BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Trypanosoma cruzi II is associated with Chagas disease in the southern part of South America. We analyzed T. cruzi variants in field-collected triatomines and congenitally infected infants living in the same disease-endemic region in Paraguay. Results of polymerase chain reactions for T. cruzi kinetoplast DNA and satellite DNA were positive in 83 triatomine feces samples and 58 infant blood samples. However, lineages were detected in 33 and 38 samples, respectively. Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes were determined in 56 (97%) blood samples after hybridization by using specific probes. The Tc I genotype was not detected. The prevalent sublineage was Tc IId in triatomines (27 of 33) and infant blood (36 of 58) as assessed by amplification of the 24Salpha ribosomal RNA and the mini-exon region genes. The Tc IIc genotype was detected in 20 infant blood samples and in 1 triatomine. This study shows T. cruzi II is the predominant lineage circulating in triatomines and humans in endemic areas of eastern region of Paraguay.

背景与目标： : 克氏锥虫II与南美南部的南美锥虫病有关。我们分析了野外收集的triatomics和生活在巴拉圭同一疾病流行地区的先天性感染婴儿中的T. cruzi变体。在83份三甲胺粪便样本和58份婴儿血液样本中，克氏T. cruzi激酶体DNA和卫星DNA的聚合酶链反应结果为阳性。然而，分别在33个和38个样本中检测到谱系。使用特异性探针杂交后，在56 (97%) 个血液样品中测定克氏锥虫基因型。未检测到Tc I基因型。通过扩增24个Salpha核糖体RNA和迷你外显子区域基因来评估，在三核蛋白 (33个中的27个) 和婴儿血液 (58个中的36个) 中，普遍存在的亚链是Tc IId。在20个婴儿血液样本和1个triatomin中检测到Tc IIc基因型。这项研究表明，T. cruzi II是巴拉圭东部地区流行地区的triatomics和人类中流行的主要谱系。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To evaluate the distribution of refractive error in young subjects in a rural area of Paraguay in the context of an international cooperation campaign for the prevention of blindness. METHODS:A sample of 1466 young subjects (ranging from 3 to 22 years old), with a mean age of 11.21±3.63 years old, were examined to assess their distance visual acuity (VA) and refractive error. The first screening examination performed by trained volunteers, included visual acuity testing, autokeratometry and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Inclusion criteria for a second complete cycloplegic eye examination by an optometrist were VA <20/25 (0.10 logMAR or 0.8 decimal) and/or corneal astigmatism ≥1.50 D. RESULTS:An uncorrected distance VA of 0 logMAR (1.0 decimal) was found in 89.2% of children. VA <20/25 and/or corneal astigmatism ≥1.50 D was found in 3.9% of children (n=57), with a prevalence of hyperopia of 5.2% (0.2% of the total) in this specific group. Furthermore, myopia (spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 D) was found in 37.7% of the refracted children (0.5% of the total). The prevalence of refractive astigmatism (cylinder ≤-1.50 D) was 15.8% (0.6% of the total). Visual impairment (VI) (0.05≤VA≤0.3) was found in 12/114 (0.4%) of the refracted eyes. Main causes for VI were refractive error (58%), retinal problems (17%, 2/12), albinism (17%, 2/12) and unknown (8%, 1/12). CONCLUSION:A low prevalence of refractive error has been found in this rural area of Paraguay, with higher prevalence of myopia than of hyperopia.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Official figures of mortality in children under five years of age in the Americas, report that infectious and parasitic diseases caused most of the deaths. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites in vulnerable children, indigenous and non-indigenous, and their socio-environmental characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS:We evaluated 247 children under five years of age, of both sexes. Descriptive study with an analytical component, transverse cutting. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out and semi-structured interviews to collect socio-demographic data were conducted. RESULTS:The frequency of intestinal parasitic diseases was 56.1% and 35.5% in indigenous and non-indigenous children, respectively. In both populations, the most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia. CONCLUSION:We found a high frequency of parasitism in indigenous children at the expense of protozoa. Non-indigenous children still present the same parasitic species found in previous studies, suggesting the need to implement more control and prevention. The poor conditions in which they live favor the development of these diseases.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In Paraguay, cancer is among the leading causes of death among children. We report challenges and solutions for building the country's first pediatric cancer center at the National University School of Medicine (PCC-SM) and describe the outcomes of the National Network for Pediatric Cancer. We found that children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated between 2008 and 2012 had higher 3-year survival rates and lower treatment abandonment rates than did children treated between 2000 and 2007 before the network was established. This improvement directly coincided with the increased treatment capacity of the PCC-SM. Herein, we describe the role of local, national, and international contributors in improving the health care at Paraguay's PCC-SM and discuss how expediting access to specialized cancer diagnosis and care and implementing a system for referral and follow-up visits can improve cancer outcomes in other low-resource countries.

