BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. is a medicinal plant cultivated at a commercial scale in China. However, replanting problems result in a severe decline in both the biomass and quality of its roots, which are of greatest medicinal value. This study attempted to remediate the replant soil using spent Pleurotus eryngii Quel substrate for alleviating this issue, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that R. glutinosa grew successfully in fresh soil and remedial replant soil, while no roots were harvested in the unremedied replant soil. Overall, the nutritional status in the remedial soil was higher than that of the unremedied and fresh soil, while the concentration of allelopathic phenolic acids was lower. When planted in unremedied soil, the growth of five plant pathogens was induced and one beneficial fungus was suppressed. When planted in remedied soil, four out of the five pathogens were suppressed, while two beneficial fungi were identified in the remedial soil. This study suggests that the spent P. eryngii substrate significantly alleviates the replant problem of R. glutinosa, and that the alleviatory function reflects a synergetic effect, including the supplementation of soil nutrition, the degradation of allelochemicals, and the remediation of unbalanced microbial community.

背景与目标： : 熟地黄。是在中国以商业规模种植的药用植物。然而，补种问题导致其根部的生物量和质量严重下降，这具有最大的药用价值。这项研究试图使用用过的杏鲍菇基质来修复土壤，以缓解这一问题，并研究其潜在机制。结果表明，R. glutinosa在新鲜土壤和补植土壤中成功生长，而在未补植的土壤中没有收获根。总体而言，补救土壤的营养状况高于未补救和新鲜土壤，而化感酚酸的浓度较低。当种植在未修复的土壤中时，诱导了五种植物病原体的生长，并抑制了一种有益真菌。当种植在补救土壤中时，五种病原体中有四种被抑制，而在补救土壤中鉴定出两种有益真菌。这项研究表明，用过的P. eryngii底物显着缓解了R. glutinosa的再植问题，并且缓解功能反映了协同作用，包括补充土壤营养，化感物质的降解以及修复不平衡的微生物群落。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pleurotus eryngii is a nutritional and medicinal food rich in polysaccharides that enhance the host immune system as a response to various diseases. The present study investigated the effects of P. eryngii extracts (PEE) on the progress of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We evaluated skin dermatitis severity, ear thickness, histopathological examination, and cytokines level in DNCB-applied mice treated with PEE. Continuous treatment of PEE inhibited the development of the AD-like skin lesions. PEE suppressed DNCB-induced dermatitis severity, serum level of IgE and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and mRNA expression of TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in mice. In addition, PEE reduced thickness of the dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells and mast cells in histopathological examination. These results indicate that PEE inhibits allergic contact dermatitis through the modulating of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses and diminishing the inflammatory cells and mast cells infiltration in the skin lesions in NC/Nga mice.

背景与目标： : 杏鲍菇是一种富含多糖的营养和药用食品，可增强宿主免疫系统对各种疾病的反应。本研究调查了eryngii提取物 (PEE) 对2,4-二硝基氯苯 (DNCB) 诱导的NC/Nga小鼠特应性皮炎 (AD) 样皮肤病变进展的影响。我们评估了用PEE治疗的DNCB应用小鼠的皮肤皮炎的严重程度，耳朵厚度，组织病理学检查和细胞因子水平。尿尿的持续治疗抑制了AD样皮肤病变的发展。PEE抑制小鼠DNCB诱导的皮炎的严重程度，血清IgE和胸腺的水平以及激活调节的趋化因子 (TARC)，以及TNF-α，INF-γ，IL-4，IL-5和IL-13的mRNA表达。此外，在组织病理学检查中，PEE减少了真皮的厚度，并减少了炎症细胞和肥大细胞的真皮浸润。这些结果表明，PEE通过调节T辅助 (Th)1和Th2反应并减少NC/Nga小鼠皮损中炎症细胞和肥大细胞的浸润来抑制过敏性接触性皮炎。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biological decolorization of Benazol Black ZN, a reactive azo-type textile dyestuff, was comparatively studied using 3 different commercial-type white rot fungi strains (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus, Pleurotus djamor, and 2 wild types of P. ostreatus (MCC07 and MCC20) isolated from the nature. The initial dye concentrations in the medium were 500 and 1000 mg.L-1. All the organisms studied decolorized Benazol Black ZN to varying degrees. At low dye concentration, both commercial and wild type of P. ostreatus resulted in the best decolorization, conversely, wild-type P. ostreatus (MCC07) was found to be much more robust against increasing dye concentration and provided the best decolorization efficiency at high dye concentration.

