BACKGROUND & AIMS: Objective:Describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and resistance profile of cases of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) diagnosed in Peru from 2013 to 2015. Methods:This descriptive study included patients who met the definition of XDR-TB and were reported to the national epidemiological surveillance system of Peru's Ministry of Health. It used a descriptive analysis and, to identify spatial distribution, a heat map based on kernel density estimation. Results:It was estimated that XDR-TB cases diagnosed as new represented 7.3% of all multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases reported during the study period; 74% of patients were aged 15 to 44 years old; and the male-female ratio was 1.7. Half of the country's departments reported at least one case of XDR-TB, and 42% of new cases had no history of resistance or previous treatment. In the other half of the departments, the majority had previous MDR and pre-XDR resistance. Among the cases, 57.7% presented resistance to 5 and 7 first- and second-line drugs and 41.6% presented resistance to 8 and 10 drugs. Conclusions:This study offers important details of the epidemiological profile of XDR-TB in Peru, where there has been an increase in cases of primary XDR-TB; that is, cases with no prior history of disease. Furthermore, this form of tuberculosis has spread to a greater number of departments in the country. Objetivo:Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas e o perfil de resistência dos casos de tuberculose extremamente resistente (TB-XDR) diagnosticados no Peru entre 2013 e 2015. Métodos:Estudo descritivo que incluiu pacientes que cumpriam a definição de TB-XDR e foram notificados ao sistema nacional de vigilância epidemiológica do Ministério da Saúde do Peru. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva e elaborado um mapa de calor (heat map) com base na estimativa de densidade de Kernel para identificar a distribuição espacial. Resultados:Estimou-se que os casos de TB-XDR diagnosticados como novos representaram 7,3% do número total de casos de tuberculose multidrogarresistente (TB-MDR) notificados no período do estudo, 74% dos casos tiveram entre 15 e 44 anos de idade, e a relação homem/mulher foi de 1,7. A metade dos departamentos notificou pelo menos um caso de TB-XDR, e 42% dos casos novos não tinham histórico de resistência ou tratamento prévio. Na outra metade dos departamentos, a maioria tinha resistência prévia do tipo MDR e pré-XDR. Ao todo, 57,7% dos casos apresentaram resistência a 5 e 7 medicamentos e 41,6% apresentaram resistência a 8 e 10 medicamentos de primeira e segunda linha. Conclusões:Este estudo apresenta detalhes importantes do perfil epidemiológico da TB-XDR no Peru, onde se observa um aumento no número de casos de TB-XDR primária, isto é, casos sem histórico de doença anterior. Além disso, esta forma de TB estendeu-se a um maior número de departamentos do país.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Six strains of extremely halophilic bacteria were isolated from several crystallizer ponds of the Maras solar salterns in the Peruvian Andes. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, G+C contents and DNA-DNA hybridization results, the six isolates constituted a genomically homogeneous group affiliated with the Gammaproteobacteria. The closest relatives were members of the halophilic genera Halovibrio and Halospina, which showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities below 97 % and whole-genome hybridization levels below 33 % for the type strain, 7Sm5(T). From the genomic and phenotypic properties of the six novel isolates and phylogenetic reconstruction based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, they can be considered to represent a novel genus within the Gammaproteobacteria. On the basis of the taxonomic study, a novel genus, Salicola gen. nov., is proposed containing the single species Salicola marasensis sp. nov., which is the type species. The type strain of Salicola marasensis is 7Sm5(T) (=CECT 7107(T)=CIP 108835(T)).

