BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study we demonstrate the identification of phenolic compounds and the phenolic contents of the methanol extracts from stem and buds of Calligonum polygonoides with antioxidant activity. Eleven and nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified from stem and buds, respectively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). p-Coumaric acid was predominant in stem and gallic acid in buds. In general, the samples with the highest phenolic contents had the highest antioxidant activities. Stem and buds sparked attention due to their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The Results from present study reveal that the C. polygonoides could be considered as a promising source of antioxidant phytochemicals.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，我们证明了酚类化合物的鉴定以及具有抗氧化活性的caligonum polygonoides茎和芽中甲醇提取物的酚类含量。通过高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分别从茎和芽中鉴定出11种和9种酚类化合物并对其进行定量。对香豆酸在茎中占主导地位，在芽中占主导地位。通常，酚类含量最高的样品具有最高的抗氧化活性。茎和芽由于其高酚类含量和抗氧化活性而引起了人们的关注。本研究的结果表明，多角藻可被认为是抗氧化剂植物化学物质的有希望的来源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Vanillin is the main byproduct of alkaline-pretreated lignocellulosic biomass during the process of fermentable-sugar production and a potent inhibitor of ethanol production by yeast. Yeast cells are usually exposed to vanillin during the industrial production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, vanillin toxicity represents a major barrier to reducing the cost of bioethanol production. Results:In this study, we analysed the effects of oxygen-radical treatment on vanillin molecules. Our results showed that vanillin was converted to vanillic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, protocatechuic acid, methoxyhydroquinone, 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, trihydroxy-5-methoxybenzene, and their respective ring-cleaved products, which displayed decreased toxicity relative to vanillin and resulted in reduced vanillin-specific toxicity to yeast during ethanol fermentation. Additionally, after a 16-h incubation, the ethanol concentration in oxygen-radical-treated vanillin solution was 7.0-fold greater than that from non-treated solution, with similar results observed using alkaline-pretreated rice straw slurry with oxygen-radical treatment. Conclusions:This study analysed the effects of oxygen-radical treatment on vanillin molecules in the alkaline-pretreated rice straw slurry, thereby finding that this treatment converted vanillin to its derivatives, resulting in reduced vanillin toxicity to yeast during ethanol fermentation. These findings suggest that a combination of chemical and oxygen-radical treatment improved ethanol production using yeast cells, and that oxygen-radical treatment of plant biomass offers great promise for further improvements in bioethanol-production processes.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems of the body, in favour of the oxidants. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals has been linked to the development of several diseases such as cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Olive oil is the main source of fat of the Mediterranean diet which has been shown to be effective against oxidative stress associated diseases and also with the ageing. Besides its richness in monounsaturated fatty acid, the oleic acid, olive oil contains minor components with antioxidant properties. Here, we update the state of the art, and degree of evidence, of the body of knowledge concerning the protective role on lipids and lipid oxidative damage in humans of the olive oil phenolic compounds.

背景与目标： 氧化应激被定义为身体的氧化剂和抗氧化系统之间的不平衡，有利于氧化剂。自由基产生的氧化应激与心血管，癌症和神经退行性疾病等多种疾病的发展有关。橄榄油是地中海饮食的主要脂肪来源，已被证明对氧化应激相关疾病和衰老有效。除了富含单不饱和脂肪酸，油酸，橄榄油还含有具有抗氧化特性的次要成分。在这里，我们更新了有关橄榄油酚类化合物对人体脂质和脂质氧化损伤的保护作用的知识体系的最新技术和证据程度。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :One novel phloroglucinol, psidosone A (1), and two new phenolic glycosides, psidoside A (2), and psidoside B (3), together with nine known phenol compounds (4-12), were isolated from the fruits of Psidium littorale Raddi. Their structures were elucidated using data obtained from MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and correlation experiments (HMQC and HMBC), as well as by comparison with published data.