背景与目标： : 在巴拉圭，癌症是儿童死亡的主要原因之一。我们报告了在国立大学医学院 (pcc-sm) 建立该国第一个儿科癌症中心的挑战和解决方案，并描述了国家儿科癌症网络的结果。我们发现，与建立网络之前的2000年和2007儿童相比，2008年和2012治疗的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿的3年生存率更高，放弃治疗的率更低。这种改善与pcc-sm的治疗能力增加直接吻合。在此，我们描述了地方，国家和国际贡献者在改善巴拉圭pcc-sm的医疗保健方面的作用，并讨论了如何加快获得专门的癌症诊断和护理以及实施转诊和随访系统可以改善癌症结果在其他低资源国家。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The crown morphology of 202 dental casts from living Lengua Indians is described and compared with other Amerind, Melanesian, and Caucasoid samples. The Lengua dentition shows a high Mongoloid component with little effects of possible European admixture, thus supporting the theory that despite early Franciscan and Jesuit attempts at missionization, much of the Paraguayan Chaco has remained genetically and culturally relatively intact well into the present century. A finding of note was the apparent sexual dimorphism of the Carabelli cusp, which questions earlier assumptions that no correction for sex need be made in population studies when dealing with this trait. Since mandibular canines show proportionately less wear in the canine distal accessory ridge area than maxillary canines, the value of the incidence of this trait in population and microevolutionary studies is questioned.

背景与目标： : 描述了来自活着的Lengua印第安人的202个牙模的牙冠形态，并将其与其他Amerind，Melanesian和高加索人样本进行了比较。Lengua牙列显示出很高的蒙古人成分，几乎没有可能的欧洲混合物的影响，因此支持了这样的理论，即尽管早期的方济各会和耶稣会尝试将其传信，但到本世纪以来，巴拉圭查科的许多地区在遗传和文化上都保持相对完整。值得注意的发现是Carabelli尖端明显的性二态性，它质疑先前的假设，即在处理这种特征时，在人口研究中无需对性别进行校正。由于下颌骨犬在犬远端副脊区域的磨损比上颌骨犬少，因此该特征在种群和微观进化研究中的发生率价值受到质疑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae) is a subtropical weed frequently found with golden mosaic symptoms. Leonurus mosaic virus (LeMV) was the first begomovirus reported on L. sibiricus in Brazil (3). Later, a new bipartite species (Tomato yellow spot virus, ToYSV) was reported affecting tomatoes, beans, and also L. sibiricus (1,2). A survey of begomovirus isolates was conducted within tomato fields also displaying high incidence of plants with begomovirus-induced symptoms. Thirty L. sibiricus and 33 tomato samples were collected (2007 to 2012) in nine districts in Paraná State, Brazil. Two L. sibiricus isolates were also obtained within citrus orchards in Major Otaño, Itapúa, Paraguay. Total DNA was extracted from all 65 isolates and PCR assays were conducted with primers for conserved DNA-A (PAL1v1978/PAR1c496) and DNA-B (PBL1v2040/PCRc1) regions (3). Nucleotide sequence identity of the 1,193-bp DNA-A amplicons of our L. sibiricus isolates ranged from 93.4 to 98.2% with LeMV (GenBank Accession No. U925321) and from 92.4 to 94.8% with ToYSV isolates from tomato (DQ336350.1) and bean (FJ538207). None of the 33 tomato samples was found to be infected by ToYSV, with all having high nucleotide sequence identity (92 to 99%) only with Tomato severe rugose virus (GU358449). Complete DNA-A genome sequence was obtained via a rolling circle amplification-based strategy for one Brazilian L. sibiricus isolate (PR-088) and one isolate from Paraguay (PAR-07). The entire DNA-A genome of PR-088 (JQ429791) had 96.8% nucleotide sequence identity with PAR-07 (KC683374) and ranged from 95.6 to 96.3% with ToYSV isolates from bean, tomato, and L. sibiricus (JX513952). The nucleotide sequence identity of the 487-bp DNA-B amplicon ranged from 87 to 92% among PR-088 (KC 683374); PAR-07 (KC740619) and ToYSV isolates from tomato (DQ336351.1) and L. sibiricus (JX513953.1). Leonurus cuttings infected with the ToYSV (PR-088) were caged together with healthy L. sibiricus and tomato 'Alambra' seedlings. Hybridization assays with ToYSV-specific probes (2) and sequencing of PCR amplicons indicated that Bemisia tabaci biotype B adults were able to transmit ToYSV to both hosts as reported (1). Our results suggest that L. sibiricus is the main ToYSV reservoir under natural conditions and tomato seems to be an occasional alternative host. In fact, ToYSV has not often detected in tomatoes as observed in a number of extensive surveys (4). So far, the complete LeMV genome is not available for comparison (3). However, our analyses with a DNA-A segment indicated that LeMV and ToYSV isolates might represent strains of single virus at the current threshold of 89% nucleotide sequence identity for Begomovirus species discrimination (4). Thus, a reappraisal of the taxonomic status of ToYSV is necessary to clarify its genetic relationship with LeMV. This is the first report of ToYSV on L. sibiricus in Paraguay. References: (1) J. C. Barbosa et al. Plant Dis. 97:289, 2013. (2) R. F. Calegario et al. Pesq. Agrop. Bras. 42:1335, 2007. (3) J. C. Faria and D. P. Maxwell, Phytopathology 89:262, 1999. (4) F. R. Fernandes et al. Virus Genes 36:251, 2008.

背景与目标： : Leonurus sibiricus L.(唇形科) 是一种亚热带杂草，经常发现有金色花叶症状。Leonurus花叶病毒 (LeMV) 是巴西sibiricus上报道的第一种begomo病毒 (3)。后来，报道了一种新的二分物种 (番茄黄斑病毒，ToYSV) 影响番茄，豆类和西伯利亚杆菌 (1,2)。在番茄田中进行了begomovirus分离株的调查，也显示出begomovirus诱导症状的植物的发生率很高。在巴西巴拉那州的9个地区收集了30个sibiricus和33个番茄样品 (2007个2012年)。在巴拉圭itap ú a的主要ota ñ o的柑橘园中也获得了两个sibirius分离株。从所有65个分离物中提取总DNA，并用保守DNA-A (PAL1v1978/PAR1c496) 和DNA-B (PBL1v2040/PCRc1) 区域的引物进行PCR测定 (3)。我们的sibiricus L. sibiricus分离株的1,193-bp DNA-A扩增子的核苷酸序列同一性与LeMV (GenBank登录号U925321) 和ToYSV分离株 (来自番茄 (DQ336350.1) 和bean (FJ538207)。发现33个番茄样品中没有一个被ToYSV感染，所有样品都具有高核苷酸序列同一性 (92至99%)，仅被番茄严重皱纹病毒 (GU358449) 感染。通过基于滚动环扩增的策略获得了完整的DNA-A基因组序列，用于一种巴西西伯利亚乳杆菌分离株 (PR-088) 和一种来自巴拉圭的分离株 (PAR-07)。PR-088的整个DNA-A基因组 (JQ429791) 与PAR-07 (KC683374) 具有96.8% 的核苷酸序列同一性，并且与来自豆类，番茄和西比氏杆菌的ToYSV分离株 (JX513952) 在95.6至96.3% 之间。在PR-088 (KC 683374) 中，487 bp dna-b扩增子的核苷酸序列同一性范围为87至92%; PAR-07 (KC740619) 和ToYSV分离株来自番茄 (DQ336351.1) 和西比氏杆菌 (JX513953.1)。将感染ToYSV (PR-088) 的Leonurus插条与健康的西伯利亚乳杆菌和番茄 'Alambra' 幼苗一起关在笼子里。使用ToYSV特异性探针 (2) 进行的杂交分析和PCR扩增子的测序表明，烟粉虱生物型b型成年人能够将ToYSV传播给两个宿主，如报道 (1)。我们的结果表明，西伯利亚乳杆菌是自然条件下的主要ToYSV水库，番茄似乎是偶尔的替代宿主。实际上，在许多广泛的调查中观察到的ToYSV并不经常在西红柿中检测到 (4)。到目前为止，完整的LeMV基因组还不能用于比较 (3)。然而，我们对DNA-a片段的分析表明，LeMV和ToYSV分离株可能代表了在当前Begomo病毒种类区分的89% 核苷酸序列同一性阈值下的单个病毒株 (4)。因此，有必要重新评估ToYSV的分类地位，以阐明其与LeMV的遗传关系。这是ToYSV关于巴拉圭的L. sibiricus的第一份报告。参考文献 :( 1) J.C.巴博萨等人。97:289，2013。(2) R。F.Calegario等人。Agrop。胸罩。42:1335，2007。(3) J。C.法里亚和D.P。麦克斯韦，植物病理学89:262，1999。(4) F。R。Fernandes等人，病毒基因36:251，2008。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A neutralizing antibody (NTAb) survey on UNA and Mayaro viruses in black howler monkeys (Aloutta caraya) from subtropical regions of Argentina and Paraguay was carried out. Risk factors for infection in monkeys were analyzed. No positive sera for Mayaro virus were detected. A prevalence of 73% (61/84) of NTAb against UNAV was detected with titers ranging from 20 to 1280. According to the statistical analysis performed, the monkey's age was a significant risk factor, but not the origin or sex. This is the first report of Alouatta caraya infection by UNAV and the first record of its activity in Paraguay.