背景与目标： : 使用3种不同的商品型白腐真菌菌株 (平菇，平菇) 对活性偶氮型纺织染料Benazol黑ZN的生物脱色进行了比较研究。citrinopileatus，Pleurotus djamor，和从自然界中分离出的2种野生的P. ostreatus (MCC07和MCC20)。培养基中的初始染料浓度为500和1000 mg。L-1。所有生物都在不同程度上研究了脱色的苯那唑黑锌。在低染料浓度下，商业和野生型的P. ostreatus均具有最佳的脱色效果，相反，发现野生型P. ostreatus (MCC07) 对增加染料浓度更具鲁棒性，并且在高染料浓度下提供了最佳的脱色效率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An aminopeptidase that has peptide bond formation activity was identified in the cell-free extract of carpophore of Pleurotus eryngii. The enzyme, redesignated as eryngase, was purified for homogeneity and characterized. Eryngase had a molecular mass of approximately 79 kDa. It showed somewhat high stability with respect to temperature and pH; it was inhibited by iodoacetate. Among hydrolytic activities toward aminoacyl-p-nitroanilides (aminoacyl-pNAs), eryngase mainly hydrolyzed hydrophobic L-aminoacyl-pNAs and exhibited little activity toward D-Ala-pNA and D-Leu-pNA. In terms of peptide bond formation activity, eryngase used various aminoacyl derivatives as acyl donors and acceptors. The products were all dipeptidyl derivatives. Investigation of time dependence on peptide synthesis revealed that some peptides that are not recognized as substrates for hydrolytic activity of eryngase could become good targets for synthesis. Furthermore, eryngase has produced opioid dipeptides--L-kyotorphin (L-Tyr-L-Arg) and D-kyotorphin (L-Tyr-D-Arg)--using L-Tyr-NH(2) and D- and L-Arg-methyl ester respectively as an acyl donor and acceptor. Yield evaluation of kyotorphin synthesis indicated that the conversion ratio of substrate to kyotorphin was moderate: the value was estimated as greater than 20%.

背景与目标： : 在杏鲍菇的无细胞提取物中鉴定出具有肽键形成活性的氨肽酶。将重新命名为eryngase的酶纯化以获得均一性并进行表征。Eryngase的分子量约为79 kDa。相对于温度和pH，它显示出较高的稳定性; 它被碘乙酸盐抑制。在对氨基酰基-对硝基苯胺 (氨基酰基-pNA) 的水解活性中，eryngase主要水解疏水性L-氨基酰基-pNA，而对D-Ala-pNA和D-Leu-pNA的活性很小。就肽键形成活性而言，eryngase使用各种氨基酰基衍生物作为酰基供体和受体。产品均为二肽基衍生物。对肽合成的时间依赖性研究表明，某些未被认为是eryngase水解活性底物的肽可能成为合成的良好靶标。此外，eryngase使用L-Tyr-NH(2) 和D-和L-产生了阿片类二肽-L-kyotorphin (L-Tyr-L-Arg) 和D-kyotorphin (L-Tyr-D-Arg)-分别作为酰基供体和受体。kyotorphin合成的产率评估表明，底物与kyotorphin的转化率适中: 估计该值大于20%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) is an extracellular flavoenzyme involved in lignin degradation by white rot fungi. Screening of lignolytic and AAO activity from twenty different fungal species were carried out. Among them, seven species showed lignolytic activity and three of them (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eous, and Pleurotus platypus) were found to be AAO positive. Maximal AAO activity was observed in batch cultures of P. ostreatus and was found to be induced by aromatic amino acids and aryl alcohols up to a level of 289 U/l. Purification of AAO was carried out by three-phase partitioning (TPP). The 67 kDa enzyme was purified up to 10.19-fold by TPP with an overall recovery of 10.95%. Optimum pH and temperature for P. ostreatus AAO activity was found to be around 6 and 40 °C, respectively. From the LB plot, K (m) value of AAO for oxidizing veratryl alcohol was determined to be 0.6 mM. Results of the study indicate that P. ostreatus is the best producers of AAO, and they could be employed as promising fungal species for biotechnological applications.