背景与目标： : 从秘鲁安第斯山脉的Maras太阳盐沼的几个结晶器池中分离出六株极嗜盐细菌。根据16S rRNA基因序列相似性，G C含量和dna-dna杂交结果，这六个分离株构成了与Gammaproteobacteria相关的基因组同质组。最接近的近亲是嗜盐属Halovibrio和Halospina的成员，它们在类型菌株7Sm5(T) 的情况下显示16S rRNA基因序列相似性低于97%，全基因组杂交水平低于33%。根据六个新分离株的基因组和表型特性以及基于16S rRNA基因序列分析的系统发育重建，可以认为它们代表了Gammaproteobacteria中的一个新属。在分类学研究的基础上，提出了一个新的属Salicola gen。11月，其中包含单一物种Salicola marasensis sp。11月，这是类型种。盐藻的类型菌株为7Sm5(T) (= CECT 7107(T)= CIP 108835(T))。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Chlamydia trachomatis, which is asymptomatic in most women, causes significant adverse effects for pregnant women and neonates. No programmes conduct antenatal screening in Latin America. We determined chlamydia prevalence, feasibility and acceptability of chlamydia screening, and adherence to treatment in pregnant women in two urban public hospitals in Lima, Peru. METHODS:We offered chlamydia screening using self-collected vaginal swabs to pregnant women ≥ 16 years of age during their first antenatal visit. Chlamydia-infected women were contacted within 14 days and asked to bring partners for counselling and directly observed therapy with oral azithromycin. Unaccompanied women received counselling, directly observed therapy, and azithromycin to take to partners. Test of cure was performed ≥ 3 weeks after treatment. RESULTS:We approached 640 women for the study and enrolled 600 (93.8%). Median age was 27.3 years (range 16-47), median lifetime partners 2.3 (range 1-50), and median gestational age 26.1 weeks (range 4-41). Chlamydia prevalence was 10% (95% CI 7.7% to 12.7%). Of 60 infected patients, 59 (98%) were treated with one dose of azithromycin. Fifty-two of 59 (88%) returned for test of cure, all of whom were treated successfully, with 46 (86%) achieving negative test of cure with one dose of azithromycin, and 6 (12%) after retreatment with a second dose. CONCLUSIONS:C. trachomatis screening and treatment in pregnancy was feasible and highly acceptable in two urban hospitals in Peru. Chlamydia prevalence was high. Clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and cost-effectiveness of chlamydia screening, and treatment of pregnant women to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in low-resource settings, are warranted.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Surface-mediated disease transmission is understudied in developing countries, particularly in light of the evidence that surface concentrations of fecal bacteria typically exceed concentrations in developed countries by 10- to 100-fold. In this study, we examined fecal indicator bacterial contamination of dinner plates at 21 households in four peri-urban communities in the Peruvian Amazon. We also used surveys to estimate household use of and demand for surface disinfectants at 280 households. Despite detecting total coliform, enterococci, and Escherichia coli on 86%, 43%, and 24% of plates sampled, respectively, less than one-third of households were regularly using bleach to disinfect surfaces. Among non-users of bleach, only 3.2% of respondents reported a new demand for bleach, defined as a high likelihood of using bleach within the next year. This study highlights the potential for marketing approaches to increase use of and demand for surface disinfectants to improve domestic hygiene.

背景与目标： : 在发展中国家，对表面介导的疾病传播的研究不足，特别是鉴于有证据表明，粪便细菌的表面浓度通常比发达国家的浓度高出10至100倍。在这项研究中，我们检查了秘鲁亚马逊地区四个城市周围社区的21户家庭的餐盘粪便指示细菌污染。我们还使用调查来估计280家庭对表面消毒剂的家庭使用和需求。尽管分别在86%，43% 和24% 采样的平板上检测到总大肠菌群，肠球菌和大肠杆菌，但仍有不到3分之1的家庭定期使用漂白剂对表面进行消毒。在非漂白剂使用者中，只有3.2% 的受访者报告了对漂白剂的新需求，定义为在下一年内使用漂白剂的可能性很高。这项研究强调了营销方法的潜力，以增加对表面消毒剂的使用和需求，以改善家庭卫生。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most candidate HIV vaccines are directed at priming memory T cell responses and are being evaluated on their effects on post acquisition viremia and/or disease progression. These vaccines are being studied in areas of high HIV-1 prevalence. As such, we evaluated the frequency of CD4+ T cell decline and time course of opportunistic infections of patients presenting at a major metropolitan hospital in Lima, Peru, an area where such candidate vaccines are being tested. We examined 92 patients with untreated HIV-1 in calendar year 2002: 35% presented with CD4+ T cell counts of <200, 25% between 201 and 400, and 17% with >400 cells/mm3, 30 of 92 patients presented with overt AIDS, 6 were without an AIDS defining OI but CD4 counts <200. Over the course of follow-up, CD4 count decreased by a mean of 31 cells/mm3/year in women and 28 in men (p>0.5). Among persons presenting with CD4 counts >250 cells/mm3, the median time to first OI was 3.5 years. If clinical endpoints are required to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of T cell based vaccines, extended clinical follow-up of subjects enrolled in such trials will be required.