背景与目标： : 对来自阿根廷和巴拉圭亚热带地区的黑吼猴 (Aloutta caraya) 的UNA和Mayaro病毒进行了中和抗体 (NTAb) 调查。分析了猴子感染的危险因素。未检测到Mayaro病毒阳性血清。检测到针对UNAV的NTAb的73% (61/84) 患病率，滴度为20至1280。根据进行的统计分析，猴子的年龄是一个重要的危险因素，但不是起源或性别。这是UNAV感染Alouatta caraya的首次报告，也是其在巴拉圭活动的首次记录。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To identify maternal factors associated with the rise in the cesarean delivery rate in Paraguay. METHODS:Retrospective analysis of the 1995 and the 2008 National Survey on Demographic and Sexual and Reproductive Health data using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS:In 2008, 1094 (37.3%) deliveries were cesarean compared with 781 (19.3%) in 1995. Home births had decreased by 72.9%, accounting for 33.3% of the change in the proportion of cesarean deliveries. Private facilities were associated with an increased odds ratio of cesarean delivery of 2.60 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.02-3.34) and 4.89 (95% CI, 3.67-6.51) in 1995 and 2008, respectively, and accounted for 32.8% of the increase in cesarean deliveries between 1995 and 2008. Cesarean delivery was also associated with a prior cesarean, insurance status, and maternal higher educational and economic status. CONCLUSION:Between 1995 and 2008 the cesarean delivery rate in Paraguay almost doubled. More than one-third of deliveries were cesarean. Shifts toward facility- (particularly private) based deliveries and repeat cesarean for women with a previous cesarean influenced this increase. Practice guidelines, regulation, and oversight of facilities, along with education and information for pregnant women, are needed to curb unnecessary and potentially harmful surgical delivery interventions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. Dengue virus comprises four antigenically related viruses named dengue virus type 1 to 4 (DENV1-4). DENV-3 was re-introduced into the Americas in 1994 causing outbreaks in Nicaragua and Panama. DENV-3 was introduced in Brazil in 2000 and then spread to most of the Brazilian States, reaching the neighboring country, Paraguay in 2002. In this study, we have analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of DENV-3 isolated in Brazil and Paraguay with viruses isolated worldwide. We have also analyzed the evolutionary divergence dynamics of DENV-3 viruses. RESULTS:The entire open reading frame (ORF) of thirteen DENV-3 isolated in Brazil (n = 9) and Paraguay (n = 4) were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. DENV-3 grouped into three main genotypes (I, II and III). Several internal clades were found within each genotype that we called lineage and sub-lineage. Viruses included in this study belong to genotype III and grouped together with viruses isolated in the Americas within the lineage III. The Brazilian viruses were further segregated into two different sub-lineage, A and B, and the Paraguayan into the sub-lineage B. All three genotypes showed internal grouping. The nucleotide divergence was in average 6.7% for genotypes, 2.7% for lineages and 1.5% for sub-lineages. Phylogenetic trees constructed with any of the protein gene sequences showed the same segregation of the DENV-3 in three genotypes. CONCLUSION:Our results showed that two groups of