背景与目标： : 从Psidium littorale Raddi的果实中分离出一种新型的间苯三酚A (1) 和两种新的酚类糖苷A (2) 和psidoside B (3) 以及九种已知的苯酚化合物 (4-12)。使用从MS，1h和13C NMR光谱获得的数据以及相关实验 (HMQC和HMBC) 以及与公开数据的比较，阐明了它们的结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the Chinese Spring × SQ1 wheat cross (CSDH) was used to evaluate additive and epistatic gene action effects on total phenolic content, grain yield of the main stem, grain number per plant, thousand grain weight, and dry weight per plant at harvest based on phenotypic and genotypic observations of CSDH lines. These traits were evaluated under moderate and severe drought stress and compared with well-watered plants. Plants were grown in pots in an open-sided greenhouse. Genetic parameters, such as additive and epistatic effects, affecting total phenolic content, were estimated for eight year-by-drought combinations. Twenty-one markers showed a significant additive effect on total phenolic content in all eight year-by-drought combinations. These markers were located on chromosomes: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4A, and 4D. A region on 4AL with a stable QTL controlling the phenolic content, confirmed by various statistical methods is particularly noteworthy. In all years and treatments, three markers significantly linked to QTLs have been identified for both phenols and yield. Thirteen markers were coincident with candidate genes. Our results indicated the importance of both additive and epistatic gene effects on total phenolic content in eight year-by-drought combinations.

背景与目标： : 使用来自中国春季 × SQ1小麦杂交 (CSDH) 的94个品系的双倍单倍体种群来评估加性和上位性基因对总酚含量，主茎籽粒产量，单株籽粒数，千粒重的影响，根据CSDH系的表型和基因型观察，收获时每株植物的干重。在中度和重度干旱胁迫下评估了这些性状，并与浇水良好的植物进行了比较。植物生长在开放式温室的花盆中。估计了八年干旱组合的遗传参数，例如累加和上位效应，会影响总酚含量。在所有8年干旱组合中，21个标记对总酚含量均显示出显着的累加效应。这些标记位于染色体上: 1A，1B，2A，2B，2D，3A，3B，3D，4A和4D。通过各种统计方法证实，在4AL上具有控制酚含量的稳定QTL的区域特别值得注意。在所有年份和治疗中，已经确定了三种与qtl显着相关的酚类和产量标记。13个标记与候选基因一致。我们的结果表明，在八年干旱的组合中，加性和上位基因对总酚含量的影响都很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rhizomes of Astilbe rivularis, commonly known as 'Thulo Okhati' are widely used in Nepal as tonic for uterine and menstrual disorders. In our preliminary study, the 70% MeOH extract of the rhizomes showed potent antioxidant activity. Hence, present study was aimed for the isolation of potent antioxidant constituents. Bergenin (1), 11-O-galloylbergenin (2), (+)-catechin (3), (-)-catechin (4), (-)-afzelechin (5), (-)-epiafzelechin (6) and 2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxylbenzenacetonitrile (7) were isolated from the rhizomes. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All these isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. 11-O-Galloylbergenin (2), (+)-catechin (3), (-)-catechin (4), (-)-afzelechin (5) and (-)-epiafzelechin (6) showed potent antioxidant activity.

背景与目标： : 落新鸟的根茎，通常被称为 “thulo okhathis”，在尼泊尔被广泛用作子宫和月经失调的补品。在我们的初步研究中，根茎的70% MeOH提取物显示出强大的抗氧化活性。因此，本研究旨在隔离有效的抗氧化剂成分。Bergenin (1)，11-O-没食子酰Bergenin (2)，(+)-儿茶素 (3)，(-)-儿茶素 (4)，(-)-afzelechin (5)，从根茎中分离出 (-)-epiafzelechin (6) 和2-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖氧基)-4-羟基苯乙腈 (7)。根据光谱方法阐明了这些化合物的结构。通过1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶肼基 (DPPH) 自由基清除试验评估了所有这些分离的化合物的体外抗氧化活性。11-O-没食子酰bergenin (2)，()-儿茶素 (3)，(-)-儿茶素 (4)，(-)-afzelechin (5) 和 (-)-epiafzelechin (6) 显示出强大的抗氧化活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new phenolic esters 9-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-alpha-terpineol (1) and 7-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-taedol (2), both endowed with free radical scavenger activity and cleroda-3,13 (E)-dien-15,18-diol (3) for which a cis stereochemistry at the decalin junction was found, were isolated from the resinous exudate from Haplopappus taeda upper parts.