背景与目标： : 大多数候选HIV疫苗都针对启动记忆T细胞反应，并正在评估其对获取后病毒血症和/或疾病进展的影响。这些疫苗正在HIV-1高流行的地区进行研究。因此，我们评估了在秘鲁利马的一家主要大都会医院就诊的患者的CD4 T细胞下降的频率和机会性感染的时间过程，该地区正在测试此类候选疫苗。我们在日历2002年中检查了92例未经治疗的HIV-1患者: 35% 例CD4 T细胞计数 <200，25% 201至400之间，17% 例> 400细胞/mm3，92例患者中有30例患有明显的AIDS，6例没有定义OI的AIDS，但CD4计数 <200。在随访过程中，女性CD4计数平均减少31个细胞/mm3/年，男性减少28个 (p>0.5)。在CD4计数> 250细胞/mm3的人中，首次OI的中位时间为3.5年。如果需要临床终点来评估基于T细胞的疫苗的临床有效性，则需要对参加此类试验的受试者进行长期的临床随访。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Several potyviruses are found infecting sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Peru, of which sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV, genus Potyvirus) is the most common. However, sequence data for these viruses are not available from Peru. In this study, the 3'-terminal approximately 1,800 nucleotide sequences of 17 potyvirus samples collected from the six main sweet potato-producing areas of Peru over the past 20 years were determined and analyzed. Results of sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis showed that three of the four recognized SPFMV strain groups, including the East African strain, are established in Peru as well as two other potyviruses: sweet potato virus G (SPVG) and sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2). The analysis further revealed that SPFMV, SPVG and SPV2 are related and form an Ipomoea-specific phylogenetic lineage within the genus Potyvirus and identified for the first time recombination events between viruses from different strain groups of SPFMV.

背景与目标： : 在秘鲁发现了几种poty病毒感染甘薯 (Ipomoea batatas)，其中甘薯羽毛状斑驳病毒 (SPFMV，Poty病毒属) 最常见。但是，这些病毒的序列数据无法从秘鲁获得。在这项研究中，确定并分析了过去20年从秘鲁六个主要甘薯产区收集的17个马铃薯病毒样品的3' 末端约1,800个核苷酸序列。序列比较和系统发育分析的结果表明，在秘鲁建立了四个公认的SPFMV毒株组中的三个，包括东非毒株，以及另外两个poty病毒: 甘薯病毒G (SPVG) 和甘薯病毒2 (SPV2)。分析进一步表明，SPFMV，SPVG和SPV2是相关的，并在Potyvirus属内形成了番薯特异性系统发育谱系，并首次鉴定了来自SPFMV不同毒株组的病毒之间的重组事件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: : Background: Helicobacter pylori prevalence and gastric cancer rates are remarkably high in Peru. Effective antimicrobial regimens are essential for successful H. pylori eradication. We aimed at assessing antimicrobial resistance rates to first- and second-line therapeutic agents in H. pylori strains detected in gastric biopsy samples. Materials and Methods: Gastric biopsy samples (antrum and corpus) were collected from therapy-naive patients (n = 154). H. pylori presence in the samples was confirmed by histopathology. Genotypic resistance to clarithromycin and quinolones was determined by real-time PCR. Results: Histology results were 100% concordant with PCR results (97/154; 63% H. pylori-positive in both). In 6% (6/97) of the patients, we found discordant results of H. pylori infection in antrum and corpus samples from the same patient. Resistance rates to clarithromycin and quinolone were 34% (33/97) and 68% (56/82), respectively. Antimicrobial resistance to both antimicrobials was 30% (25/82). Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance rates of H. pylori to clarithromycin and quinolones are very high in Lima, Peru. Many first- and second-line, empiric eradication regimens may not be recommended for Peruvian patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: SETTING:In 2003, Peru and Bolivia reported the highest annual tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates in the Americas. Neighboring Colombia and Chile had lower annual incidence rates despite their proximity. OBJECTIVE:To determine what factors contribute to differences in TB incidence rates among Chile, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. DESIGN:Multiple sources of literature dating between 1990 and 2005 were used and World Health Organization TB control guidelines were consulted for policy level comparisons. RESULTS:Comprehensive implementation of the DOTS strategy is the main factor explaining the differences in TB incidence