed，Google Scholar和在线搜索引擎 (Google，AOL和Yahoo)，使用关键字 “寄生性皮肤病”，“tungiasis”，“沙蚤”，“tungiasis相关危险因素”，“tungiasis预防和控制，” 和它们的同义词被用作参考文献的来源。搜索没有时间限制。在这些标准确定的167篇潜在文章中，选择了51篇合适的文章进行审查。在低收入经济体资源受限的环境中，突尼斯病很普遍。在热带地区，它在贫困人口中非常普遍，但相关的风险因素往往无法识别，并且仍然不受控制。尽管它是一种具有相当高发病率的自限性疾病，但该寄生虫可能会通过威胁生命的并发症和感染 (如蜂窝织炎，破伤风和死亡) 引起继发疾病。但是，tungiasis对社会文化，经济和健康的直接和间接影响常常被低估和误解。对疾病负担的系统评估仍然缺乏和不足。几十年来，tungiasis在很大程度上被科学界，政策制定者和医疗保健利益相关者所忽视。在流行地区，甚至在区域，国家和国际议程中也没有将tungiasis列为疾病控制重点。大多数表皮寄生性皮肤病，尤其是tungiasis，需要可持续的全球科学研究和控制政策。这敦促加紧努力，制定路线图，通过设计低成本的预防和控制策略，实现零新感染的清晰愿景。此外，迫切需要通过吸引流行国家的所有利益攸关方，在全球范围内发展文化上适当的交流技术和可行的合作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A genetic analysis realized, on Tunisian coasts, within and between two populations of a Teleostean (Sardina pilchardus) on one hand, and two populations of their parasitic Copepods (Peroderma cylindricum) on the other hand, reveal that(l) the 14 loci analysed are monomorphic in the Teleostean populations; (II) 3 loci among 13 investigated are polymorphic in the Copepod populations. Statistical tests from deviations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genotypic homogeneity show the existence of strong gene flows within and between Copepod populations. Thus, it seems that the Teleostean (Sardina pilchardus) and the Copepod (Peroderma cylindricum) constitute at least on Tunisian coasts, two homogeneous taxinomic units.

背景与目标： 在突尼斯沿海地区，一方面在两个硬骨种群 (Sardina pilchardus) 和两个寄生co足类种群 (Peroderma cylindricum) 之间和之间进行的遗传分析表明 (l) 所分析的14个基因座在硬骨种群中是单形的; (II) 在被调查的13个基因座中，有3个基因座在co足类种群中具有多态性。从Hardy-Weinberg平衡和基因型同质性的偏差进行的统计测试表明，co足类种群内部和之间存在强烈的基因流。因此，似乎Teleostean (Sardina pilchardus) 和co足类 (Peroderma cylindriicum) 至少在突尼斯海岸上构成了两个同质的taxinomic单位。