背景与目标： : 两种新的酚酯9-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-alpha-terpineol (1) 和7-反式-香豆素氧基-taedol (2)，均具有自由基清除剂活性和cleroda-3，13 (E)-dien-15，18-二醇 (3)，在十氢萘连接处发现了顺式立体化学，是从taeda上部的树脂状渗出液中分离出来的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amperometric principle-based biosensor containing immobilized enzyme laccase from Trametes versicolor was developed for detection of ortho-substituted phenolic derivatives. Different immobilization methods for Trametes versicolor laccase enzyme on cellophane membrane and the enhancement of operational stability of the immobilized enzyme electrode using various protein-based stabilizing agents were studied. Among tested methods of immobilization, co-cross-linking method with bovine serum albumin was superior to the other methods in terms of sensitivity, limit of detection, response time, and operating and thermal stability. Biosensor response reached steady state within 3 min and exhibited maximum activity at 45 °C and pH 6.8. The sensitivity of the ortho-substituted phenols for the test biosensor developed with co-cross-linking method of immobilization using bovine serum albumin as the protein-based stabilizing agent was in the order: 2-aminophenol > guaiacol(2-methoxyphenol) > catechol(2-hydroxyphenol) > cresol(2-methyl phenol) > 2-chlorophenol. Validation of the newly developed biosensor by comparison with HPLC showed good agreement in the results. A newly developed biosensor was applied for quantification of ortho-substituted phenols in simulated effluent samples.

背景与目标： : 开发了一种基于安培原理的生物传感器，该传感器包含来自versicolor的固定化酶漆酶，用于检测邻位取代的酚类衍生物。研究了在玻璃纸膜上固定云芝漆酶的不同方法，以及使用各种基于蛋白质的稳定剂提高固定化酶电极的操作稳定性。在固定的测试方法中，牛血清白蛋白共交联法在灵敏度，检测限，响应时间以及操作和热稳定性方面均优于其他方法。生物传感器响应在3分钟内达到稳态，并在45 °C和pH 6.8下表现出最大活性。使用牛血清白蛋白作为蛋白质稳定剂的共交联固定化方法开发的测试生物传感器的邻位取代酚的灵敏度依次为: 2-氨基苯酚> 愈创木酚 (2-甲氧基苯酚)> 邻苯二酚 (2-羟基苯酚)> 甲酚 (2-甲基苯酚)> 2-氯酚。通过与HPLC进行比较，对新开发的生物传感器进行了验证，结果显示出良好的一致性。新开发的生物传感器用于定量模拟废水样品中的邻位取代酚。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study investigated the antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of seed extracts from three grape cultivars grown in Iran. Folin Ciocalteu method was used for the determination of the total phenolic contents and GC-MS was used for the analysis of phenolic compositions. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The highest and the lowest total phenolic contents of seed extract were found in the black and green grape, respectively. The content of individual phenols such as Frulic acid, Gentistic acid, Syringic acid, (+) Catechin, Chlorogenic acid and (-)- Epicatchin gallate was cultivars dependent. The antioxidant activity of the seed extracts ranged from 34.03% (Green) to 53.63% (Black). Generally, the Black grape seed extract with the total phenolic content (3 ± 0.01 mg tannic acid/g DM), DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%), IC50 and AEAC (7.41 and 16.92 mg/mL) showed the highest level of total antioxidant capacity.

背景与目标： : 本研究调查了伊朗种植的三个葡萄品种种子提取物的抗氧化活性和酚类成分。Folin Ciocalteu方法用于测定总酚含量，gc-ms用于分析酚类成分。1,1-二苯基-2-吡啶肼基 (DPPH) 方法用于评估抗氧化活性。在黑色和绿色葡萄中，种子提取物的总酚含量最高和最低。单个酚的含量，例如fruic酸，龙胆酸，丁香酸，() 儿茶素，绿原酸和 (-)-表卡钦没食子酸酯。种子提取物的抗氧化活性范围为34.03% (绿色) 至53.63% (黑色)。总酚含量 (3 ± 0.01 mg单宁酸/g DM)，DPPH (53.63 ± 0.34%)，IC50和AEAC (7.41和16.92 mg/ml) 的黑葡萄籽提取物的总抗氧化能力最高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Radicals from the flavonoids quercetin, (+)-catechin, (+/-)-taxifolin and luteolin, and from all-rac-alpha-tocopherol have been generated electrochemically by one-electron oxidation in deaerated dimethylformamide (DMF), and characterised by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) after spin-trapping by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Simulations of the ESR spectrum based on estimated coupling constants of the spin-trapped quercetin radical, confirmed that this antioxidant radical is oxygen-centered. The complex mixture of radicals, quinoid intermediates and stable two-electron oxidation products, were for each antioxidant allowed to react with each of the four other antioxidants, and the progression of reaction followed by ESR after addition of DMPO, and the product solution further analysed by HPLC. All-rac-alpha-tocopherol was found to be most efficient in regenerating each of the other antioxidants from their oxidation products with a regeneration index (defined as moles regenerated of the oxidised phenolic antioxidant divided with moles of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol consumed) of 0.90+/-0.16 for quercetin, 0.48+/-0.11 for (+)-catechin, 0.48+/-0.06 for (+/-)-taxifolin and 0.50+/-0.10 for luteolin in equimolar 1.00 mM solution. Quercetin was found to have the highest regeneration index among the flavonoids: 0.88+/-0.13 for (+/-)-catechin, 0.41+/-0.03 for (+/-)-taxifolin and 0.41+/-0.02 for luteolin. The antioxidant hierarchy based on the reduction potentials determined by cyclic voltammetry under similar conditions (0.93 V for all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, 1.07 V for quercetin, 1.15 V for luteolin, 1.16V for (+)-catechin and 1.20 V for (+/-)-taxifolin) is compared with the observed over-all regeneration (34% for quercetin, 34% for (+)-catechin, 52% for (+/-)-taxifolin and 43% for luteolin by all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