DENV-3 genotypes III circulated in Brazil during 2002-2009, suggesting different events of introduction of the virus through different regions of the country. In Paraguay, only one group DENV-3 genotype III is circulating that is very closely related to the Brazilian viruses of sub-lineage B. Different degree of grouping can be observed for DENV-3 and each group showed a characteristic evolutionary divergence. Finally, we have observed that any protein gene sequence can be used to identify the virus genotype.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Report preliminary results of the application of the BONIS system in community tele-epidemiological surveillance in Paraguay. METHODS:A study of viability and implementation carried out in the Family Health Unit located in Bañado Sur in the city of Asunción by the Paraguay River. The system automatically records personal data and symptoms of individuals who make telephone reports, and suspected cases of dengue are classified and prioritized. This information goes to community agents for follow-up and to specialists in charge of epidemiological surveillance. RESULTS:From April 2010 to August 2011, 1 028 calls to the system were logged. Of 157 reported cases of fever, home visits were made to 140 (89.2%); of these, fever and headache or body ache were confirmed in 52 (37.1%) cases, and headache or body ache without fever in 58 (41.4%) cases. Community agents referred 49 (35.0%) of them for medical consultation and blood tests, and they took blood samples in the homes of 19; of these, 56 (82.3%) were positive for dengue and 12 (17.4%) for influenza. CONCLUSIONS:Paraguay has a low-cost community tele-epidemiological surveillance system based on information and communication technologies and open-source software, which is scalable to other health symptoms and disorders of interest. To enable its acceptance and application, education programs should be developed to strengthen the management and promotion of community health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HIV subtypes B, F, and BF recombinants have been previously reported in South America. This report describes the presence of HIV-1 subtype C infection in the countries of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay dating back to at least 1999. Surveillance for uncommon non-B/non-F subtype viruses circulating in South America has been conducted in samples obtained from nine countries. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), dried filter paper (FP), and fresh blood (FB) samples were collected from HIV-positive patients from Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. From a total of 2962 HIV seropositive samples examined during a 9-year period (1995-2003), only 11 (0.4%) were found to be infected with non-B/non-F HIV variants. Eight of these 11 strains were determined to be subtype C by heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). Five of these 8 strains were further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the protease (Pro) and reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the genome and two were sequenced full length. One of the strains was found to be a unique BC recombinant. The spread of a third subtype of HIV, subtype C, should raise the question of its potential future role in the HIV epidemic in this region.