背景与目标： : 芳基醇氧化酶 (AAO) 是一种细胞外黄素酶，参与白腐真菌对木质素的降解。从20种不同的真菌中筛选了木质素分解和AAO活性。其中，有7种具有木质素分解活性，其中3种 (平菇，平菇和平菇) 被发现为AAO阳性。在P. ostreatus的分批培养物中观察到最大的AAO活性，发现其被芳香族氨基酸和芳基醇诱导至289 U/l。通过三相分配 (TPP) 进行AAO的纯化。通过TPP将67 kda酶纯化至10.19倍，总回收率为10.95%。发现P. ostreatus AAO活性的最佳pH和温度分别约为6和40 °C。根据LB图，确定用于氧化藜麦醇的AAO的K (m) 值为0.6 mM。研究结果表明，P。ostreatus是AAO的最佳生产者，它们可以作为有前途的真菌物种用于生物技术应用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The fruit bodies of Pleurotus species as a class of "Edible Fungal Foods" have been discovered to have definite nutritive and medicinal values. They are a good source of nonstarchy carbohydrates, dietary fiber (that can help in reducing the plasma cholesterol), most of the essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins of B group, and folic acid (necessary to counteract pernicious anaemia) in particular. Considering the essential amino acid index, biological value, in vitro digestibility, nutritional index, and protein score, Pleurotus species fall between high grade vegetables and low grade meats. Fractions of water-soluble polysaccharides are reported to possess antitumor activity. The physiological processes such as changes in water content, respiratory rate, texture, color, and activities of enzymes like proteases and polyphenol oxidases during the after-harvest life are delineated. The problems and prospects of processing the fruit bodies by various methods are discussed. Potentialities for production and consumption of the fruit bodies in different parts of the world are brought out.

背景与目标： : 已发现平菇属一类 “可食用真菌食品” 的子实体具有一定的营养和药用价值。它们是非淀粉碳水化合物，膳食纤维 (可以帮助降低血浆胆固醇)，b群的大多数必需氨基酸，矿物质和维生素以及叶酸 (应对恶性贫血所必需的) 的良好来源。考虑到必需氨基酸指数，生物学价值，体外消化率，营养指数和蛋白质评分，侧耳属属于高档蔬菜和低档肉类。据报道，水溶性多糖的部分具有抗肿瘤活性。描述了生理过程，例如水分含量，呼吸频率，质地，颜色以及收获后生活中蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶等酶的活性的变化。讨论了用各种方法加工子实体的问题和前景。展示了世界不同地区生产和消费子实体的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the widely cultivated edible mushrooms. Water-soluble proteoglycan fractions from P. ostreatus mycelia were purified by alcohol-precipitation, ion exchange and followed by gel permeation (Sephadex G-100) chromatography. Three neutral fractions were found, which had polysaccharide to protein ratios 14.2, 26.4 and 18.3, respectively. These fractions were tested for in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory and anticancer effects on Sarcoma-180-bearing mouse model. In vivo injection of proteoglycans to Sarcoma-180-bearing mice decreased the number of tumor cells and cell cycle analysis showed that most of the cells were found to be arrested in pre-G(0)/G(1) phase of cell cycle. All of the three proteoglycans elevated mouse natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and stimulated macrophages to produce nitric oxide. The Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectra suggested the presence of beta-glycosidic bond in all the fractions. Fraction I strongly interacted with glucose/mannose-specific lectin Concanavalin A (ConA), indicating the presence of large number of terminal sugar with glucose/mannose. Thus, the three neutral proteoglycans derived from the mushroom (P. ostreatus) mycelia could be used as immunomodulators and anti cancer agents.