背景与目标： : 黄酮类化合物槲皮素，(+)-儿茶素，(+/-)-紫杉素和木犀草素以及全rac-α-生育酚的自由基是通过脱气二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF) 中的单电子氧化而产生的，并以5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-n-氧化物 (DMPO) 自旋俘获后的电子自旋共振谱 (ESR) 为特征。基于自旋捕获的槲皮素自由基的估计耦合常数的ESR光谱模拟，证实了该抗氧化剂自由基是以氧为中心的。自由基，醌中间体和稳定的两电子氧化产物的复杂混合物，使每种抗氧化剂与其他四种抗氧化剂中的每一种反应，并在反应过程中加入DMPO后进行ESR，并将产物溶液进一步通过HPLC分析。发现全rac-α-生育酚最有效地从其氧化产物中再生其他抗氧化剂，其再生指数 (定义为氧化的酚类抗氧化剂再生的摩尔数与消耗的全rac-α-生育酚的摩尔数) 为槲皮素的0.90 +/-0.16，在等摩尔1.00 mM溶液中，()-儿茶素的0.48/-0.11，(/-)-紫杉素的0.48/-0.06和木犀草素的0.50/-0.10。发现槲皮素在类黄酮中具有最高的再生指数: (/-)-儿茶素为0.88/-0.13，(/-)-紫杉素为0.41/-0.03，木犀草素为0.41/-0.02。基于在相似条件下通过循环伏安法确定的还原电位的抗氧化剂等级 (全rac-α-生育酚为0.93 V，槲皮素为1.07 V，木犀草素为1.15 V，(+)-儿茶素1.16V，(+/-)-紫杉素1.20 V) 与观察到的整体再生 (槲皮素34%，(+)-儿茶素34%，(+/-)-紫杉素的52% 和木犀草素的43%)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Although continuous research has been conducted on the biological activities of myrtle and the characterisation of its essential oil, few studies have focused on its phenolic composition despite major beneficial properties. OBJECTIVE:To carry out a comprehensive characterisation of infusion and methanolic extract from myrtle leaves by UPLC-QTOF/MS. METHODS:Myrtle-leaf infusions, prepared using deionised water, and the methanolic extracts were analysed by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI/QTOF/MS). The MS and MS/MS experiments were conducted using the negative-ionisation mode, in order to provide molecular-mass information and production spectra of the compounds for structural elucidation. RESULTS:The analytical method applied enabled the characterisation of several compounds such as gallic acid and galloyl derivatives, ellagic acid and derivatives, hexahydroxydiphenolyl and derivatives, flavonoids, lignans and gallomyrtucommulones. Flavonoids, ellagic acid and its derivatives and gallic acid and its derivatives formed the major fractions. CONCLUSION:UPLC combined with QTOF/MS is a powerful analytical method for characterising infusions and alcoholic extracts from myrtle leaves.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Five new phenolic glycosides, hedyotosides A-E (1-5), including a new cyanogenic glycoside (1), along with 10 known compounds (6-15) were isolated from the whole plants of Hedyotis scandens. The structures of compounds 1-5 were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses and acid hydrolysis. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Compounds 6 and 15 showed anti-RSV effects with IC(50) values of 20 and 25 μg/mL, respectively.