背景与目标： : HIV亚型B，F和BF重组体以前在南美已有报道。该报告描述了至少可追溯到1999年的阿根廷，乌拉圭和巴拉圭国家中存在的HIV-1亚型C感染。在从9个国家/地区获得的样本中，对在南美流行的罕见非B/非F亚型病毒进行了监测。从厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，委内瑞拉，秘鲁，智利，玻利维亚，阿根廷，乌拉圭和巴拉圭的HIV阳性患者中收集了外周血单核细胞 (PBMC)，干滤纸 (FP) 和新鲜血液 (FB) 样本。在9年 (1995-2003年) 期间检查的总共2962个HIV血清阳性样本中，发现只有11个 (0.4% 个) 感染了非B/非F HIV变体。通过异源双链迁移率测定 (HMA) 确定了这11个菌株中的8个为C亚型。通过对基因组的蛋白酶 (Pro) 和逆转录酶 (RT) 区域进行测序和系统发育分析，进一步表征了这8个菌株中的5个，并对2个进行了全长测序。发现其中一种菌株是独特的BC重组体。艾滋病毒的第三种亚型C亚型的传播应引起其在该地区艾滋病毒流行中的潜在未来作用的问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rineloricaria is the most species-rich genus of the Loricariinae (armored catfish) with 65 valid species. However, the karyotype structure is known only for eight species in this group. This study provides cytogenetic data for Rineloricaria lanceolata collected from the upper Paraguay basin (Mato Grosso do Sul). The specimens revealed extensive chromosomal polymorphism constituting 10 karyotypes, which differed in the diploid number (48 to 45 chromosomes) and fundamental number (FN) between 52 and 55. Three types of chromosome variants were observed: a medium-sized submetacentric, a large submetacentric, and a small acrocentric form. Internal telomere sequences were demonstrated by a telomeric (TTAGGG)n probe in submetacentric chromosome variants, suggesting Robertsonian and tandem fusions. Considering the karyotype 2n=48 (4m+2st+42a, FN=54) as the starting point for this polymorphism, these rearrangements contributed to the reduction in diploid number (48-45). Furthermore, a remarkable polymorphism of 18S rDNA resulted in three nucleolus organizer region phenotypes (I, II, and III) with variable frequencies. Interestingly, this polymorphism has remained in the population through interbreeding between specimens, resulting in different viable combinations. The data obtained confirm that diversification/karyotype evolution in Rineloricaria was marked by numerous chromosomal rearrangements which appear to be well tolerated in the panmitic population.

背景与目标： : Rineloricaria是Loricariinae (装甲cat鱼) 中物种最丰富的属，有65个有效物种。但是，核型结构仅针对该组中的八个物种。这项研究提供了从上巴拉圭盆地 (南马托格罗索州) 收集的lanceolata Rineloricaria lanceolata的细胞遗传学数据。标本显示出广泛的染色体多态性，构成10个核型，其二倍体数 (48至45条染色体) 和基本数 (FN) 在52至55之间有所不同。观察到三种类型的染色体变体: 中等大小的亚中心，大的亚中心和小的亚中心形式。内部端粒序列被亚中心染色体变体中的端粒 (TTAGGG)n探针证实，表明罗伯逊和串联融合。考虑到核型2n = 48 (4m 2st 42a，FN = 54) 作为这种多态性的起点，这些重排有助于二倍体数量的减少 (48-45)。此外，18S rDNA的显著多态性导致了三个具有可变频率的核仁组织区表型 (I，II和III)。有趣的是，这种多态性通过标本之间的杂交而保留在种群中，产生不同的可行组合。获得的数据证实，Rineloricaria的多样化/核型进化以许多染色体重排为标志，这些染色体重排在panmitic种群中似乎具有良好的耐受性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human rhinovirus (HRV), a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections in children. The aim of this study was to carry out a molecular characterization and phylogeny-based classification of the circulating genotypes of HRV in hospitalized children with clinical manifestations of acute lower respiratory infection in Paraguay. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 101 children under 5 years of age, hospitalized with symptoms of acute lower respiratory infection, between May 2010 and December 2011, at the largest public pediatric hospital in the Central Department of Paraguay. Detection was performed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction, followed by conventional amplification of the VP4/VP2 genomic region, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Rhinovirus was detected in 33.7% of the samples. Amplification of 18 samples showed the presence of all three species (HRV-A, -B, and -C). Different genotypes were found for each species: 11 for HRV-A (-9, -12, -22, -30, -36, -43, -59, -61, -68, -88, and -89), one for HRV-B (-4), and four for HRV-C (-C2, -C3, -C6, and -C9). In South America, information about HRV diversity is scarce. This is the first report on HRV genotype diversity in South America.