rates, even after considering socio-economic factors. CONCLUSION:Cross-national comparisons suggest ways to improve regional DOTS implementation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 in Peruvian HIV-1-positive subjects, and found a 10.1% prevalence in a consecutive series of 318 HIV-1-positive patients living in Lima. Phylogenetic analysis of the long terminal repeat of 10 patient isolates showed that all of them belonged to the HTLV-1aA (Transcontinental) subgroup. Although the majority of the Peruvian sequences included in the analysis formed a clade with other Latin American sequences, the isolates of three patients clustered significantly with South African strains. These data show a high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in HIV-1-positive subjects living in Lima and confirm the presence in Latin America of HTLV-1 strains probably arising from South Africa.

背景与目标： : 我们调查了秘鲁HIV-1-positive受试者中1型人类T细胞淋巴细胞病毒的患病率和分子流行病学，并在连续318名HIV-1-positive患者中发现了10.1% 的患病率。对10个患者分离株的长末端重复序列的系统发育分析表明，它们全部属于HTLV-1aA (跨大陆) 亚组。尽管分析中包含的大多数秘鲁序列与其他拉丁美洲序列形成了进化枝，但三名患者的分离株与南非菌株显着聚集。这些数据表明，生活在利马的HIV-1-positive受试者中HTLV-1感染的患病率很高，并证实了拉丁美洲可能来自南非的HTLV-1菌株的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tuberculosis control is hampered by the widespread increase in multidrug resistance. Rapid drug susceptibility testing would greatly aid in the adequate treatment of the disease. This study evaluates the usefulness of the colorimetric method using Alamar Blue for the rapid detection of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid in 63 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Peru. Results obtained by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and measures of gain in certainty showed greater diagnostic accuracy than with the gold standard, the proportion method on Löwenstein-Jensen medium.

背景与目标： : 多药耐药性的广泛增加阻碍了结核病的控制。快速的药物敏感性测试将极大地帮助该疾病的适当治疗。这项研究评估了使用Alamar Blue的比色法在秘鲁63种结核分枝杆菌临床分离株中快速检测对利福平和异烟肼的耐药性的有用性。通过接收器工作特性曲线分析和确定性增益测量获得的结果显示出比金标准 (Löwenstein-Jensen培养基上的比例方法) 更高的诊断准确性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Balamuthia mandrillaris is an opportunistic free-living amoeba that has been reported to cause skin lesions and the fatal Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE) in humans and other animals. Currently, around 200 human BAE cases have been reported worldwide, although this number is considered to be underestimated. The highest number of BAE cases has been reported in the American continent, mainly in the southwest of the USA. Peru seems to be another hotspot for BAE with around 55 human cases having been identified, usually involving cutaneous infection, especially lesions in the central face area. The isolation of Balamuthia from environmental sources has been reported on only three prior occasions, twice from Californian soils and once from dust in Iran and so it seems that this amoeba is relatively rarely encountered in samples from the environment. We investigated that possibility of finding the amoebae in soil samples from different regions where clinical cases have been reported in Peru. Twenty-one samples were cultured in non-nutrient agar plates and were checked for the presence of B. mandrillaris-like trophozoites and/or cysts. Those samples that were positive for these amoebae by microscopic criteria were then confirmed by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene of B. mandrillaris. We have detected the presence of B. mandrillaris in four samples collected in the regions of Piura (3) and Lima (1) where infection cases have been previously reported. We hypothesize that B. mandrillaris is present in Peru in soil and dust which therefore constitutes a source of the infection for the BAE cases previously reported in this country. Further studies should be carried out in the area to confirm the generality of this finding.