背景与目标： : 从Hedyotis scandens的整个植物中分离出五种新的酚类糖苷，hedyotosides A-E (1-5)，包括一种新的氰基糖苷 (1) 以及10种已知化合物 (6-15)。通过广泛的光谱分析和酸水解建立了化合物1-5的结构。用细胞病变效应 (CPE) 还原试验评估所有分离的化合物对呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV) 的体外抗病毒活性。化合物6和15表现出抗RSV作用，IC(50) 值分别为20和25 μ g/mL。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Chishao, CS) and Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong, CX) were widely used as a drug pair in Chinese Medicine, and the combination of CS and CX showed a more significant inhibition on neuronal apoptosis in our previous study. In the present study, total paeony glycosides (TPGs) from CS and total ligustici phenolic acids (TLPAs) from CX were combined to evaluate the synergistic effects against focal cerebral ischemia both in vitro and in vivo. The combination of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 had the best anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effect on OGD-induced HUVEC. Additionally, the infarction area proportion and neuron apoptosis of rats by TPGs:TLPAs (7:3) was significantly lower than their alone in MCAO rats. Moreover, TPGs: TLPAs of 7:3 showed a more significant effect on decreasing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and increasing the protein expression or mRNA level of TIMP-1 than other combinations. The optimal ratio of TPGs and TLPAs at 7:3 could bring more remarkable protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in MCAO rats by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and neuronal apoptosis to protect the blood-brain barrier. Overall, the present study provided benefical evidence for clinical application of CS and CX as a "drug pair".

背景与目标： : 芍药的根。(Chishao，CS) 和川芎。(川芎，CX) 在中药中被广泛用作药物对，在我们先前的研究中，CS和CX的组合对神经元凋亡表现出更明显的抑制作用。在本研究中，将来自CS的总pa苷 (TPGs) 和来自CX的总ligustici酚酸 (TLPAs) 组合在一起，以评估体外和体内对局灶性脑缺血的协同作用。7:3时TPGs和TLPAs的组合对OGD诱导的HUVEC具有最佳的抗氧化应激和抗炎作用。此外，在MCAO大鼠中，TPGs: tlpa (7:3) 对大鼠的梗死面积比例和神经元凋亡显着低于单独使用。此外，与其他组合相比，7:3的TPGs: tlpa在降低MMP-2和MMP-9的表达以及增加TIMP-1的蛋白表达或mRNA水平方面显示出更显着的作用。7:3 TPGs和TLPAs的最佳比例可以通过减轻氧化应激，炎症和神经元凋亡来保护血脑屏障，从而对MCAO大鼠局灶性脑缺血产生更明显的保护作用。总体而言，本研究为CS和CX作为 “药物对” 的临床应用提供了有益的证据。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Two new sempervirol type diterpenes, inumakiols A, B, and six new totarol type diterpenes, inumakiols C-H, were isolated from a methanolic extract of bark of Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae), along with one known abietane, two known totarol type diterpenes, and one known totarol type diterpene dimer. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by the spectroscopic methods. Some of them possessed antibacterial activity against oral pathogenic microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 3.1 to 25 ppm.

背景与目标： : 从罗汉松 (Podocarpaceae) 的树皮的甲醇提取物中分离出两种新的sempervirol型二萜inumakiols A，B和六种新的totarol型二萜inumakiols c-h，以及一种已知的abietane，两种已知的totarol型二萜和一种已知的totarol型二萜二聚体。通过光谱方法阐明了新化合物的结构。它们中的一些具有对口腔病原微生物的抗菌活性，其最小抑菌浓度 (MIC) 值为3.1至25 ppm。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos, used as raw material for topical and oral photoprotective formulations, was fractioned by HPLC and the main components with antioxidant capability were identified by means of UV spectra, electrochemical detection, and MSn. Phenolic compounds were identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acid, ferulic acid, and five chlorogenic acid isomers. Total ferric antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of HPLC eluted fractions was measured. The results suggest that the herein identified compounds support, at least partially, the antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities of Fernblock.

背景与目标： : Fernblock是一种蕨类植物多裙化物的地上部分的水提取物，用作局部和口服光保护制剂的原料，通过HPLC分馏，并通过UV光谱鉴定具有抗氧化能力的主要成分，电化学检测和MSn。酚类化合物被鉴定为3,4-二羟基苯甲酸，4-羟基苯甲酸，香草酸，咖啡酸，4-羟基肉桂酸，4-羟基肉桂酸基奎宁酸，阿魏酸和五种绿原酸异构体。测量HPLC洗脱级分的总铁抗氧化能力 (FRAP)。结果表明，本文鉴定的化合物至少部分支持Fernblock的抗氧化剂和自由基清除能力。