背景与目标： : 人类犀牛病毒 (HRV) 是一种单链，正义RNA病毒，与儿童轻度上呼吸道感染有关。这项研究的目的是对巴拉圭有急性下呼吸道感染临床表现的住院儿童的HRV循环基因型进行分子表征和基于系统发育的分类。从巴拉圭中央最大的公立儿科医院的101名5岁以下儿童中收集了鼻咽抽吸物，这些儿童在2010年5月至2011年12月之间因急性下呼吸道感染而住院。通过实时聚合酶链反应进行检测，然后对VP4/VP2基因组区域进行常规扩增，测序和系统发育分析。在33.7% 个样品中检测到鼻病毒。18个样品的扩增显示存在所有三种物种 (hrv-a，-B和-C)。每个物种发现了不同的基因型: hrv-a为11 (-9，-12，-22，-30，-36，-43，-59，-61，-68，-88和-89)，hrv-b (-4)，四个用于hrv-c (-C2、-C3、-C6和-C9)。在南美，有关HRV多样性的信息很少。这是关于南美洲HRV基因型多样性的第一份报告。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cucolepis gen. n. is erected as monotypic for Cucolepis cincta sp. n., a new species of cyclophyllidean cestode of the family Paruterinidae. The new species is described from the squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana Lesson (Aves: Cuculiformes), taken from two localities in Paraguay in 1984 and 1985. This new genus is most similar to the genus Triaenorhina Spasskii et Shumilo, 1965 in terms of the hook morphology and large epiphyseal structures extending from both the handle and guard, but differs in several aspects of the strobilar morphology, such as the shape of the cirrus sac, genital atrium, uterus and paruterine organ. The strobilar morphology of the new genus strongly resembles that of the genus Francobona Georgiev et Kornyushin, 1994, especially the shape of the cirrus sac and genital atrium, yet Francobona spp. lack, the developed epiphyseal structures observed in species of Cucolepis and Triaenorhina. Previous records and the nature of parasite-host associations between cuculiform birds and their cestode parasites are discussed.

背景与目标： : Cucolepis gen. n.被竖立为Cucolepis cincta sp. n.的单型，这是一种新的cyclophyllidean cestode科的Paruterinidae。新物种是从松鼠杜鹃，Piaya cayana课程 (Aves: Cuculiformes) 中描述的，该课程取自巴拉圭1984年和1985的两个地区。这个新属与Triaenorhina Spasskii et Shumilo属最相似，1965在钩形态和从手柄和护板延伸的大型骨epi结构方面，但在球囊形态的几个方面有所不同，例如卷囊的形状，生殖器心房，子宫和子宫外器官。新属的strobilar形态与1994的Francobona Georgiev et Kornyushin属非常相似，尤其是卷状囊和生殖器心房的形状，而Francobona spp。缺乏，在Cucolepis和Triaenorhina物种中观察到发达的epi骨结构。讨论了以前的记录以及葫芦形鸟类与其cestode寄生虫之间的寄生虫-宿主关联的性质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Heteroduplex mobility assay, single-stranded conformation polymorphism and nucleotide sequencing were utilised to genotype human parvovirus B19 samples from Brazil and Paraguay. Ninety-seven serum samples were collected from individuals presenting with abortion or erythema infectiosum, arthropathies, severe anaemia and transient aplastic crisis; two additional skin samples were collected by biopsy. After the procedure, all clinical samples were classified as genotype 1.

背景与目标： : 异源双链迁移率测定，单链构象多态性和核苷酸测序用于对来自巴西和巴拉圭的人细小病毒B19样品进行基因型。从流产或红斑感染，关节病，严重贫血和短暂性再生障碍性危象的个体中收集了97份血清样本; 通过活检收集了另外两个皮肤样本。手术后，所有临床样本均被分类为基因型1。