Tungiasis (sand flea disease) is an ectoparasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea/jigger flea (Tunga penetrans). As poverty is the major driving force of the disease, it can be called as a poverty-associated plague. It is one of the emerging neglected diseases in Latin America, Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and India. The aim of the present scrutiny was to assess the public health impact of tungiasis, associated risk factors, and emerging opportunities to prevent and control tungiasis. Searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, and online search engines (Google, AOL, and Yahoo) using keywords "parasitic skin disease," "tungiasis," "sand flea," " tungiasis-associated risk factors," "tungiasis prevention and control," and their synonyms were used as a source of references. Searches were made without time limitations. Of 167 potential articles identified by these criteria, 51 appropriate were selected for review. Tungiasis is widespread in the resource-constrained settings of low-income economies. In the tropics, it is highly prevalent among the impoverished populations, but the associated risk factors are often poorly identified and remain uncontrolled. Though it is a self-limiting disease with considerable morbidity, the parasite may cause subsequent secondary morbidity through life-threatening complications and infections like cellulitis, tetanus, and death. However, the direct and indirect sociocultural, economic, and health impact of tungiasis is often undervalued and misunderstood. A systematic assessment on disease burden is still dearth and deficient. Over the decades, tungiasis has been largely neglected by the scientific community, policy makers, and healthcare stakeholders. In the endemic regions, even tungiasis is not listed for the disease control priorities in the regional, national, and international agenda. The majority of the epidermal parasitic skin diseases particularly tungiasis needs a sustainable global scientific research and control policy. This urges intensive efforts to develop a road map that delivers a clear vision towards zero new infection by designing low-cost prevention and control strategies. Besides, there is an urgency to develop culturally appropriate communication techniques and workable collaboration on a global scale by bringing all the stakeholders of endemic countries.

译文

Tungiasis (沙蚤病) 是由雌性沙蚤/跳蚤 (Tunga penetrans) 引起的一种外部寄生虫性皮肤病。由于贫困是该疾病的主要驱动力,因此可以将其称为与贫困相关的瘟疫。它是拉丁美洲,加勒比海地区,撒哈拉以南非洲和印度新兴的被忽视的疾病之一。本次审查的目的是评估外膜病对公共卫生的影响,相关的危险因素以及预防和控制外膜病的新兴机会。搜索PubMed,Google Scholar和在线搜索引擎 (Google,AOL和Yahoo),使用关键字 “寄生性皮肤病”,“tungiasis”,“沙蚤”,“tungiasis相关危险因素”,“tungiasis预防和控制,” 和它们的同义词被用作参考文献的来源。搜索没有时间限制。在这些标准确定的167篇潜在文章中,选择了51篇合适的文章进行审查。在低收入经济体资源受限的环境中,突尼斯病很普遍。在热带地区,它在贫困人口中非常普遍,但相关的风险因素往往无法识别,并且仍然不受控制。尽管它是一种具有相当高发病率的自限性疾病,但该寄生虫可能会通过威胁生命的并发症和感染 (如蜂窝织炎,破伤风和死亡) 引起继发疾病。但是,tungiasis对社会文化,经济和健康的直接和间接影响常常被低估和误解。对疾病负担的系统评估仍然缺乏和不足。几十年来,tungiasis在很大程度上被科学界,政策制定者和医疗保健利益相关者所忽视。在流行地区,甚至在区域,国家和国际议程中也没有将tungiasis列为疾病控制重点。大多数表皮寄生性皮肤病,尤其是tungiasis,需要可持续的全球科学研究和控制政策。这敦促加紧努力,制定路线图,通过设计低成本的预防和控制策略,实现零新感染的清晰愿景。此外,迫切需要通过吸引流行国家的所有利益攸关方,在全球范围内发展文化上适当的交流技术和可行的合作。

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