背景与目标： : 平菇是广泛栽培的食用菌之一。通过醇沉淀，离子交换和随后的凝胶渗透 (Sephadex G-100) 色谱法纯化来自P. ostreatus菌丝体的水溶性蛋白聚糖组分。发现了三个中性部分，其多糖与蛋白质的比例分别为14.2、26.4和18.3。测试这些级分对肉瘤180小鼠模型的体外和体内免疫调节和抗癌作用。向荷肉瘤180的小鼠体内注射蛋白聚糖减少了肿瘤细胞的数量，细胞周期分析表明，发现大多数细胞在细胞周期的前G(0)/G(1) 阶段被阻滞。三种蛋白聚糖均提高了小鼠自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞的细胞毒性，并刺激巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮。傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱表明所有馏分中都存在 β-糖苷键。馏分I与葡萄糖/甘露糖特异性凝集素伴刀豆球蛋白A (ConA) 强烈相互作用，表明存在大量葡萄糖/甘露糖末端糖。因此，来自蘑菇 (P. ostreatus) 菌丝体的三种中性蛋白聚糖可以用作免疫调节剂和抗癌剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The novelty of the present work looks in the synthesis of aqueous dispersed selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) using gamma rays with the aid of various natural macromolecules such as citrus pectin (CP), sodium alginate (Alg), chitosan (CS) and aqueous extract of fermented fenugreek powder (AEFFP) using Pleurotus ostreatus for investigating their impact in vitro toward carcinoma cell. The synthesized Se NPs were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis., DLS, HRTEM, SEM, EDX and FTIR. Nucleation and growth mechanisms were also discussed. The factorial design was applied to examine the importance of multiple parameters on Se NPs production with a special focus on temperature and gamma rays influences. FTIR spectrum exhibited the existence of several functional groups in Se NPs-capping macromolecules. Results revealed that Se NPs' size was dramatically-influenced by the type of stabilizer, precursors concentration, pH and the absorbed gamma rays dose. The current research reported the promising antitumor application of Se NPs against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) and human Colon Adenocarcinoma (CACO) in vitro. The proliferation of EAC was significantly-hindered by Se NPs-CS (38.0 μg/ml) at 60 kGy (IC50 = 23.12%) and Se NPs-AEFFP (19.00 μg/ml) at 15 kGy (IC50 = 7.21%). Also, Se NPs control the generation of CACO cells, IC50 was recorded as 25.32% for Se NPs-CS (38.0 μg/ml) and 8.57% for Se NPs-AEFFP (19.00 μg/ml).

背景与目标： : 本工作的新颖之处在于使用 γ射线在各种天然大分子 (例如柑橘果胶 (CP)，海藻酸钠 (Alg)) 的帮助下合成水性分散的硒纳米颗粒 (Se NPs)，壳聚糖 (CS) 和发酵胡芦巴粉 (AEFFP) 的水提取物使用平菇研究其对癌细胞的体外影响。通过XRD，UV-Vis，DLS，HRTEM，SEM，EDX和FTIR对合成的Se NPs进行了表征。还讨论了成核和生长机理。析因设计用于检查多个参数对Se NPs生产的重要性，特别关注温度和伽马射线的影响。FTIR光谱显示Se NPs封端大分子中存在几个官能团。结果表明，Se np的大小受稳定剂类型，前体浓度，pH和吸收的伽马射线剂量的影响很大。目前的研究报道了Se NPs在体外对艾氏腹水癌 (EAC) 和人结肠腺癌 (CACO) 的抗肿瘤应用前景。60 kGy (IC50 = 23.12%) 的Se NPs-CS (38.0 μ g/ml) 和15 kGy (IC50 = 7.21%) 的Se NPs-AEFFP (19.00 μ g/ml) 显着阻碍了EAC的增殖。此外，Se NPs控制CACO细胞的产生，IC50被记录为Se nps-cs (38.0 μ g/ml) 的25.32% 和Se nps-aeffp (19.00 μ g/ml) 的8.57%。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Blue light is an important environmental factor that induces mushroom primordium differentiation and fruiting body development. Although blue-light treatment has been applied for the production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), the blue-light response mechanisms of P. ostreatus still remain unclear. In the present study, we exposed the primordium of P. ostreatus to blue-light, red-light, and dark conditions for 7 days. Subsequently, comparative transcriptomics analysis of the stipe, pileus, and gill under the three light conditions was performed to reveal the gene expression response mechanism of P. ostreatus to blue light and red light. The results showed that blue light enhanced the growth and development of all the three organs of P. ostreatus, especially the pileus. In contrast, red light slightly (non-significantly) inhibited pileus growth. When compared with red-light and dark treatments, blue-light treatment significantly upregulated gene expression involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the peroxisome in the pileus, but not in the gill or stipe. Most of the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway genes were upregulated in the pileus by blue light. When compared with dark treatment, red-light treatment downregulated the expression of many respiration metabolism genes in the pileus. These results revealed that blue light enhanced the activation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, whereas red light weakened glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activation. The conclusion can be drawn that blue light improved P. ostreatus fruiting body (particularly, the pileus) growth rate via enhancement of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