背景与目标： : Balamuthia mandrillaris是一种机会主义的自由生活的变形虫，据报道会在人类和其他动物中引起皮肤病变和致命的Balamuthia阿米巴脑炎 (BAE)。目前，全世界已经报道了大约200例人类BAE病例，尽管这一数字被认为被低估了。在美洲大陆，主要是在美国西南部，报告的BAE病例数量最多。秘鲁似乎是BAE的另一个热点，已发现约55例人类病例，通常涉及皮肤感染，尤其是中央面部区域的病变。以前只有三次报道过从环境中分离出Balamuthia，两次是从加利福尼亚的土壤中分离出来的，一次是从伊朗的灰尘中分离出来的，因此似乎在环境样品中很少遇到这种变形虫。我们调查了在秘鲁报道了临床病例的不同地区的土壤样品中发现变形虫的可能性。在非营养琼脂平板中培养了21个样品，并检查了曼氏杆菌样滋养体和/或囊肿的存在。然后通过PCR扩增和对曼氏杆菌线粒体16S rDNA基因进行DNA测序，确认了通过显微镜标准对这些变形虫呈阳性的样品。我们已经在Piura (3) 和Lima (1) 地区收集的四个样本中检测到曼氏杆菌的存在，这些地区以前曾报道过感染病例。我们假设秘鲁的土壤和灰尘中存在曼氏杆菌，因此构成了该国先前报道的BAE病例的感染源。应在该地区进行进一步研究，以确认这一发现的普遍性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal mortality. The vaginal microbiome is associated with PTB, but results vary across racial/ethnic populations. Some evidence suggests gestational age affects this association. We investigated these associations in a novel population, conducting a post hoc analysis assessing if associations differed between women swabbed at different gestational ages. METHODS:We compared vaginal microbiomes from women with PTB (n = 25) to a random sample of women with term births (n = 100) among participants in the Pregnancy Outcomes, Maternal and Infant Study, conducted in Lima, Peru. Using DADA2, we identified taxa from 16S DNA sequencing and used Dirichlet multinomial mixture models to group into community state types (CSTs). RESULTS:If gestational age at sampling was not considered, no CST (diverse, Lactobacillus-dominated or Lactobacillus iners-dominated), was associated with PTB. Among women sampled before 12 weeks' gestation, women with Lactobacillus-dominated CSTs were less likely to have a PTB than those with a diverse CST. Among those swabbed between 12 and 16 weeks' gestation, the reverse was true. CONCLUSIONS:Our study supports previous literature suggesting that what constitutes a healthy vaginal microbiome varies by race/ethnicity. Longitudinal studies are necessary to disentangle effects of vaginal microbiome differences over gestation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Embryo donation displays special characteristics within the Latin American context, where spare cryopreserved embryos are not currently available as is the case of industrialized countries. The Catholic church also plays a significant role. The need to regulate ethically and legally the practice of embryo donation suggests that we need to take into account the opinions from the main key players: patients, health professionals, and society. The objective of this study is to explore the patients perceptions vis a vis potential embryo donation for research purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A descriptive, cross-sectional design included a tape recorded semi-structured interview administered to 32 patients attending a private clinic in Lima, Peru. Participants had undergone complex techniques of assisted fertilization (FIV and ICSI). The verbal Gottschalk analytical method was used to identify predominant anxiety manifestations in the interviews. RESULTS:The most common types of anxiety associated with embryo donation for research in this group of participants were guilt, separation anxiety and shame. Divided by gender, the more common types of anxiety reported by men were guilt, shame and separation anxiety. Women reported guilt, separation anxiety and shame.