背景与目标： : 蓝光是诱导蘑菇原基分化和子实体发育的重要环境因素。尽管已将蓝光处理应用于牡蛎蘑菇 (平菇) 的生产，但对平菇的蓝光反应机制仍不清楚。在本研究中，我们将P. ostreatus的原基暴露于蓝光，红光和黑暗条件下7天。随后，对三种光照条件下的菌柄、菌体和鳃进行了比较转录组学分析，以揭示平菇对蓝光和红光的基因表达反应机制。结果表明，蓝光促进了P的所有三个器官的生长和发育。ostreatus，尤其是pileus。相反，红光略微 (非显着) 抑制了堆积的生长。与红光和暗处理相比，蓝光处理显着上调了与糖酵解/糖异生，戊糖磷酸途径和过氧化物酶体有关的基因表达，但在the或柄中却没有。大多数糖酵解和磷酸戊糖途径基因在蓝光中被上调。与暗处理相比，红光处理下调了pileus中许多呼吸代谢基因的表达。这些结果表明，蓝光增强了糖酵解和戊糖磷酸途径的激活，而红光减弱了糖酵解和戊糖磷酸途径的激活。可以得出结论，蓝光通过增强糖酵解和磷酸戊糖途径提高了P. ostreatus子实体 (尤其是pileus) 的生长速率。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated edible fungus around the world. At present, studies on the developmental process of the fruiting body are limited. In our study, we compared the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the stipe and cap of the fruiting body by high-throughput proteomics. GO and pathway analysis revealed the great differences in the metabolic levels, including sucrose and starch metabolism, and sphingolipid signaling and metabolism, and the differences of 16 important DEPs were validated further by qPCR analysis in expression level. In order to control the cap and stipe development, several chemical inducers were applied to the primordium of the fruiting body according to the pathway enrichment results. We found that CaCl2 can affect the primordium differentiation through inhibiting the stipe development. EGTA (ethyleneglycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) treatment confirmed the inhibitory role of Ca2+ in the stipe development. Our study not only shows great metabolic differences during the cap and stipe development but also reveals the underlying mechanism directing the primordium differentiation in the early development of the fruiting body for the first time. Most importantly, we provide a reliable application strategy for the cultivation and improvement of the Pleurotus ostreatus, which can be an example and reference for a more edible fungus.

背景与目标： : 平菇是世界各地广泛栽培的食用菌。目前，对子实体发育过程的研究有限。在我们的研究中，我们通过高通量蛋白质组学比较了子实体的菌柄和菌盖中的差异表达蛋白 (DEPs)。GO和pathway分析显示了代谢水平的差异，包括蔗糖和淀粉代谢以及鞘脂信号和代谢，并且通过qPCR分析进一步验证了16个重要dep的表达水平差异。为了控制菌盖和菌柄的发育，根据途径富集结果，将几种化学诱导剂应用于子实体的原基。我们发现CaCl2可以通过抑制柄的发育来影响原基的分化。EGTA (乙二醇双 (β-氨基乙基醚)-N，N，N'，N'-四乙酸) 处理证实了Ca2在柄发育中的抑制作用。我们的研究不仅显示了帽和柄发育过程中的巨大代谢差异，而且首次揭示了指导子实体早期发育中基原分化的潜在机制。最重要的是，我们为平菇的栽培和改良提供了可靠的应用策略，可以为更多的食用菌提供示例和参考。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To study the antidiabetic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Ethanolic extract of fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus was tested for their antidiabetic activity. BALB/C mice (25-30 g) were divided into four groups of six animals each normal control mice, diabetic control mice, diabetic mice posttreated with standard drug glibenclamide and diabetic mice treated with P. ostreatus ethanolic extract. Blood glucose level, biochemical parameters such as serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL, triglyceride creatinine, urea, and Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic mice after 15 days of treatment. RESULTS:Animals treated with the ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus showed a significant decrease in serum glucose level (p < 0.01). The posttreatment with P. ostreatus extract reduced serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol. The serum HDL cholesterol was significantly increased in posttreated groups. The serum creatinine, urea levels were significantly reduced in posttreated group, whereas the decrease in the body weight was arrested by administration of P. ostreatus extract to the animals. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:The consumption of P. ostreatus produced a significant hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice and it is capable of improving hyperlipidemia and the impaired kidney functions in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Thus, indicating that the ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus could be added in the list of medicinal preparations beneficial in diabetes mellitus.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel mycovirus was isolated from a cultivated edible mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, with severe epidemic symptoms. Purification of the virus was carried out by a sequential procedure of polyethylene glycol precipitation, differential centrifugation, and equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl gradient. Nuclease digestion assay and protein analysis revealed that the virus consisted of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome of 7.8 kbp which was encapsulated by a coat protein of 22 kDa. Transmission electron microscope showed that it was spherical with a diameter of 31 nm. Since there was neither a previous report on discovery of a virus in P. eryngii, nor known mushroom viruses with similar characteristics, we concluded that this is a novel virus and thus have named it as P. e ryngii Spherical Virus (PeSV). Because of a diagnostic test would be helpful in preventing the PeSV-related disease outbreaks, we developed a triple antibody sandwich-ELISA (TAS-ELISA) system using anti-PeSV mouse monoclonal and anti-PeSV rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The TAS-ELISA system successfully detected less than 0.5 microg of the virus particles in 1 g diseased mushroom tissue collected from various commercial farms.

背景与目标： : 从栽培的食用蘑菇杏鲍菇中分离出一种新型分枝杆菌，具有严重的流行症状。病毒的纯化是通过在CsCl梯度中进行的聚乙二醇沉淀，差速离心和平衡离心的顺序程序进行的。核酸酶消化试验和蛋白质分析表明，该病毒由7.8 kbp的单链RNA (ssRNA) 基因组组成，该基因组被22 kDa的外壳蛋白包裹。透射电子显微镜显示它是球形的，直径为31 nm。由于以前没有关于在杏鲍菇中发现病毒的报道，也没有已知具有类似特征的蘑菇病毒，因此我们得出结论，这是一种新型病毒，因此将其命名为杏鲍菇球形病毒 (PeSV)。由于诊断测试有助于预防PeSV相关疾病的爆发，因此我们开发了使用抗PeSV小鼠单克隆和抗PeSV兔多克隆抗体的三重抗体夹心ELISA (TAS-ELISA) 系统。TAS-ELISA系统成功地检测到从各种商业农场收集的1 g患病蘑菇组织中少于0.5微克的病毒颗粒。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The wide industrial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) has resulted in the massive production of mushroom residues (MR) with low-efficiency utilization. In the present study, the P. eryngii enzymatic residue polysaccharide (PERP) was obtained from the P. eryngii residues. The characterization analysis showed that PERP was polysaccharides comprised of five kinds of monosaccharides with molecular weight of 2.05 × 103 Da. PERP also showed rough surface and appeared as spherical structure dispersed in aqueous solution. The animal experiment analysis demonstrated that PERP exhibited potential anti-ageing effects on the brain, liver, kidney and skin, possibly by scavenging reactive radicals, improving the antioxidant status, supressing lipid peroxidation, enhancing organ functions and ameliorating histopathological damage. These results may provide a reference for the efficient utilization of P. eryngii residues in exploring MR-derived functional foods or drugs that delay the ageing process.