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Members of the epsilonproteobacterial genus Arcobacter have been identified to be potentially important sulfide oxidizers in marine coastal, seep, and stratified basin environments. In the highly productive upwelling waters off the coast of Peru, Arcobacter cells comprised 3 to 25% of the total microbial community at a near-shore station where sulfide concentrations exceeded 20 μM in bottom waters. From the chemocline where the Arcobacter population exceeded 106 cells ml-1 and where high rates of denitrification (up to 6.5 ± 0.4 μM N day-1) and dark carbon fixation (2.8 ± 0.2 μM C day-1) were measured, we isolated a previously uncultivated Arcobacter species, Arcobacter peruensis sp. nov. (BCCM LMG-31510). Genomic analysis showed that A. peruensis possesses genes encoding sulfide oxidation and denitrification pathways but lacks the ability to fix CO2 via autotrophic carbon fixation pathways. Genes encoding transporters for organic carbon compounds, however, were present in the A. peruensis genome. Physiological experiments demonstrated that A. peruensis grew best on a mix of sulfide, nitrate, and acetate. Isotope labeling experiments further verified that A. peruensis completely reduced nitrate to N2 and assimilated acetate but did not fix CO2, thus coupling heterotrophic growth to sulfide oxidation and denitrification. Single-cell nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of samples taken from shipboard isotope labeling experiments also confirmed that the Arcobacter population in situ did not substantially fix CO2 The efficient growth yield associated with the chemolithoheterotrophic metabolism of A. peruensis may allow this Arcobacter species to rapidly bloom in eutrophic and sulfide-rich waters off the coast of Peru.IMPORTANCE Our multidisciplinary approach provides new insights into the ecophysiology of a newly isolated environmental Arcobacter species, as well as the physiological flexibility within the Arcobacter genus and sulfide-oxidizing, denitrifying microbial communities within oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). The chemolithoheterotrophic species Arcobacter peruensis may play a substantial role in the diverse consortium of bacteria that is capable of coupling denitrification and fixed nitrogen loss to sulfide oxidation in eutrophic, sulfidic coastal waters. With increasing anthropogenic pressures on coastal regions, e.g., eutrophication and deoxygenation (D. Breitburg, L. A. Levin, A. Oschlies, M. Grégoire, et al., Science 359:eaam7240, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240), niches where sulfide-oxidizing, denitrifying heterotrophs such as A. peruensis thrive are likely to expand.

背景与目标： : epsilonproteobacterial arcobter属的成员已被确定为在海洋沿海，渗漏和分层盆地环境中潜在的重要硫化物氧化剂。在秘鲁沿海高产的上升流水域中，近岸站的硫化物浓度超过20 μ m的近岸站，细菌细胞占微生物群落总数的3至25%。从细菌种群超过106个细胞ml-1的化学趋向线，以及高反硝化率 (高达6.5   ±   0.4  μ m N day-1) 和暗碳固定 (2.8   ±   0.2  μ m C day-1) 被测量，我们分离了以前未培养的细菌物种，秘鲁细菌11月(BCCM LMG-31510)。基因组分析表明，peruensis具有编码硫化物氧化和反硝化途径的基因，但缺乏通过自养碳固定途径固定CO2的能力。但是，在秘鲁A. peruensis基因组中存在编码有机碳化合物转运蛋白的基因。生理实验表明，peruensis在硫化物，硝酸盐和乙酸盐的混合物中生长最佳。同位素标记实验进一步证实，佩鲁氏杆菌将硝酸盐完全还原为N2并吸收了乙酸盐，但没有固定CO2，因此将异养生长与硫化物氧化和反硝化耦合。从船上同位素标记实验中采集的样品的单细胞纳米级二次离子质谱分析也证实，原位的Arcobacter种群并没有实质性地固定CO2。与peruensis的化学趋化异养代谢相关的有效生长产量可能使这种Arcobacter物种在富营养化和富硫化物的水域中迅速开花秘鲁海岸。重要性我们的多学科方法为新分离的环境细菌物种的生态生理学提供了新的见解，以及Arcobacter属和海洋最小氧气区 (omz) 内的硫化物氧化反硝化微生物群落的生理灵活性。化学生物异养物种perucobacter peruensis可能在多种细菌联盟中发挥重要作用，该细菌联盟能够将反硝化作用和固定氮损失与富营养化，硫化物沿海水域的硫化物氧化耦合。随着沿海地区人为压力的增加，例如富营养化和脱氧 (D. Breitburg，L. A. Levin，A. Oschlies，M. Gr é goire等，科学359:eaam7240，2018，https://doi.org/10.1126/Science.aam7240)，硫化物氧化的生态位，反硝化的异养生物 (例如A. peruensis) 很可能会扩展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paleomobility has been a key element in the study of the expansion of ancient states and empires, including the Tiwanaku polity of the South Central Andes (AD 500-1000). We present radiogenic strontium and oxygen isotope data from human burials from three cemeteries in the Tiwanaku-affiliated Middle Horizon archaeological site complex of Rio Muerto in the Moquegua Valley of southern Peru. At Rio Muerto, archaeological human enamel and bone values range from (87) Sr/(86) Sr = 0.70657-0.72018, with a mean of (87) Sr/(86) Sr = 0.70804 ± 0.00207 (1σ, n = 55). For the subset of samples analyzed for oxygen isotope values (n = 48), the data ranges from δ(18) Ocarbonate(VSMOW)  = +18.1 to +27.0‰. When contextualized with other lines of archaeological evidence, we interpret these data as evidence for an archaeological population in which the majority of individuals had "local" origins, and were likely second-generation, or more, immigrants from the Tiwanaku heartland in the altiplano. Based on detailed life history data, we argue a smaller number of individuals came at different ages from various regions within the Tiwanaku polity. We consider whether these individuals with isotopic values consistent with "nonlocal" geographic origins could represent first-generation migrants, marriage exchange partners, or occupationally mobile herders, traders or other travelers. By combining isotopic life history studies with mortuary treatment data, we use a person-centered migration history approach to state integration and expansion. Isotopic analyses of paleomobility at the Rio Muerto site complex contribute to the role of diversity in ancient states by demonstrating the range of geographic origins rather than simply colonists from the Lake Titicaca Basin.

背景与目标： : 古生物学一直是研究古代国家和帝国扩张的关键因素，包括安第斯山脉中南部的Tiwanaku政体 (公元500-1000年)。我们提供了来自秘鲁南部莫克瓜河谷Tiwanaku附属的Rio Muerto的Middle Horizon考古遗址群的三个墓地的人类墓葬的放射性锶和氧同位素数据。在Rio Muerto，考古人类的珐琅和骨骼值范围为 (87) Sr/(86) Sr   =   0.70657-0.72018，平均值为 (87) Sr/(86) Sr   =   0.70804   ±   0.00207 (1σ，n   =   55)。对于分析氧同位素值 (n   =   48) 的样品子集，数据范围从 δ(18) 碳酸盐 (VSMOW)   =   + 18.1到 + 27.0 ‰。当与其他考古证据联系起来时，我们将这些数据解释为考古人口的证据，其中大多数人具有 “本地” 血统，并且可能是来自高原地区Tiwanaku心脏地带的第二代或更多移民。根据详细的生活史数据，我们认为来自Tiwanaku政体内各个地区的不同年龄的人数较少。我们考虑这些同位素值与 “非本地” 地理起源一致的人是否可以代表第一代移民，婚姻交换伴侣或职业流动的牧民，商人或其他旅行者。通过将同位素生活史研究与房治疗数据相结合，我们使用以人为中心的迁移史方法进行状态整合和扩展。Rio Muerto遗址综合体的古生物同位素分析通过展示地理起源的范围而不是简单地来自喀喀湖盆地的殖民者，为古代国家的多样性发挥了作用。