背景与目标： : 杏鲍菇 (P. eryngii) 的广泛工业种植导致了低效率利用的蘑菇残渣 (MR) 的大量生产。在本研究中，从P. eryngii残基中获得了P. eryngii酶促残基多糖 (PERP)。表征分析表明，PERP是由5种单糖组成的多糖，分子量为2.05 × 103 Da。PERP还显示出粗糙的表面，并以分散在水溶液中的球形结构出现。动物实验分析表明，PERP可能通过清除反应性自由基，改善抗氧化状态，抑制脂质过氧化，增强器官功能，改善组织病理学损伤，对脑、肝、肾和皮肤具有潜在的抗衰老作用。这些结果可为有效利用eryngii残留探索MR衍生的功能性食品或延缓衰老过程的药物提供参考。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new extracellular protease (PoSl; Pleurotus ostreatus subtilisin-like protease) from P. ostreatus culture broth has been purified and characterized. PoSl is a monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 75 kDa, a pI of 4.5, and an optimum pH in the alkaline range. The inhibitory profile indicates that PoSl is a serine protease. The N-terminal and three tryptic peptide sequences of PoSl have been determined. The homology of one internal peptide with conserved sequence around the Asp residue of the catalytic triad in the subtilase family suggests that PoSl is a subtilisin-like protease. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that PoSl hydrolysis sites of the insulin B chain match those of subtilisin. PoSl activity is positively affected by calcium. A 10-fold decrease in the K(m) value in the presence of calcium ions can reflect an induced structural change in the substrate recognition site region. Furthermore, Ca(2+) binding slows PoSl autolysis, triggering the protein to form a more compact structure. These effects have already been observed for subtilisin and other serine proteases. Moreover, PoSl protease seems to play a key role in the regulation of P. ostreatus laccase activity by degrading and/or activating different isoenzymes.

背景与目标： : 已纯化并鉴定了来自P. ostreatus培养液的一种新的细胞外蛋白酶 (PoSl; 平菇枯草蛋白酶样蛋白酶)。PoSl是一种单体糖蛋白，分子量为75 kDa，pI为4.5，在碱性范围内的最佳pH。抑制特性表明PoSl是丝氨酸蛋白酶。已确定PoSl的N端和三个胰蛋白酶肽序列。在枯草杆菌酶家族中催化三联体的Asp残基周围具有保守的序列的一种内部肽的同源性表明，PoSl是一种枯草杆菌蛋白酶样蛋白酶。胰岛素B链的PoSl水解位点与枯草杆菌蛋白酶的水解位点相匹配的发现进一步支持了这一假设。PoSl活性受钙的正向影响。在钙离子存在下，K(m) 值降低10倍可以反映出诱导的底物识别位点区域的结构变化。此外，Ca(2) 结合会减慢PoSl自溶，从而触发蛋白质形成更紧凑的结构。枯草杆菌蛋白酶和其他丝氨酸蛋白酶已经观察到这些作用。此外，PoSl蛋白酶似乎通过降解和/或激活不同的同工酶在调节P. ostreatus漆酶活性中起关键作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mushroom cultivation has been started recently in Bangladesh. Awareness of the nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms is not extensive. In this study, the nutritional values of dietary mushrooms- Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajorcaju, Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica that are very popular among the cultivated mushrooms in Bangladesh have been determined. These mushrooms were rich in proteins (20~25%) and fibers (13~24% in dry samples) and contained a lower amount of lipid (4 to 5%). The carbohydrate contents ranged from 37 to 48% (on the basis of dry weight). These were also rich in mineral contents (total ash content is 8~13%). The pileus and gills were protein and lipid rich and stripe was carbohydrate and fiber-rich. The moisture content of mushrooms ranged from 86 to 87.5%. Data of this study suggest that mushrooms are rich in nutritional value.

背景与目标： : 孟加拉国最近开始种植蘑菇。对蘑菇的营养和药用重要性的认识并不广泛。在这项研究中，已经确定了在孟加拉国栽培蘑菇中非常受欢迎的饮食蘑菇-平菇，平菇，佛罗里达平菇和indica的营养价值。这些蘑菇富含蛋白质 (20〜25%) 和纤维 (干燥样品中的13〜24%)，并且含有较低量的脂质 (4〜5%)。碳水化合物含量为37至48% (基于干重)。这些矿物含量也很丰富 (总灰分为8 ~ 13%)。pileus和g富含蛋白质和脂质，条纹富含碳水化合物和纤维。蘑菇的水分含量范围为86至87.5%。这项研究的数据表明，蘑菇具有丰富的营养价值。